Polearm List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polearms.
GET /api/wf/polearms/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 349, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/polearms/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/polearms/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Pikes 5.5 meters long. §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 393)§REF§ \"At Gaza in 312 BC the Ptolemaic assault was delibered by a force of 3,000 cavalry armed with swords and the traditional Macedonian cavalry pike or xyston.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 394)§REF§ hoplites of the phalanx carried a sarissa pike §REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 135-138)§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Pikes 5.5 meters long. §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 393)§REF§ \"At Gaza in 312 BC the Ptolemaic assault was delibered by a force of 3,000 cavalry armed with swords and the traditional Macedonian cavalry pike or xyston.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 394)§REF§ hoplites of the phalanx carried a sarissa pike §REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 135-138)§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Whereas the conventional spear was intended to be thrown at the enemy, there was also a form of halberd (figure 25c), which was effectively a spear shaft fitted with an axe blade and used for cutting and slashing.\"§REF§(Shaw 1991: 36) Shaw, Ian. 1991. <i>Egyptian Warfare and Weapons</i>. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " first recorded use in Egypt 312 BCE §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 394) Lloyd, A B in Shaw, I. 2000. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present for Abbasid Caliphate: \"In defence the abna were trained to maintain ranks behind their long pikes and broadswords however hard the enemy pressed, and then to fight hand-to-hand with short-swords and daggers. I attack, a short spear or javelin seems to have replaced the pike, and a mace might also have been added. Although abna were often armoured, they would also fight without cuirass or even shield.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1982, 20) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “The company officers carried different polearms. The halberd was the weapon of the sergeants.” “Captains (and sometimes sergeant-majors carried a gineta, with a teardrop-shaped blade above a fringed collar, and the partesana was the weapon of corporals. However these arms were carried as distinctions of status rather than fighting, and captains fought with the weapons of their companies.” §REF§(López 2012, 86-7) López, Ignacio J.N. 2012. <i>The Spanish Tercios 1536-1704</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4EWFWHCQ\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4EWFWHCQ</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Not mentioned in the literature. This is interpreted as evidence of absence because this is a culture of low complexity for warfare technology." }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Not mentioned in the literature. This is interpreted as evidence of absence because this is a culture of low complexity for warfare technology." }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The first axes made of copper, and then bronze, appeared in the Early Bronze Age. They were not necessarily linked to warfare but could have had a mixed use, including woodworking and individual defence. The first daggers and halberds appeared soon after, and there is no doubt that these were used for warfare, even though they could also be ornaments. \"Au Bronze ancien apparaissent les premières haches en cuivre puis en bronze (cat. 1 et 2). Celles-ci ne sont pas a priori liées à des activités belliqueuses, mais cela n’exclut pas une utilisation mixte, entre le travail du bois et la défense individuelle. Elles sont rapidement accompagnées de poignards (cat. 11) et de hallebardes dont l’usage ne laisse guère de doute quant à leur utilisation guerrière (même s’il peut s’agir d’armes d’apparat).\" §REF§(Ghesquière in Macigny et al 2005, 23)§REF§Reference is not specific to Paris Basin cultures so more research is needed." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Blades were also mounted at right angles to a wooden staff as halberds in the Early Bronze Age: they were unreliable weapons as they tended to shear at the rivets joining blade to shaft.\" §REF§(McIntosh 2006, 298)§REF§Reference is not specific to Paris Basin cultures so more research is needed." }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Lances, swords, crossbowmen, longbows, pikemen were of central importance on the battlefield for at least 200 years after the first guns until the Battle of Carignola (1503 CE) which was probably decided by guns and Marignano (1515 CE) when Swiss squares were beaten by cavalry shooting pistols and cannon artillery.§REF§(Nolan 2006, 367) Cathal J Nolan. 2006. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Volume 1 A - K. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ The first Bourbon era 1589-1660 CE is firmly after the transition to firearm dominance so at this time the old weapons must have played only a minor role in warfare or had been completely abandoned.</i> Infantry armor became heavier as cavalry armor was discarded. e.g. pikeman who faced lancers. Breastplates and steel leggings were available but most wore stiff leather coats.§REF§(Nolan 2006, 26) Cathal J Nolan. 2006. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Volume 1 A - K. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ <i>Still some pikemen?</i>" }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": 1661, "year_to": 1725, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Pikemen \"were almost entirely phased out by the early eighteenth century.\"§REF§(Parrott 2012, 62) David Parrott. Armed Forces. William Doyle. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": 1726, "year_to": 1789, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Pikemen \"were almost entirely phased out by the early eighteenth century.\"§REF§(Parrott 2012, 62) David Parrott. Armed Forces. William Doyle. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " New forms of polearm introduced in the 14th and 15th centuries§REF§(Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ - implies there were old forms of polearm, or spears used as a polearm." }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " New forms of polearm introduced in the 14th and 15th centuries§REF§(Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ - implies there were old forms of polearm, or spears used as a polearm. Early 13th century Brabancon mercenaries from modern Brabant, Belgium fought with pikes or long spears. §REF§(Nicolle 1991, 10)§REF§" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not common as not usually listed as a weapon." }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not common as not usually listed as a weapon." }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in previous and subsequent periods." }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from previous and subsequenct (quasi)polities." }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities." }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities." }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Not discussed in consulted literature RA." }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Not discussed in consulted literature RA." }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Not discussed in consulted literature RA." }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities." }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities." }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from previous and subsequent (quasi)polities." }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " New forms of polearm introduced in the 14th and 15th centuries§REF§(Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ - implies there were old forms of polearm, or spears used as a polearm. Early 13th century Brabancon mercenaries from modern Brabant, Belgium fought with pikes or long spears. §REF§(Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 10)§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Pikemen. §REF§(Potter 2008, 102)§REF§ Halberdiers. §REF§(Potter 2008, 103)§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": "<i>Coded inferred present as they could be used by indigenous forces under British command? Ed.</i>" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " no mention in sources; does not make sense for time period" }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Κόλλιας, Τ., <i>Τεχνολογία και Πόλεμος στο Βυζάντιο</i>, 2005§REF§ §REF§Mc Geer, E., <i>Sowing the Dragon</i>s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century<i>, Washington D.C., 1995.</i>§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Presumably they didn't have these, as they didn't appeared at European contact, but direct evidence is needed.§REF§pg 517. Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai'i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Presumably they didn't have these, as they didn't appeared at European contact, but direct evidence is needed.§REF§pg 517. Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai'i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.§REF§" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Lists of weapons don't mention swords. §REF§pg 517. Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai'i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.§REF§" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polearm", "polearm": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No references in the literature. RA." } ] }