Settlement In A Defensive Position List
A viewset for viewing and editing Settlements in a Defensive Position.
GET /api/wf/settlement-in-defensive-positions/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 361, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/settlement-in-defensive-positions/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/settlement-in-defensive-positions/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Convenience and pressures to reduce social tensions appear to have over-ridden considerations of defence in the location of housing from the early tenth century. §REF§(Christie 1991, 35)§REF§" }, { "id": 102, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " It has been noted by historians that despite the aggressive military history from which Majapahit arose, its kraton was not fortified. §REF§(Hall 1996, 96)§REF§ According to Miksic the Majapahit capital did not seem to have any sort of defensive perimeter. §REF§(Miksic 2000, 115)§REF§ This does not mean that no town or fort in Majapahit had any type of defensive fortification. Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'fortress' and 'siege'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 103, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 104, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Convenience and pressures to reduce social tensions appear to have over-ridden considerations of defence in the location of housing from the early tenth century. §REF§(Christie 1991, 35)§REF§ Ratu Boko - a palace compound converted into a hilltop fortress with defensive structures. §REF§(Soertano 2002, 67)§REF§" }, { "id": 105, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Where possible, settlements were built on top of hills, or \"tells\". Where the landscape lacked such features, freestanding walls were built, or other features of the landscape used: \"As indicated in the previous chapter the major fortified settlements comprising the first three tiers of settlement within the kingdom of Ashkelon were defended in a nearly identical fashion featuring rectilinear plans enclosed by earthen ramparts, fosses, and fortification walls. These settlements seem to have been predominantly situated along wadis in order, I believe, to take advantage of the increased defensive capability which the only regular feature of the landscape could provide (on at least one side of the settlement).\"§REF§Burke (2004:259-260).§REF§" }, { "id": 106, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " True at minimum in the Galilee; those settlements which lacked walls were almost exclusively built to take advantage of natural fortifications.§REF§Leibner (2009: 318-319).§REF§" }, { "id": 107, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The architectural program of the Omrides seems to have been conceived in order to serve their territorial ambitions: casemate forts or administrative centers were built on the borders of the kingdom (figs. 18, 19): Har Adir (and possibly Tel Harashim) facing Tyre; Hazor and En Gev facing the territory of Aram Damascus; Ramoth-gilead opposite Aram Damascus in the Bashan; Jahaz and Ataroth facing Moabite Dibon; and Gezer facing the Philistine city-states. Except for the capital Samaria, only Jezreel seems to have been located in the heartland of Israel. The Omride compound there could have been erected as a center of command in the demographically Canaanite valley and as a military post related to the chariot force of the kingdom (Cantrell 2011).\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:109)§REF§" }, { "id": 108, "polity": { "id": 416, "name": "in_ayodhya_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Ayodhya", "start_year": -64, "end_year": 34 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"extensive traces of structural mounds within the fortification of ancient Ayodhya ... extensive excavations urgently needed at this site which is one of the most important of northern India ... there are still places which would bear extensive horizontal excavations.\"§REF§(Chakrabarti 2001, 253) Dilip K Chakrabarti. 2001. Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Permanent Black. Delhi.§REF§ \"In the Middle Ganga valley all the city sites are fortified (e.g. Ayodhya, Rajghat, Kausambi, Sravasti, Patna, Kankarbagh, Rajgir, Vaisali, Champa, Balirajgarh) while the rural sites were not fortified (e.g. Piprahwa, Sohgaura, Khairadih, Chirand, Buxar, Mason, Sonepur, Apsad, Sarai-Mohna Prahladpur, Takiapar, Lakhneshwardih, Nandigram, Chechar-Kutubpur, Chandadih, Oriup)...\" §REF§(? 1994, 13) Shodhak. Volume 23. Part 1. Issue 67 - Part 3. Issue 69. Bhartiya Pragtisheel Shiksha Parishad.§REF§" }, { "id": 109, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§" }, { "id": 110, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§" }, { "id": 111, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Lower Deccan (Krishna-Tungabhadra River Valleys; Krishna-Tungabhadra Doab) 1100-100 BCE: \"Preferred settlement location are on high hilltops or on the slopes of outcrops, with some evidence for walls and other defensive features.\"§REF§(? 2002, 365)? South Indian Iron Age. Peter N Peregrine. Melvin Ember. eds. 2002. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 112, "polity": { "id": 88, "name": "in_post_mauryan_k", "long_name": "Post-Mauryan Kingdoms", "start_year": -205, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Lower Deccan (Krishna-Tungabhadra River Valleys; Krishna-Tungabhadra Doab) 1100-100 BCE: \"Preferred settlement location are on high hilltops or on the slopes of outcrops, with some evidence for walls and other defensive features.\"§REF§(? 2002, 365)? South Indian Iron Age. Peter N Peregrine. Melvin Ember. eds. 2002. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 113, "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": -2700, "year_to": -1701, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Regarding the granitic hills of Northern Karnataka: \"Although, from below, their stony landscapes make the hills appear rather inhospitable, those who make the effort to climb them are often rewarded with the discovery of surprisingly sizeable and protected plateaux that are invisible from the lower reaches. It is here, on the hill-top plateaux, that we find the most substantial evidence for Neolithic habitation [...] [The inhabitants] almost certainly benefited from the commanding views these sites provided over very large stretches of terrain\" §REF§N. Boivin, Landscape and Cosmology in the South Indian Neolithic: New Perspectives on the Deccan Ashmounds (2004), in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14:2, pp. 235-257§REF§. NOTE, however, that the author does not explicitly say that these settlements were built in these locations for defensive purposes." }, { "id": 114, "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": -1700, "year_to": -1200, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Regarding the granitic hills of Northern Karnataka: \"Although, from below, their stony landscapes make the hills appear rather inhospitable, those who make the effort to climb them are often rewarded with the discovery of surprisingly sizeable and protected plateaux that are invisible from the lower reaches. It is here, on the hill-top plateaux, that we find the most substantial evidence for Neolithic habitation [...] [The inhabitants] almost certainly benefited from the commanding views these sites provided over very large stretches of terrain\" §REF§N. Boivin, Landscape and Cosmology in the South Indian Neolithic: New Perspectives on the Deccan Ashmounds (2004), in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14:2, pp. 235-257§REF§. NOTE, however, that the author does not explicitly say that these settlements were built in these locations for defensive purposes." }, { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Castles on hills. As the walls could not be surrounded with a ditch the slopes were 'scarped' [not scraped].§REF§(Nossov 2006, 14) Konstantin S Nossov. 2006. Indian Castles 1206-1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 414, "name": "in_ganga_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Middle Ganga", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘I have noticed that the Garos, particularly those living in the interior of the hills, like more to live on the slopes of the hills than in the plains of the valley. There are villages wherefrom they are to travel up and down of the hills for three days or more to go to a market place. It appears that they do not grudge it even though they cross very high hills.’ §REF§Sinha, Tarunchandra 1966. “Psyche Of The Garos”, 9§REF§ ‘“The villages were irregular, hidden in hollows of the hills or on clinging spurs surrounded by jungle covered heights. They were so covered by bamboos and tall trees and as such houses could not be easily located except through the sound or clamour coming from the bottom of the gorge. The paths were zigzag across the peaks or descend through the craggy sharp hillsides. They were susceptible to regular animal depredation - wild elephants, tigers, etc.” which remain as a scourge in many Garo villages even today.’ §REF§Momin, A. G. 1995. “Economic Changes In Garo Hills: Some Perspectives”, 94§REF§ ‘Unlike other hill tribes, such as the Nagas and the Lushais, who build their villages high up on the slopes of hills, the Garos construct theirs in valleys or in depressions on the hillsides, close to running water. They attach great importance to pure water, and it is quite the exception for them to live at any distance from a good stream. The sites chosen for the houses are nevertheless generally steep, and the villages are rarely on flat ground.’ §REF§Playfair, Alan 1909. “Garo”, 38§REF§" }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘I have noticed that the Garos, particularly those living in the interior of the hills, like more to live on the slopes of the hills than in the plains of the valley. There are villages wherefrom they are to travel up and down of the hills for three days or more to go to a market place. It appears that they do not grudge it even though they cross very high hills.’ §REF§Sinha, Tarunchandra 1966. “Psyche Of The Garos”, 9§REF§ ‘“The villages were irregular, hidden in hollows of the hills or on clinging spurs surrounded by jungle covered heights. They were so covered by bamboos and tall trees and as such houses could not be easily located except through the sound or clamour coming from the bottom of the gorge. The paths were zigzag across the peaks or descend through the craggy sharp hillsides. They were susceptible to regular animal depredation - wild elephants, tigers, etc.” which remain as a scourge in many Garo villages even today.’ §REF§Momin, A. G. 1995. “Economic Changes In Garo Hills: Some Perspectives”, 94§REF§ ‘Unlike other hill tribes, such as the Nagas and the Lushais, who build their villages high up on the slopes of hills, the Garos construct theirs in valleys or in depressions on the hillsides, close to running water. They attach great importance to pure water, and it is quite the exception for them to live at any distance from a good stream. The sites chosen for the houses are nevertheless generally steep, and the villages are rarely on flat ground.’ §REF§Playfair, Alan 1909. “Garo”, 38§REF§" }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§ Under chapter 9 \"The Rajput Administration\": \"The baladhikrta was generally a military officer put in charge of a town. The mahayudhapati should have been an officer in charge of the arsenal. Pilupati, asvapati and paikkadhipati were respectively commanders of elephant, horse and infantry forces. The kottapala was an officer in charge of a kotta or fort. He can be regared as a precursor of the modern kotwal. The kottapala of Gwalior as a Wardern of the Marches as well as governor of the fort. Rajasthan had plenty of forts, and the Rajputs knew well the technique of fort warfare.\"§REF§(Bakshi, Gajrani and Singh eds 2005, 393) S R Bakshi. S Gajrani. Hari Singh. eds. 2005. Early Aryans to Swaraj. Volume 3: Indian Education and Rajputs. Sarup & Sons. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§" }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§" }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§ The Banavasi fort was partly protected by the river Varada §REF§S.K. Joshi, Defense Architecture of the Kadambas, in B.R. Gopal and N.S. Tharanatha, Kadambas: Their History and Culture (1996), p. 74§REF§." }, { "id": 124, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§" }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 417, "name": "in_kannauj_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Kannauj - Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 780 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 390, "name": "in_magadha_k", "long_name": "Magadha", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§" }, { "id": 127, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 128, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 129, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Castles on hills inherited from previous polities." }, { "id": 130, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§ The capital of Malkhed was protected on three sides by rivers, and on the fourth side by a moat §REF§Jayashri Mishra, Social and Economic Conditions Under the Imperial Rashtrakutas (1992), p. 206§REF§." }, { "id": 131, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§" }, { "id": 132, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 133, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Commenting on Jean Deloche's 'Studies on Fortification in India' a book reviewer says that fort construction \"with long-term building and modification programs ... became the focal point for local populations as well as for their leaders\" and often were \"placed at points on the landscape that already were natural strongholds and places of ritual devolution\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 273) Monica L Smith. January 2010. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130.2. Studies on Fortification in India. Collection Indologie, vol. 104. Four Forts of the Deccan vol. 111. Senji (Gingee): A Fortified City in the Tamil Country. vol. 101 by Jean Deloche.§REF§ There were \"Sites of royal importance with fortifications, e.g. Pauni, Nagaradhan, Bilav-Kuji nala, Ghugusgad, etc.\"§REF§(Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. ‘State Formation Process In The Vidarbha During The Vakataka Period’. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-162.§REF§ however, what those fortification were is not stated." }, { "id": 134, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Domingo Paes commented of Indian rulers, such as that of the Vijayanagara: \"if a city is stituated at the extremity of his territory he gives his consent to its having stone walls, but never the towns; so that they make fortresses of the cities but not the towns.\"§REF§(Howes 2003, 45) Jennifer Howes. 2003. The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship. RoutledgeCurzon. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 135, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 136, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 137, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Weiss 2002, 21§REF§" }, { "id": 138, "polity": { "id": 479, "name": "iq_babylonia_1", "long_name": "Amorite Babylonia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " e. g. Laz and Igi-kharsagga§REF§Hamblin, W. J. 2006. <i>Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC</i>. New York: Routledge, 173§REF§, Dur-Sin-muballit§REF§Hamblin, W. J. 2006. <i>Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC</i>. New York: Routledge, 176§REF§ It seems that most settlements in Old Babylonia were walled and frequently had fortified gates. §REF§Crawford, H. 2007. Architecture in the Old Babylonian Period. In Leick, G. (ed.) The Babylonian World. London: Routledge. p.82§REF§ Tell Harmal, the site of the ancient town Shaduppum was under the rule of Eshnunna, was surrounded by a wall with butressing towers.§REF§Oates, J. Babylon. Revised Edition. London: Thames and Hudson. p.70§REF§ <i>What kind of defensive position?</i>" }, { "id": 139, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " e. g. Dur- Kurigalzu§REF§348§REF§ \"Kurigalzu I (1390 BC) built a defensive fortress near the confluence of the Tigris and the River Diyala\" §REF§Gill, A. 2008. Gateway of the Gods: The Rise and Fall of Babylon. London: Quercus. p.66§REF§" }, { "id": 140, "polity": { "id": 481, "name": "iq_bazi_dyn", "long_name": "Bazi Dynasty", "start_year": -1005, "end_year": -986 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 141, "polity": { "id": 482, "name": "iq_dynasty_e", "long_name": "Dynasty of E", "start_year": -979, "end_year": -732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 142, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e. g. Tell Taja§REF§Roux 1998, 113§REF§" }, { "id": 143, "polity": { "id": 480, "name": "iq_isin_dynasty2", "long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin", "start_year": -1153, "end_year": -1027 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 144, "polity": { "id": 478, "name": "iq_isin_larsa", "long_name": "Isin-Larsa", "start_year": -2004, "end_year": -1763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 145, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 146, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in previous and subsequent polities." }, { "id": 147, "polity": { "id": 472, "name": "iq_so_mesopotamia_nl", "long_name": "Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic", "start_year": -9000, "end_year": -5501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 148, "polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There are some houses or temples located higher than usually on the top of mudbrick platform or acropolis. §REF§Stein 1994, 40§REF§" }, { "id": 149, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": "e. g. Badigihursaga§REF§Rutkowski 2007, 26§REF§, also two fortresses were erected by Shulgi - Shulgi-Nanna and Ishim-Shulgi§REF§Hamblin 2006, 110§REF§ Late 3rd - early 2md millennium BCE text: \"the fortress is too high and cannot be reached\".§REF§Ninurta's exploits: a šir-sud (?) to Ninurta: c.1.6.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§" }, { "id": 150, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Settlements_in_a_defensive_position", "settlements_in_a_defensive_position": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Hasek Höyük and Godintepe V were located at the top of rocky hills §REF§Chavrat 2008, 158§REF§" } ] }