Spear List
A viewset for viewing and editing Spears.
GET /api/wf/spears/?format=api&page=6
{ "count": 375, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/spears/?format=api&page=7", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/spears/?format=api&page=5", "results": [ { "id": 251, "polity": { "id": 442, "name": "mn_mongol_early", "long_name": "Early Mongols", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1206 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Timothy May 2007)§REF§" }, { "id": 252, "polity": { "id": 443, "name": "mn_mongol_late", "long_name": "Late Mongols", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1690 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The last Yuan emperor Toghon Temur returned to Mongolia and established the capital of his new Mongol state (\"which extended from Manchuria to Kyrgystan\") at Karakorum. At that time the MilTech codes would be the same as for the preceding Yuan China. Over the next decades the state lost territory and there was civil war at the start of the 15th century although in 1409 CE they still managed to rout a very large invading Ming army. The Ming attacked again but the Mongols were not conquered. Under an Oirat noble called Esen (1440-1455 CE) they invaded China in 1449 CE with 20,000 cavalry and captured the Ming emperor. In 1451 CE Esen overthrew the Mongol Khan but he wasn't a direct descendent of Genghis Khan and was killed during a 1455 CE rebellion. His rule was followed by minor Khans who ruled a Mongolia in which the Khalkhas were one of three 'left-flank' tumens (in addition to Chahars and Uriangqais). The state also had 'right-flank' tumens (Ordos, Tumeds, Yunshebus) and the Oirats of western Mongolia. \"These 6 tumens were major administrative units, often called ulus tumens (princedoms), comprising the 40 lesser tumens of the military-administrative type inherited from the Yuan period, each of which was reputedly composed of 10,000 cavalry troops ...\"§REF§(Ishjamts 2003, 208-211) N Ishjamts. 2003. The Mongols. Chahryar Adle. Irfan Habib. Karl M Baipakov. eds. History Of Civilizations Of Central Asia. Volume V. Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. Paris.§REF§ The narrative suggests at least for 1400 CE and 1500 CE the army was cavalry based and in continuity with the preceding Yuan. The Yuan Dyansty is coded present for spears. Presumably Mongol cavalry could use the spear or lance as a weapon." }, { "id": 253, "polity": { "id": 278, "name": "mn_rouran_khaganate", "long_name": "Rouran Khaganate", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 555 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Among the Avars that followed them, the bow was also complemented by a lance, with a new kind of lance-head.\" §REF§(Karasulas 2004, 29)§REF§" }, { "id": 254, "polity": { "id": 439, "name": "mn_shiwei", "long_name": "Shiwei", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 255, "polity": { "id": 440, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2", "long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 682, "end_year": 744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 256, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 257, "polity": { "id": 438, "name": "mn_xianbei", "long_name": "Xianbei Confederation", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces.\" §REF§(Golden 1992, 60)§REF§" }, { "id": 258, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -1300, "year_to": -701, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces.\" §REF§(Golden 1992, 60)§REF§" }, { "id": 259, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -700, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces.\" §REF§(Golden 1992, 60)§REF§" }, { "id": 260, "polity": { "id": 274, "name": "mn_hunnu_late", "long_name": "Late Xiongnu", "start_year": -60, "end_year": 100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In the description of Hsiung-nu armament and tactics, Ssu-ma Ch’ien does not indulge in long-winded comparisons with the Chinese. His narrative is remarkably objective, and “moral” considerations are kept to a minimum. He describes their weapons (“they use bows and arrows as their long-range weapons, and swords and spears as their short-range weapons”)64 and their habits when it comes to going to war.\" §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 277)§REF§" }, { "id": 261, "polity": { "id": 272, "name": "mn_hunnu_emp", "long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation", "start_year": -209, "end_year": -60 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In the description of Hsiung-nu armament and tactics, Ssu-ma Ch’ien does not indulge in long-winded comparisons with the Chinese. His narrative is remarkably objective, and “moral” considerations are kept to a minimum. He describes their weapons (“they use bows and arrows as their long-range weapons, and swords and spears as their short-range weapons”)64 and their habits when it comes to going to war.\" §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 277)§REF§" }, { "id": 262, "polity": { "id": 444, "name": "mn_zungharian_emp", "long_name": "Zungharian Empire", "start_year": 1670, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Because of their need of weaponry the Dzungar rulers opened iron, copper and silver mines and produced spears, shields, gunpowder, cannon, bullets and iron utensils.\" §REF§(Miyawaki et al 2003, 164)§REF§" }, { "id": 263, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " spears in Ghana §REF§(Al-Bakri 1068 CE in Levtzion and Spaulding 2003, 24)§REF§ <i>are these throwing or hand-held spears?</i>" }, { "id": 264, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " spears in Ghana §REF§(Al-Bakri 1068 CE in Levtzion and Spaulding 2003, 24)§REF§" }, { "id": 265, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§ However, it does seem to be clear whether they were also used as weapons in warfare." }, { "id": 266, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§ However, it does seem to be clear whether they were also used as weapons in warfare." }, { "id": 267, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§ However, it does seem to be clear whether they were also used as weapons in warfare." }, { "id": 268, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§ However, it does seem to be clear whether they were also used as weapons in warfare." }, { "id": 269, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§ However, it does seem to be clear whether they were also used as weapons in warfare." }, { "id": 270, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§" }, { "id": 271, "polity": { "id": 6, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_1", "long_name": "Archaic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -2001 }, "year_from": -6000, "year_to": -4001, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"In Mesoamerica [...] tools that could double as weapons, including handheld spears and spearthrowers (atlatls) [...] have been found as early as 4000 BC\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 12-13) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 272, "polity": { "id": 6, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_1", "long_name": "Archaic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -2001 }, "year_from": -4000, "year_to": -2001, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In Mesoamerica [...] tools that could double as weapons, including handheld spears and spearthrowers (atlatls) [...] have been found as early as 4000 BC\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 12-13) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 273, "polity": { "id": 16, "name": "mx_aztec_emp", "long_name": "Aztec Empire", "start_year": 1427, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The main Aztec shock weapons were thrusting spears\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 138) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 274, "polity": { "id": 12, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_7", "long_name": "Classic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Part of Teotihuacan's weaponry was inherited from earlier times, especially the thrusting spear. Spears remained dominant on the battlefield but were augmented by atlatls and darts, which became major weapons in the Early and Middle Classic.\"§REF§(Hassig 1992: 47) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 275, "polity": { "id": 13, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_8", "long_name": "Epiclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There was no significant change in arms—thrusting spears and atlatls continued to dominate.§REF§(Hassig 1992: 82) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 276, "polity": { "id": 8, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_3", "long_name": "Early Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " technology present in the wider region from c.4000 BCE, and there is evidence for their use in Formative Mesoamerican art.§REF§Hassig, Ross. (1992). \"War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica.\" Berkeley: University of California Press, p.13.§REF§§REF§Voorhies, Barbara (1996). Archaic Period in Mesoamerica.\" <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>, ed. B. Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 442-444.§REF§" }, { "id": 277, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Thrusting spears became the primary combat weapons [in the Late Formative situation] as they spread throughout Mesoamerica. Clubs persisted, but declined [...] maces also declined. [...] The distribution of slingstones throughout Mesoamerica indicates the continued use\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 31) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§ obsidian and stone spearpoints have been found archaeologically, and there is evidence for their militaristic use in both Formative Mesoamerican and Classic Teotihuacano art.§REF§Hassig, Ross. (1992). \"War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica.\" Berkeley: University of California Press, p.13, 30-1, 47-8.§REF§§REF§Voorhies, Barbara (1996). Archaic Period in Mesoamerica.\" <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>, ed. B. Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 442-444.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul (1971). \"Utilitarian Artifacts of Central Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 270-296.§REF§" }, { "id": 278, "polity": { "id": 9, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_4", "long_name": "Middle Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -401 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " technology present in the wider region from c.4000 BCE, and there is evidence for their use in Formative Mesoamerican art.§REF§Hassig, Ross. (1992). \"War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica.\" Berkeley: University of California Press, p.13.§REF§§REF§Voorhies, Barbara (1996). Archaic Period in Mesoamerica.\" <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>, ed. B. Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 442-444.§REF§" }, { "id": 279, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Thrusting spears became the primary combact weapons [in the Late Formative situation] as they spread throughout Mesoamerica. Clubs persisted, but declined [...] maces also declined. [...] The distribution of slingstones throughout Mesoamerica indicates the continued use\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 31) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§ obsidian and stone spearpoints have been found archaeologically, and there is evidence for their militaristic use in both Formative Mesoamerican and Classic Teotihuacano art.§REF§Hassig, Ross. (1992). \"War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica.\" Berkeley: University of California Press, p.13, 30-1, 47-8.§REF§§REF§Voorhies, Barbara (1996). Archaic Period in Mesoamerica.\" <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>, ed. B. Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 442-444.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul (1971). \"Utilitarian Artifacts of Central Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 270-296.§REF§" }, { "id": 280, "polity": { "id": 7, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_2", "long_name": "Initial Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In Mesoamerica [...] tools that could double as weapons, including handheld spears and spearthrowers (atlatls) [...] have been found as early as 4000 BC\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 12-13) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 281, "polity": { "id": 15, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_10", "long_name": "Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1426 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Most of the basic Mesoamerican armaments were in existence at this time [Classic period] - atlatls, darts, and spears, we well as clubs (bladed and unbladed), shields, cotton body armor, and unit standards [...] This military organization and technology was carried forward and elaborated on first by Toltecs and then by Aztecs\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 5) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 282, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§ However, it does seem to be clear whether they were also used as weapons in warfare." }, { "id": 283, "polity": { "id": 523, "name": "mx_san_jose", "long_name": "Oaxaca - San Jose", "start_year": -1150, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§ However, it does seem to be clear whether they were also used as weapons in warfare." }, { "id": 284, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the valley of Oaxaca since preceramic times (the Proto-Otomangueans) for hunting.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p36§REF§ However, it does seem to be clear whether they were also used as weapons in warfare." }, { "id": 285, "polity": { "id": 14, "name": "mx_toltec", "long_name": "Toltecs", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in detailed descriptions and lists of Toltec weaponry." }, { "id": 286, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Júlíusson and Kristissen, pers. comm. 2017§REF§" }, { "id": 287, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Brian Bauer 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 288, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Brian Bauer 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 289, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 290, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 291, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 292, "polity": { "id": 83, "name": "pe_inca_emp", "long_name": "Inca Empire", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1532 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(D'Altroy 2014, 345)§REF§ The Wanka people carried spears in the Inca army. §REF§(Kaufmann and Kaufmann 2012)§REF§ and lances: \"The whole fortress was a deposit of arms, clubs, lances, bows, axes, shields, doublets thickly padded with cotton and other arms of various sorts ...\" §REF§(Bauer 2004, 100-101; cite: Sancho)§REF§ Lances. §REF§(Bauer 2004, 102; cite: Pedro Pizzaro)§REF§" }, { "id": 293, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Wari may have controlled the Quispisisa obsidian quarry. \"Obsidian was one of the best materials available for making sharp knives and points for spears and arrows.\"§REF§(Schreiber in Bergh 2012, 42)§REF§" }, { "id": 294, "polity": { "id": 445, "name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1883 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The principal weapon is the spear, of which several varieties are distinguished.' §REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray. 1930. “Orokaiva Society.”, 80§REF§ 'One or two varieties of hard-woods are used for spears, but these weapons as well as the wooden ‘sword’ are usually made from the tough and springy Koropa palm.' §REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray. 1930. “Orokaiva Society.”, 16§REF§ 'The significance of warfare to Orokaivan men is obvious but several descriptions suggest that Orokaivan women were also directly involved. Women had their own weapon, a quarterstaff ‘poreha’ (Williams 1930:163) and on at least one occasion joined in with the men in spear fighting. On most occasions it seems that women used only their staffs and fought alongside men in aggressive sham fights between clans (Waiko 1972, Williams 1930:162-163). They were more noted for their verbal contribution. The people most difficult to pacify were women, who, while doing little actual violence with their … quarterstaffs, were very successfully inciting to violence with their tongues (Williams 1930:163).' §REF§Newton, Janice. 1983. “Orokaiva Warfare And Production.”, 492§REF§" }, { "id": 295, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Spears. The principal weapon is the spear, of which several varieties are distinguished.§REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray. 1930. “Orokaiva Society.”, 80§REF§ One or two varieties of hard-woods are used for spears, but these weapons as well as the wooden ‘sword’ are usually made from the tough and springy Koropa palm.§REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray. 1930. “Orokaiva Society.”, 16§REF§ The significance of warfare to Orokaivan men is obvious but several descriptions suggest that Orokaivan women were also directly involved. Women had their own weapon, a quarterstaff ‘poreha’ (Williams 1930:163) and on at least one occasion joined in with the men in spear fighting. On most occasions it seems that women used only their staffs and fought alongside men in aggressive sham fights between clans (Waiko 1972, Williams 1930:162-163). They were more noted for their verbal contribution. The people most difficult to pacify were women, who, while doing little actual violence with their … quarterstaffs, were very successfully inciting to violence with their tongues (Williams 1930:163).§REF§Newton, Janice. 1983. “Orokaiva Warfare And Production.”, 492§REF§" }, { "id": 296, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Only flint, bone and copper tools tools have been found at Mehrgarh §REF§Petrie, C. A. (in press) Chapter 11, Case Study: Mehrgarh. In, Barker, G and Goucher, C (eds.) Cambridge World History, Volume 2: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE - 500 CE. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge§REF§" }, { "id": 297, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Only flint, bone and copper tools tools have been found at Mehrgarh §REF§Petrie, C. A. (in press) Chapter 11, Case Study: Mehrgarh. In, Barker, G and Goucher, C (eds.) Cambridge World History, Volume 2: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE - 500 CE. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge§REF§" }, { "id": 298, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Only flint, bone and copper tools tools have been found at Mehrgarh §REF§Petrie, C. A. (in press) Chapter 11, Case Study: Mehrgarh. In, Barker, G and Goucher, C (eds.) Cambridge World History, Volume 2: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE - 500 CE. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge§REF§" }, { "id": 299, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The coins from the period show lancers of the Greek style. §REF§Sidky, H., The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, from Alexander to Eucratides the Great, Oxford, 2000, pp. 168-169§REF§ Yuezhi (Kushan) find at Tillya-Tepe: \"decorative gold clasp depicted a Greek infantryman in a cuirass breastplate carrying a spear and an oval shield.\"§REF§(McLaughlin 2016, 78) Raoul McLaughlin. 2016. The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China. Pen and Sword History. Barnsley.§REF§" }, { "id": 300, "polity": { "id": 123, "name": "pk_kachi_post_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Spear", "spear": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In the midst of pieces that are hard to identify fragments of points, the only object that is more or less complete in these levels is a spear-head whose point is quite blunt.\" It is unknown whether the object is copper or bronze, but most other objects in later periods were tested as bronze. §REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard. p361§REF§ Spearheads have been found in other Late Harappan contexts.§REF§Agrawal, D. P. (2007) The Indus Civilization: An interdisciplinary perspective. Aryan Books International: New Delhi. p210§REF§" } ] }