Javelin List
A viewset for viewing and editing Javelins.
GET /api/wf/javelins/?format=api&page=8
{ "count": 373, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/javelins/?format=api&page=7", "results": [ { "id": 351, "polity": { "id": 26, "name": "us_woodland_5", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Most sources only refer to bows and arrows§REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§, and even they appear to have been used mostly for hunting, not warfare, judging from the fact that skeletons pierced with arrowpoints become common only later. Indeed, there is little evidence for warfare in the region up until \"[l]ate in the first millennium AD\".§REF§(Milner, Chaplin and Zavodny 2013, 96-97) Milner, George, George Chaplin, and Emily Zavodny. 2013. “Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America.” <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i> 22: 96-102. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 352, "polity": { "id": 24, "name": "us_woodland_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Most sources only refer to bows and arrows§REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§, and even they appear to have been used mostly for hunting, not warfare, judging from the fact that skeletons pierced with arrowpoints become common only later. Indeed, there is little evidence for warfare in the region up until \"[l]ate in the first millennium AD\".§REF§(Milner, Chaplin and Zavodny 2013, 96-97) Milner, George, George Chaplin, and Emily Zavodny. 2013. “Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America.” <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i> 22: 96-102. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/PAF8KM8K/itemKey/QR77EGA6</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 353, "polity": { "id": 28, "name": "us_cahokia_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie", "start_year": 1275, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 354, "polity": { "id": 27, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Checked by Peter Peregrine." }, { "id": 355, "polity": { "id": 29, "name": "us_oneota", "long_name": "Oneota", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1650 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Code checked by Peter Peregrine. Previous notes: Archaeological evidence for warfare appears to \"only\" include \"[d]efensive structures around villages, violent injuries on human remains, \"trophy heads,\" the abandonment of regions, and the positioning of sites in ever more defensive positions\"§REF§G. Gibbon, Oneota, in P. Peregrine, M. Ember and Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 6: North America (2001), p. 391§REF§, though a few weapon types can be cautiously inferred, such as bow and arrows and spears§REF§P.S. Martin, G.I. Quimby and D.Collier, Indians Before Columbus (1947), p. 316§REF§, and, at a later date, firearms§REF§Illinois State Museum, Late Prehistoric, Technology: Weapons (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/lp_weapons.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/lp_weapons.html</a>§REF§." }, { "id": 356, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 357, "polity": { "id": 469, "name": "uz_janid_dyn", "long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara", "start_year": 1599, "end_year": 1747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Janid dynasty, which had fled from Astrakhan (for this reason also known as Astrakhanids), rose to power in the Bukhara khanate in 1599, and reigned until 1785.\"§REF§(Capisani 2000, 105) Giampaolo R Capisani. 2000. The handbook of central Asia: a comprehensive survey of the new republics. I.B. Tauris.§REF§ The Janid Dynasty were considered to be \"vassal amirs or khans of the Persian Empire.\"§REF§(Mojtahed-Zadeh 2004, 20) Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh. 2004. The Small Players of the Great Game: The Settlement of Iran's Eastern Borderlands and the Creation of Afghanistan. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"The Uzbeks were nomadic Turkic-Mongol tribes who invaded Transoxania from Siberia beginning in the late fifteenth century ... Tajik referred to nontribal sedentary peoples of the area, whether Iranian or Turkic speaking. During the history of the khanate, Uzbeks were the ruling nobility, and Tajiks made up the bureaucracy and merchant class.\"§REF§(Stanley 2007, 97) Bruce Stanley. Bukhara. Michael Dumper. Bruce E. Stanley. eds. 2007. Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§ Hazara infantry and Uzbek cavalry used against Mughals in the mid-seventeenth century.§REF§(Roy 2014, 111-112) Kaushik Roy. 2014. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. Bloomsbury Academic. London.§REF§ \"Since gunpowder weapons were not very useful against the dispersed, fast-moving Uzbek cavalry, which posed the principal threat to the Safavids, the latter did not have a strong incentive to create a firepower-rich, albeit lumbering, army.\"§REF§(Roy 2014, 46) Kaushik Roy. 2014. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. Bloomsbury Academic. London.§REF§ At least in the early to mid-16th century \"The Ottomans' strategy was to arm the Uzbeks as a counterweight to the Safavids.\"§REF§(Roy 2014, 47) Kaushik Roy. 2014. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. Bloomsbury Academic. London.§REF§<i>These references suggest: the Janid dynasty was Uzbek origin; its army was predominantly cavalry in the nomadic traditions of this ruling class; for infantry they may have had to employ non-Uzbeks (e.g. the Hazara); the idea of a cavalry heavy army supported by the army of the Safavid Persians which was specialised to meet the Uzbek threat; Safavid MilTech codes may provide the best proxy for the weapons/armour used by the infantry employed by the Uzbek rulers and also for the Uzbek cavalry.</i> The Safavids had 'combat spears' which were designed to be thrown in battle.§REF§Farrokh, Kaveh. Iran at War, 1500-1988. Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2011. chapter three.§REF§" }, { "id": 358, "polity": { "id": 465, "name": "uz_khwarasm_1", "long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"In the 12th century BC chariot warfare tactics lost their importance in Andronovo society; mounted horsemen armed with bows and arrows replaced chariot drivers.\"§REF§(Kuz'mina 2007, 138) Elena Efimovna Kuzʹmina. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. J P Mallory ed. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ <i>Tazabagyab culture is considered to have had its origin in Andronovo culture.§REF§(Mallory 1997, 20-21) J P Mallory. Andronovo culture. J P Mallory. D Q Adams. eds. 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. Chicago.§REF§ Andronovo culture (2000-900 BCE, Alakul phase 2100-1400 BCE, Fedorovo phase 1400-1200 BCE, Alekseyevka phase 1200-1000 BCE). Tazabagyab culture (15th - 11th), Suyarganskaya culture (11th - 9th), Amirabad culture (9th - 8th).</i>" }, { "id": 359, "polity": { "id": 466, "name": "uz_koktepe_2", "long_name": "Koktepe II", "start_year": -750, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 360, "polity": { "id": 287, "name": "uz_samanid_emp", "long_name": "Samanid Empire", "start_year": 819, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Under the Seljuks, later period, ghulams or mamluks had javelins. §REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.221.§REF§" }, { "id": 361, "polity": { "id": 468, "name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states", "long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period", "start_year": 604, "end_year": 711 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Under the Seljuks, later period, ghulams or mamluks had javelins. §REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.221.§REF§ It can be inferred the weapon still had military use at this earlier time." }, { "id": 362, "polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Javelin survived \"largely as a hunting weapon.\" §REF§(Nicolle 1990, 40) Nicolle, David. 1990. The Age of Tamerlane. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ Composite bow was the ranged weapon of choice." }, { "id": 363, "polity": { "id": 353, "name": "ye_himyar_1", "long_name": "Himyar I", "start_year": 270, "end_year": 340 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Spear: \"Depending on the length to weight ration [the spear] could serve either as a projectile, like a javelin, or as a thrusting implement. The latter function became more popular once the horse had been introduced into Arabia, during the fourth-second centuries BC, for the spear could be wielded more easily on horseback than the sword.\"§REF§(Hoyland 2001, 188) Robert G Hoyland. 2001. Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 364, "polity": { "id": 354, "name": "ye_himyar_2", "long_name": "Himyar II", "start_year": 378, "end_year": 525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Spear: \"Depending on the length to weight ration [the spear] could serve either as a projectile, like a javelin, or as a thrusting implement. The latter function became more popular once the horse had been introduced into Arabia, during the fourth-second centuries BC, for the spear could be wielded more easily on horseback than the sword.\"§REF§(Hoyland 2001, 188) Robert G Hoyland. 2001. Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 365, "polity": { "id": 537, "name": "ye_yemen_lba", "long_name": "Yemen - Late Bronze Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " These do not appear to be included in depictions of \"warriors\" in North Yemeni rock-art from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, as reproduced in Jung (1991).§REF§(Jung 1991) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JP9KX5BK\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JP9KX5BK</a>.§REF§ However, Jung himself does not state these were not in use, nor does he remark on their absence in said depictions." }, { "id": 366, "polity": { "id": 536, "name": "ye_yemen_lnl", "long_name": "Neolithic Yemen", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " These do not appear to be included in depictions of \"warriors\" in North Yemeni rock-art from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, as reproduced in Jung (1991).§REF§(Jung 1991) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JP9KX5BK\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JP9KX5BK</a>.§REF§ However, Jung himself does not state these were not in use, nor does he remark on their absence in said depictions." }, { "id": 367, "polity": { "id": 541, "name": "ye_qasimid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty", "start_year": 1637, "end_year": 1805 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 368, "polity": { "id": 539, "name": "ye_qatabanian_commonwealth", "long_name": "Qatabanian Commonwealth", "start_year": -450, "end_year": -111 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 369, "polity": { "id": 368, "name": "ye_rasulid_dyn", "long_name": "Rasulid Dynasty", "start_year": 1229, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Code inferred from Ayyubid Sultanate§REF§Nicolle, D. 2011. Saladin. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ which occupied Yemen between 1175-1128 CE." }, { "id": 370, "polity": { "id": 538, "name": "ye_sabaean_commonwealth", "long_name": "Sabaean Commonwealth", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -451 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 371, "polity": { "id": 372, "name": "ye_tahirid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Ayyubid Sultanate§REF§Nicolle, D. 2011. Saladin. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ which occupied Yemen between 1175-1128 CE used them." }, { "id": 372, "polity": { "id": 365, "name": "ye_warlords", "long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords", "start_year": 1038, "end_year": 1174 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Sulayhids used African mercenaries§REF§(Stookey 1978, 66) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§ Sudanic cavalry used double-bladed lances, spears and javelins.§REF§Jacquelin A Blair. Nicholas Roumas. Fernando Martell advised by Jeffrey L Forgeng. 2011. The Progression of Arms and Armor from Ancient Greece to the European Renaissance across Eurasia and Africa. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Javelin", "javelin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate§REF§(Nicolle 1982, 20) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE." } ] }