Shield List
A viewset for viewing and editing Shields.
GET /api/wf/shields/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 374, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/shields/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/shields/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " For defensive purposes the Dyak has a large wooden shield about three feet long, which, with its handle, is hollowed out of a single block of wood. §REF§Gomes 1911, 78§REF§" }, { "id": 102, "polity": { "id": 46, "name": "id_buni", "long_name": "Java - Buni Culture", "start_year": -400, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": -400, "year_to": 149, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " According to the Chinese Nan chou i wu chih (A Record of Strange Things in the Southern Regions) written about 222-228 CE a volcanic country called 'Ge-ying' (thought to be western Java) traded with the Malay Peninsula and imported horses from India. They were used by warriors. §REF§(Miksic and Goh 2017, 215) John Norman Miksic. Geok Yian Goh. Routledge. 2017. Ancient Southeast Asia. London. p. 215§REF§ It is likely they had some basic armour. Metallurgy was introduced after the third century BCE§REF§(Bellwood 2004, 36) Bellwood, Peter. The origins and dispersals of agricultural communities in Southeast Asia. Glover, Ian. Bellwood, Peter. eds. 2004. Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History. RoutledgeCurzon. London.§REF§ so in addition to imported items, they may have had the ability to smith their own armour. Indian military terms surviving in Javanese: \"war, weapon, sword, lance, armour, shield, helmet, banner, battle, siege, fortress, soldier, officer, enemy, spy, etc.\"§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 103, "polity": { "id": 46, "name": "id_buni", "long_name": "Java - Buni Culture", "start_year": -400, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": 150, "year_to": 500, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to the Chinese Nan chou i wu chih (A Record of Strange Things in the Southern Regions) written about 222-228 CE a volcanic country called 'Ge-ying' (thought to be western Java) traded with the Malay Peninsula and imported horses from India. They were used by warriors. §REF§(Miksic and Goh 2017, 215) John Norman Miksic. Geok Yian Goh. Routledge. 2017. Ancient Southeast Asia. London. p. 215§REF§ It is likely they had some basic armour. Metallurgy was introduced after the third century BCE§REF§(Bellwood 2004, 36) Bellwood, Peter. The origins and dispersals of agricultural communities in Southeast Asia. Glover, Ian. Bellwood, Peter. eds. 2004. Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History. RoutledgeCurzon. London.§REF§ so in addition to imported items, they may have had the ability to smith their own armour. Indian military terms surviving in Javanese: \"war, weapon, sword, lance, armour, shield, helmet, banner, battle, siege, fortress, soldier, officer, enemy, spy, etc.\"§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 104, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'shield'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§ The ruling class were Hindu Indians and their contemporaries in the Indian Chalukyan Kingdom had shields.§REF§(Sreenivasa Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1975, 93) H V Sreenivasa Murthy and R Ramakrishnan. 1975. A History of Karnataka. Vivek Prakashan.§REF§" }, { "id": 105, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Borobudur reliefs depict armour but do not specify which kinds.§REF§(Draeger 1972, 23) D F Draeger. 1972. Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia. Tuttle Publishing.§REF§ Old Mataram was a 'highly Indianized culture' until it was replaced by an East Javanese one \"that increasingly promoted various elements of the island's older indigenous traditions.\"§REF§(Unesco 2005, 233) Unesco. 2005. The Restoration of Borobudur. Unesco.§REF§ Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'armour, shield, helmet'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 106, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Coded present based on this§REF§(Gaukroger 2009, 134)§REF§ source but no quote/description provided. \"After the formation of the Majapahit Dynasty, however, weapons and warfare underwent significant changes. The military dress completely evolved from the Indian to the East Javanese fashion.\"§REF§(Powell 2002, 325) John Powell. 2002. Weapons & Warfare: Ancient and medieval weapons and warfare (to 1500). Salem Press.§REF§ Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'armour, shield, helmet'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§ The Borobudur reliefs depicted armour but do not specify which kinds.§REF§(Draeger 1972, 23) D F Draeger. 1972. Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia. Tuttle Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 107, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Light leather shields using buffalo skin. §REF§(Charney 2004, 40)§REF§" }, { "id": 108, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Borobudur and Prambanan temples contain murals showing the weaponry of early times - swords, bows and arrows, spears, shields, armour, clubs, knives, halberds. The Plaosan temple group 3 miles from Prambanan depicts stone carved gate guards armed with clubs and swords.§REF§(Draeger 1972, 23, 27)§REF§ Old Mataram was a 'highly Indianized culture' until it was replaced by an East Javanese one \"that increasingly promoted various elements of the island's older indigenous traditions.\"§REF§(Unesco 2005, 233) Unesco. 2005. The Restoration of Borobudur. Unesco.§REF§ Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'armour, shield, helmet'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§ In southern India at this time the Rashtrakuta dynasty used the shield.§REF§(Ramachandra Murthy 1994, 116) N S Ramachandra Murthy. 1994. Military Administration of the Rashtrakutas in the Telugu Country. B R Gopal. ed. The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed.§REF§ Their Chalukya predecessors also had shields.§REF§(Sreenivasa Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1975, 93) H V Sreenivasa Murthy and R Ramakrishnan. 1975. A History of Karnataka. Vivek Prakashan.§REF§" }, { "id": 109, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": -2000, "year_to": -1551, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"It is unfortunate that no artifactual evidence is available for the use of the shield during the late third and early second millennia in the Levant. This is no doubt due to the fact that shields, like slings and bows, were constructed from organic materials such as leather, wood, or reeds, as is suggested by Egyptian depictions of Asiatic shields in the tomb of Intef…\"§REF§Burke (2004:70).§REF§ \"It is worth noting that none of the Asiatics depicted in the Middle Kingdom Beni Hasan reliefs carry shields, even though they are shown carrying axes and spears, and no archaeological evidence of the shield has thus far been unearthed in the Levant for either the MB or LB. Therefore, aside from the pictorial evidence noted above concerning small ox-hide shields used by Asiatics at the start of the MB in Egypt, the earliest evidence for the form and construction of the shield in the Levant dates to the LB and is also derived from Egyptian New Kingdom reliefs (Yadin 1963:83f.). These shields are depicted as small, light, and rectangular, and were clearly intended for personal protection in hand-to-hand combat [whereas earlier shields were much larger, and meant to protect against arrows].\"§REF§Burke (2004:71).§REF§" }, { "id": 110, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": -1550, "year_to": -1175, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"It is unfortunate that no artifactual evidence is available for the use of the shield during the late third and early second millennia in the Levant. This is no doubt due to the fact that shields, like slings and bows, were constructed from organic materials such as leather, wood, or reeds, as is suggested by Egyptian depictions of Asiatic shields in the tomb of Intef…\"§REF§Burke (2004:70).§REF§ \"It is worth noting that none of the Asiatics depicted in the Middle Kingdom Beni Hasan reliefs carry shields, even though they are shown carrying axes and spears, and no archaeological evidence of the shield has thus far been unearthed in the Levant for either the MB or LB. Therefore, aside from the pictorial evidence noted above concerning small ox-hide shields used by Asiatics at the start of the MB in Egypt, the earliest evidence for the form and construction of the shield in the Levant dates to the LB and is also derived from Egyptian New Kingdom reliefs (Yadin 1963:83f.). These shields are depicted as small, light, and rectangular, and were clearly intended for personal protection in hand-to-hand combat [whereas earlier shields were much larger, and meant to protect against arrows].\"§REF§Burke (2004:71).§REF§" }, { "id": 111, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 112, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Biblical texts and Assyrian reliefs portray Israelite and Judean infantrymen as outfitted with shields, helmets, and coats of armor, sometimes including a scarf around the head and covering the ears.”§REF§Kelle (2007:43)§REF§" }, { "id": 113, "polity": { "id": 416, "name": "in_ayodhya_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Ayodhya", "start_year": -64, "end_year": 34 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Military equipment depicted on the Bhilsa Topes statues include the infantry and cavalry shield.§REF§(Egerton 2002, 12) Wilbraham Egerton. 2002 (1880). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola.§REF§ <i>The Bhilsa topes are Buddhist monuments from central India thought to date to c100 BCE.</i> The oblong shield is known from later period illustrations in hill caves in Orissa (eastern India 200 BCE - 474 CE).§REF§(Egerton 2002, 13-14) Wilbraham Egerton. 2002 (1880). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola.§REF§ Cave 16 at Ajanta c400 CE shows warriors with an ornamental shield.§REF§(Egerton 2002, 14) Wilbraham Egerton. 2002 (1880). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola.§REF§" }, { "id": 114, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Artistic evidence for shields made of metal and hide §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), p. 266§REF§." }, { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Kautilya's Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, mentions a leather shield.§REF§(Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ The preceding Rashtrakutas employed the shield.§REF§N.S. Ramachandra Murthy, Military Administration of the Rashtrakutas in the Telugu Country, in B.R. Gopal, The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed (1994), p. 116§REF§" }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to a military historian the Mauryans carried shields made of raw oxhide stretched over a wood or wicker frame§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 219) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ - do Mauryan specialists agree?" }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 88, "name": "in_post_mauryan_k", "long_name": "Post-Mauryan Kingdoms", "start_year": -205, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " A military historian states that the Mauryans carried shields made of raw oxhide stretched over a wood or wicker frame§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 219) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ - do Mauryan specialists agree? Kautilya's Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, mentions \"dense structures made of the skin, hooves, and horns/tusks of the river dolphin, rhinocerous, Dhenuka, and cattle\" used as armor and a leather shield.§REF§(Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " <i>NB: The following refers to a different era and place.</i> Reference for Vedic-period India (mostly Ganges valley but may also be relevant further south): \"No material evidence exists to prove the use of body-armour, helmets and shields by the people of the Indus valley. It has been suggested, however, that domed pieces of copper, each pierced by two holes, were stitched on to a piece of cloth and used as a coat of mail. And a few pictographs of the Indus script may represent men holding shields.\"§REF§(Singh 1997, 91) Sarva Daman Singh. 1997 (1965). Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. Delhi.§REF§ By the time of Kautilya's Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, there is mention of \"dense structures made of the skin, hooves, and horns/tusks of the river dolphin, rhinocerous, Dhenuka, and cattle\" used as armor and a leather shield.§REF§(Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Have a reference for its use in southern India." }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 415, "name": "in_ganga_ca", "long_name": "Chalcolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -601 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources in lists of artifacts found at sites in the region dating to this time." }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 414, "name": "in_ganga_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources in lists of artefacts found at sites in the region dating to this time." }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘The walls and ceiling are hung with the family’s possessions - baskets, tools, cooking and eating utensils - and two or three bamboo poles suspended from ropes serve as racks to hold the family’s spare clothes and blankets when these are not in use. Pots containing threshed rice and other staples line one wall to the front, and pots of brewing rice beer stand at the back. Several low stools may be arranged around the wall, pushed out of the way when not in use. At least one old headhunting mil’am (sword) is stuck into the back wall of every house, and one or more shields may lean against the wall below the sword.’ §REF§Marak, Llewellyn R. 1995. “Arts, Architecture And Wood Carving”, 138§REF§ ‘The Garos have two kinds of shield. The sepi is made entirely of wood, or of flat lengths of wood bound together and covered with very thin strips of cane or bamboo, while the danil is made of bearskin or cowhide stretched on a wooden frame. Both kinds are of the same shape and size. They are about 3 feet long by 18 inches broad, roughly oblong, but with slightly concave sides, and with a gentle curve backwards over the hand. They are fitted with handles made of cane.’ §REF§Playfair, Alan 1909. “Garos”, 32§REF§" }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘The walls and ceiling are hung with the family’s possessions - baskets, tools, cooking and eating utensils - and two or three bamboo poles suspended from ropes serve as racks to hold the family’s spare clothes and blankets when these are not in use. Pots containing threshed rice and other staples line one wall to the front, and pots of brewing rice beer stand at the back. Several low stools may be arranged around the wall, pushed out of the way when not in use. At least one old headhunting mil’am (sword) is stuck into the back wall of every house, and one or more shields may lean against the wall below the sword.’ §REF§Marak, Llewellyn R. 1995. “Arts, Architecture And Wood Carving”, 138§REF§ ‘The Garos have two kinds of shield. The sepi is made entirely of wood, or of flat lengths of wood bound together and covered with very thin strips of cane or bamboo, while the danil is made of bearskin or cowhide stretched on a wooden frame. Both kinds are of the same shape and size. They are about 3 feet long by 18 inches broad, roughly oblong, but with slightly concave sides, and with a gentle curve backwards over the hand. They are fitted with handles made of cane.’ §REF§Playfair, Alan 1909. “Garos”, 32§REF§" }, { "id": 124, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Reference for northern India in the 7th century CE: According to Hiuen Tsang (quoted here) the Harsha infantry had a 'big shield'.§REF§(Sen 1999, 257) Sailendra Nath Sen. 1999. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. Second Edition. New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers. New Delhi.§REF§ The foot soldiers of the Pala Empire after 750 CE - the core of which was located in the southern reaches of the Ganges Basin to the east of this polity and at its height possessed territory all the way to Afghanistan - used spears, swords, and shields.§REF§(Lomazoff and Ralby 2013) Amanda Lomazoff. Aaron Ralby. 2013. The Atlas of Military History. Simon and Schuster. San Diego.§REF§ Under chapter 9 \"The Rajput Administration\": \"Foot soldiers carried swords and shields. Armour was in use.\"§REF§(Bakshi, Gajrani and Singh eds 2005, 394) S R Bakshi. S Gajrani. Hari Singh. eds. 2005. Early Aryans to Swaraj. Volume 3: Indian Education and Rajputs. Sarup & Sons. New Delhi.§REF§ \"Further details about military dress and equipment can be had from the Kathakosaprakarana, Yasastilaka champu and the Tilakamanjari.\"§REF§(Bakshi, Gajrani and Singh eds 2005, 394) S R Bakshi. S Gajrani. Hari Singh. eds. 2005. Early Aryans to Swaraj. Volume 3: Indian Education and Rajputs. Sarup & Sons. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Guptas imitated the dress, equipment and the techniques of warfare as practised by the Central Asian nomads.\"§REF§(Roy 2016, 22) Kaushik Roy. 2016. Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ <i>In Central Asia the 5th-6th CE Hephthalites used shields made of leather.§REF§Karasulas, Antony. Mounted archers of the steppe 600 BC-AD 1300. Vol. 120. Osprey Publishing, 2004, p.29.§REF§</i>" }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Reference for northern India in the 7th century CE: According to Hiuen Tsang (quoted here) the Harsha infantry had a 'big shield'.§REF§(Sen 1999, 257) Sailendra Nath Sen. 1999. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. Second Edition. New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers. New Delhi.§REF§ The foot soldiers of the Pala Empire after 750 CE - the core of which was located in the southern reaches of the Ganges Basin to the east of this polity and at its height possessed territory all the way to Afghanistan - used spears, swords, and shields.§REF§(Lomazoff and Ralby 2013) Amanda Lomazoff. Aaron Ralby. 2013. The Atlas of Military History. Simon and Schuster. San Diego.§REF§" }, { "id": 127, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Hoysala Army could be taken as a microcosm of the force structure of the Hindu polities in Deccan and South India. The infantry carried bamboo bows, swords, spears and shields.\"§REF§(Roy 2015, 98) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 128, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Kautilya's Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, mentions a leather shield.§REF§(Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 129, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Hoysala Army could be taken as a microcosm of the force structure of the Hindu polities in Deccan and South India. The infantry carried bamboo bows, swords, spears and shields.\"§REF§(Roy 2015, 98) Kaushik Roy. 2015. Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500 BCE to 1740 CE. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 130, "polity": { "id": 417, "name": "in_kannauj_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Kannauj - Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 780 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Shields: \"In the Sisupalavadha, we find soldiers armed with swords and shields\".§REF§(Mishra 1977, 146) Shyam Manohar Mishra. 1977. Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.§REF§ Clay plaques from Paharpur (c8th CE) show male and female infantry with a shield\".§REF§(Mishra 1977, 146) Shyam Manohar Mishra. 1977. Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 131, "polity": { "id": 390, "name": "in_magadha_k", "long_name": "Magadha", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Reference for northern India in the 7th century CE: According to Hiuen Tsang (quoted here) the Harsha infantry had a 'big shield'.§REF§(Sen 1999, 257) Sailendra Nath Sen. 1999. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. Second Edition. New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers. New Delhi.§REF§ The foot soldiers of the Pala Empire after 750 CE - the core of which was located in the southern reaches of the Ganges Basin to the east of this polity and at its height possessed territory all the way to Afghanistan - used spears, swords, and shields.§REF§(Lomazoff and Ralby 2013) Amanda Lomazoff. Aaron Ralby. 2013. The Atlas of Military History. Simon and Schuster. San Diego.§REF§" }, { "id": 132, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Referring to Vedic texts: \"The use of shields and protective armour is throughout in evidence.\"§REF§(Singh 1965: 116) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/QW5EBAAU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/QW5EBAAU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 133, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to a military historian (this needs confirmation from a Mauryan specialist) shields were carried by cavalry and footsoldiers. §REF§Gabriel, Richard A. The great armies of antiquity. p. 218-220§REF§" }, { "id": 134, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The handpike was the favorite weapon of the Rajputs; 'mounted or on foot, they have no weapon other than a short spear, with shield, sword, and dagger', write Peleart.\" §REF§(Eraly 2007, p. 294)§REF§" }, { "id": 135, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Kautilya's Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, mentions a leather shield.§REF§(Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ \"The popular weapons of warfare seem to be the sword, the trident or spear, the javelin, the battleaxe, the shield, etc.\" §REF§N.S. Ramachandra Murthy, Military Administration of the Rashtrakutas in the Telugu Country, in B.R. Gopal, The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed (1994), p. 116§REF§" }, { "id": 136, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " A military historian suggests the Maurayans carried shields made of raw oxhide stretched over a wood or wicker frame§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 219) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ - do Mauryan specialists agree? <i>The Satavahanas were likely no less advanced in terms of their military technology.</i> Kautilya's Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, mentions a leather shield.§REF§(Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ Satavahana infantry used circular shields.§REF§(Roy 2013, 20) Kaushik Roy. 2013 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 137, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from use in Mauryan Empire. The Sunga Dynasty was in effect the continuation of the Mauryan Empire as it was established in a coup by the Mauryan general Pushyamitra Sunga (Roy 2015, 19).§REF§(Roy 2015: 19) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/35K9MMUW\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/35K9MMUW</a>.§REF§ According to one military historian (this data needs to be confirmed by a polity specialist): Mauryan infantry used a long narrow shield of raw oxhide over a wooden or wicker frame.§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 219) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies Of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 138, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " A military historian states that the Maurayans carried shields made of raw oxhide stretched over a wood or wicker frame §REF§(Gabriel 2002, 219) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ - do Maurayan specialists agree? Vakataka \"soldiers were provided with armours and helmets.\"§REF§(Majumdar and Altekar 1986, 277) Anant Sadashiv Altekar. The Administrative Organisation. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. Anant Sadashiv Altekar. 1986. Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi.§REF§ Kautilya's Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, mentions a leather shield.§REF§(Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 139, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Muhammadan soldiers carried 'shields, javelins and Turkish bows with many bombs and spears and fire missiles.\" §REF§(Ramayanna 1986, p. 126)§REF§ According to Nikitin, in south India infantry had 'a shield in one hand and a sword in the other'.§REF§(Eraly 2015) Abraham Eraly. 2015. The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin.§REF§ According to Nuniz, soldiers of Vijayanagar 'were all armed each after his own fashion, the archers and musketeers with their quilted tunics, and shield-men with swords and poignards in their girdles. Their shields are so large that there is no need for armour to protect the body, which is completely covered. Their horses were in full clothing. The men wore doublets, and had weapons in their hands. And on their heads were headpieces after the manner of their doublets, quilted with cotton.'§REF§(Eraly 2015) Abraham Eraly. 2015. The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin.§REF§" }, { "id": 140, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Widely available for soldiers. §REF§Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 168-178§REF§" }, { "id": 141, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Widely available for soldiers in the armies of the earlier Abbasids. §REF§Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 168-178§REF§" }, { "id": 142, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Enheduanna says in a poem \"I will hold my shield and throw-stick ready\"§REF§(Foster 2016, 167) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 143, "polity": { "id": 479, "name": "iq_babylonia_1", "long_name": "Amorite Babylonia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Rutkowski, Ł. 2007. Problematyka militarna w Państwie Ur III. In: D. Szeląg (ed.), <i>Historia i kultura państwa III dynastii z Ur</i>. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 20§REF§" }, { "id": 144, "polity": { "id": 481, "name": "iq_bazi_dyn", "long_name": "Bazi Dynasty", "start_year": -1005, "end_year": -986 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in earlier periods." }, { "id": 145, "polity": { "id": 482, "name": "iq_dynasty_e", "long_name": "Dynasty of E", "start_year": -979, "end_year": -732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in earlier periods." }, { "id": 146, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Hamblin 2006, 48§REF§" }, { "id": 147, "polity": { "id": 480, "name": "iq_isin_dynasty2", "long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin", "start_year": -1153, "end_year": -1027 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in earlier periods." }, { "id": 148, "polity": { "id": 478, "name": "iq_isin_larsa", "long_name": "Isin-Larsa", "start_year": -2004, "end_year": -1763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in earlier periods." }, { "id": 149, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Wicker shields, curved at the top when necessary to protect archers. §REF§(Chadwick 2005, 77)§REF§" }, { "id": 150, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in previous and subsequent polities." } ] }