Polearm List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polearms.
GET /api/wf/polearms/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 349, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/polearms/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 158, "name": "tr_konya_eca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No information in the archaeological evidence for this time" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 159, "name": "tr_konya_lca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " no record of such weapons" }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Polearms.§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " no record of such weapons" }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 162, "name": "tr_hatti_old_k", "long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " not mentioned in literature" }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 156, "name": "tr_konya_mnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No information in the archaeological evidence for this time" }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 155, "name": "tr_konya_enl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Neolithic", "start_year": -9600, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No information in the archaeological evidence for this time" }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present.§REF§Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.§REF§" }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Illustration shows \"Wallachian Voynik auxilliary, c.1500\" with a polearm.§REF§(Nicolle 1983, Plate C)§REF§" }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 175, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire II", "start_year": 1517, "end_year": 1683 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Illustration shows \"Arab auxiliary, early 17th C\" with a very long spear. §REF§(Nicolle 1983, Plate F)§REF§" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 176, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire III", "start_year": 1683, "end_year": 1839 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " no record of such weapons" }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 71, "name": "tr_roman_dominate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate", "start_year": 285, "end_year": 394 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The arsenals of the Fatimid Caliphate contained pikes.§REF§(Hamblin 2005, 749) Shillington, K. ed. 2005. Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1. Taylor & Francis.§REF§" }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 167, "name": "tr_tabal_k", "long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -730 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in literature" }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources only mention bows and arrows, muskets, war-clubs, knives, and hatchets§REF§Illinois State Museum, The Illinois, Technology: Weapons (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_houses.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_houses.html</a>§REF§. It should be noted that sources that specifically describe the way the Illinois Confederation waged war are relatively rare." }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 323, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 100, "name": "us_proto_haudenosaunee", "long_name": "Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1565 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Spears were used by the Iroquois in close combat, and spear points have been found lodged in many human bones from this period.§REF§(Engelbrecht 2003: 6) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/FJ3EAI76\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/FJ3EAI76</a>.§REF§ Sources do not mention polearms." }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 22, "name": "us_woodland_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The atlatl was the main weapon of this region before the introduction of the bow c300-400 CE. §REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§§REF§(Iseminger 2010, 24) Iseminger, W R. 2010. Cahokia Mounds: America's First City. The History Press. Charleston.§REF§" }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 34, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 25, "name": "us_woodland_4", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Most sources only refer to bows and arrows§REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§, and even they appear to have been used mostly for hunting, not warfare, judging from the fact that skeletons pierced with arrowpoints become common only later. Indeed, there is little evidence for warfare in the region up until \"[l]ate in the first millennium AD\".§REF§(Milner, Chaplin and Zavodny 2013, 96-97) Milner, George, George Chaplin, and Emily Zavodny. 2013. “Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America.” <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i> 22: 96-102. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 23, "name": "us_woodland_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The atlatl was the main weapon of this region before the introduction of the bow c300-400 CE. §REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§§REF§(Iseminger 2010, 24) Iseminger, W R. 2010. Cahokia Mounds: America's First City. The History Press. Charleston.§REF§" }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 26, "name": "us_woodland_5", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Most sources only refer to bows and arrows§REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§, and even they appear to have been used mostly for hunting, not warfare, judging from the fact that skeletons pierced with arrowpoints become common only later. Indeed, there is little evidence for warfare in the region up until \"[l]ate in the first millennium AD\".§REF§(Milner, Chaplin and Zavodny 2013, 96-97) Milner, George, George Chaplin, and Emily Zavodny. 2013. “Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America.” <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i> 22: 96-102. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 24, "name": "us_woodland_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Most sources only refer to bows and arrows§REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§, and even they appear to have been used mostly for hunting, not warfare, judging from the fact that skeletons pierced with arrowpoints become common only later. Indeed, there is little evidence for warfare in the region up until \"[l]ate in the first millennium AD\".§REF§(Milner, Chaplin and Zavodny 2013, 96-97) Milner, George, George Chaplin, and Emily Zavodny. 2013. “Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America.” <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i> 22: 96-102. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 28, "name": "us_cahokia_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie", "start_year": 1275, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 27, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 29, "name": "us_oneota", "long_name": "Oneota", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1650 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Code checked by Peter Peregrine. Previous notes: Archaeological evidence for warfare appears to \"only\" include \"[d]efensive structures around villages, violent injuries on human remains, \"trophy heads,\" the abandonment of regions, and the positioning of sites in ever more defensive positions\"§REF§G. Gibbon, Oneota, in P. Peregrine, M. Ember and Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 6: North America (2001), p. 391§REF§, though a few weapon types can be cautiously inferred, such as bow and arrows and spears§REF§P.S. Martin, G.I. Quimby and D.Collier, Indians Before Columbus (1947), p. 316§REF§, and, at a later date, firearms§REF§Illinois State Museum, Late Prehistoric, Technology: Weapons (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/lp_weapons.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/lp_weapons.html</a>§REF§." }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 469, "name": "uz_janid_dyn", "long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara", "start_year": 1599, "end_year": 1747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Hazara infantry used against the Mughals in the mid-seventeenth century.§REF§(Roy 2014, 111-112) Kaushik Roy. 2014. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. Bloomsbury Academic. London.§REF§ - what weapons did they use?" }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 465, "name": "uz_khwarasm_1", "long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 464, "name": "uz_koktepe_1", "long_name": "Koktepe I", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 466, "name": "uz_koktepe_2", "long_name": "Koktepe II", "start_year": -750, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present due to the following in contemporary Chinese sources, which are relevant for gaining insight on the weapons and armor of Steppe Nomads. In use in China since at least the much earlier Shang dynasty. \"Even with strong crossbows that shoot far, and long halberds that hit at a distance, the Hsiung-nu would not be able to ward them off. If the armors are sturdy and the weapons sharp, if the repetition crossbows shot far, and the platoons advance together, the Hsiung-nu will not be able to withstand. If specially trained troops are quick to release (their bows) and the arrows in a single stream hit the target together, then the leather outfit and wooden shields of the Hsiung-nu will not be able to protect them. If they dismount and fight on foot, when swords and halberds clash as [the soldiers] come into close quarters, the Hsiung-nu, who lack infantry training, will not be able to cope.\" §REF§Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 203§REF§" }, { "id": 339, "polity": { "id": 287, "name": "uz_samanid_emp", "long_name": "Samanid Empire", "start_year": 819, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"In the seventh century the Arab Caliphate overran the Sāssānian Empire and, as far as we can tell, no great changes took place in the Persian equipment then or for a long time afterwards.\" §REF§(Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.§REF§ \"The dearth of illustrative material for the greater part of six centuries is largely due to the wanton destruction caused by two savage invasions from the east and only such finds as the stucco figures from Kara-shar [Central Asian warrior, eighth to tenth century] tell us that in all this period there had been little change.\"§REF§(Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.§REF§ Not mentioned in the sources so far consulted." }, { "id": 340, "polity": { "id": 468, "name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states", "long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period", "start_year": 604, "end_year": 711 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the sources so far consulted." }, { "id": 341, "polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 342, "polity": { "id": 537, "name": "ye_yemen_lba", "long_name": "Yemen - Late Bronze Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " These do not appear to be included in depictions of \"warriors\" in North Yemeni rock-art from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, as reproduced in Jung (1991).§REF§(Jung 1991) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JP9KX5BK\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JP9KX5BK</a>.§REF§ However, Jung himself does not state these were not in use, nor does he remark on their absence in said depictions." }, { "id": 343, "polity": { "id": 536, "name": "ye_yemen_lnl", "long_name": "Neolithic Yemen", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " These do not appear to be included in depictions of \"warriors\" in North Yemeni rock-art from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, as reproduced in Jung (1991).§REF§(Jung 1991) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JP9KX5BK\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JP9KX5BK</a>.§REF§ However, Jung himself does not state these were not in use, nor does he remark on their absence in said depictions." }, { "id": 344, "polity": { "id": 539, "name": "ye_qatabanian_commonwealth", "long_name": "Qatabanian Commonwealth", "start_year": -450, "end_year": -111 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 345, "polity": { "id": 368, "name": "ye_rasulid_dyn", "long_name": "Rasulid Dynasty", "start_year": 1229, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Code inferred from Ayyubid Sultanate§REF§D Nicolle. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.§REF§ which occupied Yemen between 1175-1128 CE." }, { "id": 346, "polity": { "id": 538, "name": "ye_sabaean_commonwealth", "long_name": "Sabaean Commonwealth", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -451 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 347, "polity": { "id": 372, "name": "ye_tahirid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Code inferred from Ayyubid Sultanate§REF§D Nicolle. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.§REF§ which occupied Yemen between 1175-1128 CE." }, { "id": 348, "polity": { "id": 365, "name": "ye_warlords", "long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords", "start_year": 1038, "end_year": 1174 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Sulayhids used African mercenaries§REF§(Stookey 1978, 66) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§ Sudanic cavalry used double-bladed lances, spears and javelins.§REF§Jacquelin A Blair. Nicholas Roumas. Fernando Martell advised by Jeffrey L Forgeng. 2011. The Progression of Arms and Armor from Ancient Greece to the European Renaissance across Eurasia and Africa. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.§REF§ Code also can be inferred from Abbasid Caliphate§REF§(Nicolle 1982, 20) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE." }, { "id": 349, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate§REF§(Nicolle 1982, 20) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE." } ] }