Stone Walls Mortared List
A viewset for viewing and editing Stone Walls Mortared.
GET /api/wf/stone-walls-mortared/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 372, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/stone-walls-mortared/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/stone-walls-mortared/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Thutmose I at Karnak \"extended its walls westwards to join two new pylon gates (the Fourth and Fifth) which he built as the entrance to the temple.\"§REF§(Bryan 2000, 223)§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Walled towns present prior to 3100 BCE." }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walled towns present prior to 3100 BCE." }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Walled towns present prior to 3100 BCE." }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Many cities were not fortified and lacked walls. Major temples were fortified structures. Do we have any examples of mortared walls?" }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Many cities were not fortified and lacked walls. Major temples were fortified structures. Do we have any examples of mortared walls?" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walls were present in Thebes when Ankhtfi attacked. §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003, 121)§REF§ Non-mortared or mortared?" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Walls were present in Thebes when Ankhtfi attacked. §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003, 121)§REF§ Non-mortared or mortared?" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Tell el-Dab'a covered almost 4 KM2 at its largest extent. Citadel on western edge on the river, watchtower to the southeast over the land, around them an \"enclosure wall\" 6.2 meters wide (later 8.5m) and \"buttressed at intervals.\" §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 180)§REF§ Wall built at Buhen (perhaps renewal of existing fortifications) under Theban control in the third year of Kamose. §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 195)§REF§" }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Enclosure walls non-mortared?" }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Enclosure walls non-mortared?" }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present for Abbasid Caliphate: As used around Baghdad. §REF§Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 185-192§REF§ The technology to create fortifications was present, but in the case of large cities not implemented as the Caliphs preferred battles over sieges, and because of concerns that citizens would use them for protection during revolts. The Arabic word for castle or fortress was Hisn, with the Qasr more often used for a fortress. The use of fortifications depended on local tradition. In Syria, pre-existing walls were maintained. In other areas of conquest or after rebellions fortifications were torn down. Baghdad stands out as an exception in terms of a fortified urban centre. Baghdad was surrounded by large walls, and fortified gates were secured with two sets of iron covered doors and large numbers of guards. §REF§Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 185-192§REF§" }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Stone walls built as defences in Peru §REF§(Bradley 2009, 85) Bradley, Peter T. 2009. <i>Spain and the Defense of Peru: Royal Reluctance and Colonial Self-Reliance</i>. Lulu.com. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/VFMNE6JR\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/VFMNE6JR</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Introduction of a 'cohesive cementing solution in building'.§REF§(Kobishanov 1981, 383) Y M. Kobishanov. Aksum: political system, economics and culture, first to fourth century. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§ \"The chief characteristics of Aksumite architecture are the use of stone ... and a type of masonry which uses no other mortar but clay.\" (369) A 3000 square metre area castle at Dongour had walls which formed \"an irregular quadrilateral with one side 57 metres long and the other half a meter shorter. The walls in the centre of the ruins still stand 5 metres high.\"§REF§(Anfray 1981, 365) F Anfray. The civilization of Aksum from the first to the seventh century. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981, General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " See above." }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " See above." }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " In Mediterranean France ramparts of stone or stone/mud appear to date with the arrival of colonialists (i.e. Greeks) and were close to Massalia.§REF§(Dietler 2010, 169) Michael Dietler. 2010. Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France. University of California Press. Berkeley.§REF§" }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Ladurie 1991, 80)§REF§" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Briggs 1998, 141)§REF§§REF§(Parrott 2012, 63) David Parrott. Armed Forces. William Doyle. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From the 11th century, local rulers constructed earth and wood \"motte-and-bailey castles\" and later built with stone.§REF§(De Vries 1995, 1837-1839)§REF§ A donjon was a stone tower.§REF§(Hallam and Everard 2014) Elizabeth M Hallam. Judith Everard. 2014. Capetian France 987-1328. Second Edition. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From the 11th century, local rulers constructed earth and wood \"motte-and-bailey castles\" and later built with stone.§REF§(De Vries 1995, 1837-1839)§REF§ Fortified towns §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 128)§REF§ Fortified port Aigues Mortes §REF§(Spufford 2006, 172)§REF§" }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " David Baker says present.§REF§David Baker. Personal communication to Seshat Databank.§REF§ Carolingian castles \"used the standard building techniques employed by all since the Romans ... built in stone with crenellation ... round and square tower construction, and interior battlements, often built of wood.\"§REF§(Butt 2002, 38) John J Butt. 2002. Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " David Baker says present.§REF§David Baker. Personal communication to Seshat Databank.§REF§ Carolingian castles \"used the standard building techniques employed by all since the Romans ... built in stone with crenellation ... round and square tower construction, and interior battlements, often built of wood.\"§REF§(Butt 2002, 38) John J Butt. 2002. Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walled cities. §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 127) Bachrach, B S. 1972. Merovingian Military Organization 481-751. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.§REF§ City walls present in sixth century. §REF§(Loseby in Wood ed. 1998, 245-249) Loseby, S. T. 1998. “Gregory’s Cities: Urban Functions in Sixth-Century Gaul.” In Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective, edited by I. N. Wood, 239-69. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DT5E5GNS\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DT5E5GNS</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walled cities. §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 127) Bachrach, B S. 1972. Merovingian Military Organization 481-751. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.§REF§ City walls present in sixth century. §REF§(Loseby in Wood ed. 1998, 245-249) Loseby, S. T. 1998. “Gregory’s Cities: Urban Functions in Sixth-Century Gaul.” In Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective, edited by I. N. Wood, 239-69. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DT5E5GNS\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DT5E5GNS</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Walled cities. §REF§(Bachrach 1972, 127) Bachrach, B S. 1972. Merovingian Military Organization 481-751. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.§REF§ City walls present in sixth century. §REF§(Loseby in Wood ed. 1998, 245-249) Loseby, S. T. 1998. “Gregory’s Cities: Urban Functions in Sixth-Century Gaul.” In Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective, edited by I. N. Wood, 239-69. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DT5E5GNS\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DT5E5GNS</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Not mentioned in the literature RA." }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Fortified towns.§REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 128)§REF§ Fortified port of Aigues Mortes.§REF§(Spufford 2006, 172)§REF§" }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present.§REF§(Potter 2008, 352)§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": 1701, "year_to": 1820, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Kumasi Fort was built in 1820 by the Asantehene (the King of the Asante Kingdom), Osei Tutu Kwamina, to resemble the coastal forts which were built by European merchants. Kumasi Fort had to be rebuilt in 1897, after it was destroyed by British forces in 1874. The fort was built from granite and brown soil that was brought from Cape Coast to Kumasi by porters.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php</a>§REF§ Kumasi Fort apparently relied on mortared walls, and was constructed in imitation of colonial forts." }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": 1821, "year_to": 1874, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Kumasi Fort was built in 1820 by the Asantehene (the King of the Asante Kingdom), Osei Tutu Kwamina, to resemble the coastal forts which were built by European merchants. Kumasi Fort had to be rebuilt in 1897, after it was destroyed by British forces in 1874. The fort was built from granite and brown soil that was brought from Cape Coast to Kumasi by porters.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php</a>§REF§ Kumasi Fort apparently relied on mortared walls, and was constructed in imitation of colonial forts." }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": 1875, "year_to": 1897, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Kumasi Fort was built in 1820 by the Asantehene (the King of the Asante Kingdom), Osei Tutu Kwamina, to resemble the coastal forts which were built by European merchants. Kumasi Fort had to be rebuilt in 1897, after it was destroyed by British forces in 1874. The fort was built from granite and brown soil that was brought from Cape Coast to Kumasi by porters.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php</a>§REF§ Kumasi Fort apparently relied on mortared walls, and was constructed in imitation of colonial forts." }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Chaniotis, A. 1897. \"Κλασική και Ελληνιστική Κρήτη,\" in Panagiotakis, N. (ed.), <i>Κρήτη: Ιστορία και Πολιτισμός</i>, Heraklion, 178-92.§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Sanders, I. F. 1982. <i>Roman Crete. An Archaeological Survey and Gazetteer of Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Crete</i>, Warminister.§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Stone_walls_mortared", "stone_walls_mortared": "present", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }