Shield List
A viewset for viewing and editing Shields.
GET /api/wf/shields/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 374, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/shields/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/shields/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cowhides probably most common material. §REF§(Hoffmeier 2001)§REF§ \"From the late Predynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian soldiers' only bodily protection (apart from the occasional use of a band of webbing across the shoulders and chest) was supplied by long, roughly rectangular shields made of cowhide stretched over a wooden frame.\"§REF§(Shaw 1991: 32) Shaw, Ian. 1991. <i>Egyptian Warfare and Weapons</i>. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " peltasts of the phalanx carried a small round shield (pelte) whilst the hoplites of the phalanx carried a slightly larger shield §REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 135-138)§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " peltasts of the phalanx carried a small round shield (pelte) whilst the hoplites of the phalanx carried a slightly larger shield §REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 135-138)§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cowhides probably most common material. §REF§(Hoffmeier 2001)§REF§ \"From the late Predynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian soldiers' only bodily protection (apart from the occasional use of a band of webbing across the shoulders and chest) was supplied by long, roughly rectangular shields made of cowhide stretched over a wooden frame.\"§REF§(Shaw 1991: 32) Shaw, Ian. 1991. <i>Egyptian Warfare and Weapons</i>. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " <i>based on Cairan armour, which was probably the most advanced at the time§REF§(Manning 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§</i> \"The Carian equipment may resemble that of the hoplites representated on the Amathus bowl found in a tomb in Cyprus and dated to the time of Psamtek (see Figure 2.1).\" Artwork in figure 2.1 shows: shields, throwing spears, cavalry, archers, crested helmets. §REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 20-21)§REF§" }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Booth 2005, 39)§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " For Abbasid Caliphate: Widely available for soldiers. §REF§Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 168-178§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The widespread use of firearms and waning popularity of jousting tournaments caused a steep decline in the production of armor in the seventeenth century. Because the symbolic value of armor outlived its effectiveness in battle, sumptuous examples were still made as diplomatic gifts and appeared in portraits of members of the royal family.\" §REF§“The Art of Power: Royal Armor and Portraits from Imperial Spain. National Gallery of Art. Web. Accessed May 5, 2017. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WHH6KD3N\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WHH6KD3N</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Until recently, this was an isolated example at such an early date, but a recently obtained radiocarbon date for the wooden shield mould from Kilmahamogue, Co. Antrim, was 3445 ± 70 BP (1950-1540 cal BC).42 Perhaps the only surprising thing about this result is that it is still unique at so early a date. It appears to indicate that shields of organic materials were present in the Early Bronze Age, which need not in itself be surprising; its form - with concentric ribs interrupted by a V-shaped notch - is, however, otherwise only known in the Late Bronze Age (the Herzsprung type).\" §REF§(Harding 2000, 285)§REF§" }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Montgommery and Rohan were enthusiastic proponents of the use of small shields to defend musketeers against pikes. §REF§David Parrott, Richelieu's Army (2003), p. xiv§REF§ Shields not mentioned by Nolan (2006) who covers the 1000-1650 CE period.§REF§(Nolan 2006, 26) Cathal J Nolan. 2006. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Volume 1 A - K. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Parrott 2012, 62) David Parrott. Armed Forces. William Doyle. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Medieval armour was much like that worn by Germanic warriors in 100 CE still consisting of a shield, helmet and coat.§REF§(Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Medieval armour was much like that worn by Germanic warriors in 100 CE still consisting of a shield, helmet and coat.§REF§(Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ Rarely carried from mid-14th century.§REF§(Nicolle 2000, 15)§REF§" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Is a large round shield being carried by cavalry in the period art on this page (the authors used it to demonstrate the presence of the stirrup)?§REF§(Hooper and Bennett 1996, 12) Nicholas Hooper. Matthew Bennett. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Poor men used as infantry carried shield and spear.§REF§(Hooper and Bennett 1996, 13) Nicholas Hooper. Matthew Bennett. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Is a large round shield being carried by cavalry in the period art on this page (the authors used it to demonstrate the presence of the stirrup)?§REF§(Hooper and Bennett 1996, 12) Nicholas Hooper. Matthew Bennett. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Poor men used as infantry carried shield and spear.§REF§(Hooper and Bennett 1996, 13) Nicholas Hooper. Matthew Bennett. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "No finds within France until 620-560 BCE. (\"Umbo\" = shield boss?) §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " No finds within France until 620-560 BCE. (\"Umbo\" = shield boss?) §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ Organic/metal armour, shields, helmets.§REF§(Koch ed. 2006, 1469) John T. Koch ed. Celtic Culture. A historical Encyclopedia. Volume I. A-Celti. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " No finds within France until 620-560 BCE. (\"Umbo\" = shield boss?) §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ \"Miniature bronze cult wagon from the Halstatt period, 7th century BC\"§REF§(Allen 2007, 25)§REF§ - in this sculpture the warriors are holding shields." }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " No finds within France until 620-560 BCE. (\"Umbo\" = shield boss?) §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ 6th century scabbard illustration shows Hallstatt warriors with spears and shields §REF§(Allen 2007, 22)§REF§ Organic/metal armour, shields, helmets.§REF§(Koch ed. 2006, 1469) John T. Koch ed. Celtic Culture. A historical Encyclopedia. Volume I. A-Celti. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Halsall 2003, 163-176) Halsall, Guy. 2003. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Halsall 2003, 163-176) Halsall, Guy. 2003. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Halsall 2003, 163-176) Halsall, Guy. 2003. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 400-200 BCE: warrior culture, burials with iron swords, helmets, spears, shields. §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§ \"The basic equipment of the Celtic warrior was spear and shield. To this could be added a sword, a helmet and a mailshirt.\"§REF§(Allen 2007, 115)§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kruta 2004, 4)§REF§ \"The basic equipment of the Celtic warrior was spear and shield. To this could be added a sword, a helmet and a mailshirt.\" §REF§(Allen 2007, 115)§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kruta 2004, 4)§REF§ \"The basic equipment of the Celtic warrior was spear and shield. To this could be added a sword, a helmet and a mailshirt.\" §REF§(Allen 2007, 115)§REF§" }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": 1328, "year_to": 1380, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Rarely carried from mid-14th century. §REF§(Nicolle 2000, 15) David Nicolle. 2000. French Armies Of The Hundred Years War. Osprey Publishing. Oxford.§REF§ From about 1380 CE shield abandoned.§REF§(Boulton 1995, 124-127) W W Kibler. G A Zinn. 1995. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Routledge.§REF§ Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) reference: \"On horseback, the principal weapon was a 10-foot-long wooden lance carried with a small wedge-shaped shield and sometimes a short, steel-handled battleaxe.\"§REF§(Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ <i>Academic disagreement</i> Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) reference: many knights discarded shields in the mid-15th CE but men-at-arms carried a light buckler.§REF§(Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": 1381, "year_to": 1450, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Rarely carried from mid-14th century. §REF§(Nicolle 2000, 15) David Nicolle. 2000. French Armies Of The Hundred Years War. Osprey Publishing. Oxford.§REF§ From about 1380 CE shield abandoned.§REF§(Boulton 1995, 124-127) W W Kibler. G A Zinn. 1995. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Routledge.§REF§ Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) reference: \"On horseback, the principal weapon was a 10-foot-long wooden lance carried with a small wedge-shaped shield and sometimes a short, steel-handled battleaxe.\"§REF§(Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ <i>Academic disagreement</i> Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) reference: many knights discarded shields in the mid-15th CE but men-at-arms carried a light buckler.§REF§(Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Rarely carried from mid-14th century. §REF§(Nicolle 2000, 15) David Nicolle. 2000. French Armies Of The Hundred Years War. Osprey Publishing. Oxford.§REF§ From about 1380 CE shield abandoned.§REF§(Boulton 1995, 124-127) W W Kibler. G A Zinn. 1995. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Routledge.§REF§ Present.§REF§(Potter 2008, 93)§REF§ <i>Why does Potter say present?</i> Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) reference: \"On horseback, the principal weapon was a 10-foot-long wooden lance carried with a small wedge-shaped shield and sometimes a short, steel-handled battleaxe.\"§REF§(Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ <i>Academic disagreement.</i> Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) reference: many knights discarded shields in the mid-15th CE but men-at-arms carried a light buckler.§REF§(Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Ansa the king appeared in full state, accompanied by a large retinue. Before him went his men sounding trumpets and horns, carrying tinkling bells, and playing various kinds of drums, as well as other instruments, which were quite new to the Portuguese. His Gyasi men, that is, bodyguard, were armed with spears, javelins, shields, bows and arrows; on their heads they wore a sort of helmet made of skins thickly studded with shark's teeth, the same kind of helmets one sees whenever a town company turns out in fighting attire, and as they came with their lord and master, they sang their popular martial airs. The subordinate rulers wore chains of gold and other ornaments, and each of them was attended by two pages, one carrying his master's shield and arms, and the other a little round stool for him to sit on.\" §REF§Sarbah, John Mensah 1968. “Fanti National Constitution: A Short Treatise On The Constitution And Government Of The Fanti, Asanti, And Other Akan Tribes Of West Africa Together With A Brief Account Of The Discovery Of The Gold Coast By Portuguese Navigators, A Short Narration Of Early English Voyages, And A Study Of The Rise Of British Gold Coast Jurisdiction, Etc., Etc.”, 57§REF§ \"Their targets be made of such pits as their cloth is made of, and very closely wrought, and they be in form four square and very great, and somewhat longer than they be broad, so that kneeling down, they make their targets to cover their whole body. Their bows be short and of a pretty strength, as much as a man is able to draw with one of his fingers, and the string is of the bark of a tree, made flat, and almost a quarter of an inch broad. As for their arrows, I have not yet seen any of them, for they had wrapped them up close, and because I was busy I could not stand about it, to have them open them. Their gold also they work very well.\" §REF§Sarbah, John Mensah 1968. “Fanti National Constitution: A Short Treatise On The Constitution And Government Of The Fanti, Asanti, And Other Akan Tribes Of West Africa Together With A Brief Account Of The Discovery Of The Gold Coast By Portuguese Navigators, A Short Narration Of Early English Voyages, And A Study Of The Rise Of British Gold Coast Jurisdiction, Etc., Etc.”, 67§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'Shields clearly became used less often in battle as spears and bows and arrows were increasingly replaced by imported firearms. They were, however, used in Asante until Prempe 1 was forcibly exiled.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 103p§REF§" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Everson, T. 2004. <i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great</i>, Sutton.§REF§" }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Everson, T. 2004. <i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great</i>, Sutton.§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Κόλλιας, Τ., <i>Τεχνολογία και Πόλεμος στο Βυζάντιο</i>, 2005§REF§ §REF§Mc Geer, E., <i>Sowing the Dragon</i>s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century<i>, Washington D.C., 1995.</i>§REF§" }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Everson, T. 2004. <i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great</i>, Sutton.§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Hunting scenes often featured shields and helmets, Molloy found\"<a href=\"http://www.livescience.com/26275-peaceful-minoans-surprisingly-warlike.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://www.livescience.com/26275-peaceful-minoans-surprisingly-warlike.html </a>" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No mention of any armor in a \"weapons and armor\" section on Hawaiian warfare at contact. §REF§Hommon, Robert, J. 2013. The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§ Probably true of earlier period, but more evidence is probably needed." }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No mention of any armor in a \"weapons and armor\" section on Hawaiian warfare at contact. §REF§Hommon, Robert, J. 2013. The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§ Probably true of earlier period, but more evidence is probably needed." }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No mention of any armor in a \"weapons and armor\" section on Hawaiian warfare. §REF§Hommon, Robert, J. 2013. The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Shield", "shield": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"For defensive purposes the Dyak has a large wooden shield about three feet long, which, with its handle, is hollowed out of a single block of wood.\" §REF§Gomes 1911, 78§REF§" } ] }