Iron List
A viewset for viewing and editing Irons.
GET /api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 378, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=8", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 133, "name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid", "long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period", "start_year": 854, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 168-178§REF§" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 168-178§REF§" }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 121, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_1", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence for iron has been found from the Mature Harappan period iron was introduced later during the Pirak and Vedic periods.§REF§Cork, E. (2005) Peaceful Harappans? Reviewing the evidence for the absence of warfare in the Indus Civilisation of north-west India and Pakistan (c. 2500-1900 BC). Antiquity (79): 411-423.§REF§§REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard. p379§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 122, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_2", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period II", "start_year": -2100, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence for iron has been found from the Mature Harappan period - iron was introduced later during the Pirak and Vedic periods. §REF§Cork, E. (2005) Peaceful Harappans? Reviewing the evidence for the absence of warfare in the Indus Civilisation of north-west India and Pakistan (c. 2500-1900 BC). Antiquity (79): 411-423.§REF§§REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard. p379§REF§" }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 194, "name": "ru_sakha_early", "long_name": "Sakha - Early", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1632 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Sakha had a long tradition of iron weaponry: \"Were the Yakut acquainted with all these metals before the coming of the Russians? One can give some kind of an answer only as concerns iron, copper, and silver. The antiquity of their acquaintance with these metals is not open to doubt. Legends which I wrote down on every conceivable subject constantly point to this. The heroes of their folk-lore constantly use iron weapons in fighting.\" §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław. 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research.”, 635§REF§ \"The bifurcated iron arrow point ( c[unknown]yra ) and the bifurcated bone arrow point ( muos c[unknown]yra ) are characteristic of the Yakut. The following are the iron weapons formerly used in war and hunting though at present they are restricted to hunting...\" §REF§Jochelson, Waldemar. 1933. “Yakut.” Anthropological Papers, 167§REF§" }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron weaponry has a long tradition among the Sakha: \"Were the Yakut acquainted with all these metals before the coming of the Russians? One can give some kind of an answer only as concerns iron, copper, and silver. The antiquity of their acquaintance with these metals is not open to doubt. Legends which I wrote down on every conceivable subject constantly point to this. The heroes of their folk-lore constantly use iron weapons in fighting.\" §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław. 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research.”, 635§REF§ \"The bifurcated iron arrow point ( c[unknown]yra ) and the bifurcated bone arrow point ( muos c[unknown]yra ) are characteristic of the Yakut. The following are the iron weapons formerly used in war and hunting though at present they are restricted to hunting...\" §REF§Jochelson, Waldemar. 1933. “Yakut.” Anthropological Papers, 167§REF§" }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Little evidence of iron working during this period. §REF§(Mokhtar ed. 1981, 312)§REF§ <i>In Egypt! presumably. This is a Sudanese based polity:</i> \"It is thought that the seventh century Kushite king Taharqa 'deliberately initiated a large iron industry at Meroe after learning that the Assyrians had begun using iron weapons.\" Excavations suggest 10 tons of metal were produced per annum at Meroe.\"§REF§J P Martin. 2016. African Empires: Volume 1: Your Guide to the Historical Record of Africa. Volume 1. Trafford Publishing.§REF§ The Butana Plain was deforested to produce the charcoal needed for the iron smelters at Meroe.§REF§(Collins and Burns 2014, 61) Robert O Collins. James M Burns. 2014. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kennedy 2001, 168-178)§REF§" }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 44, "name": "th_ayutthaya", "long_name": "Ayutthaya", "start_year": 1593, "end_year": 1767 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"By the 1690s, the Siamese were hammering cannon out of cold iron.\" §REF§(Charney 2004, p. 59)§REF§." }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from the fact that iron was used in Thai warfare at least as early as the 1690s: \"By the 1690s, the Siamese were hammering cannon out of cold iron.\" §REF§(Charney 2004, p. 59)§REF§." }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 462, "name": "tj_sarasm", "long_name": "Sarazm", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 163, "name": "tr_konya_lba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " At the earliest times bronze was preferred and iron had mainly ornamental uses.§REF§Angela Ryczkowski. April 25 2017. Weapons Used by Hittites. Sciencing.§REF§ In Eastern Anatolia \"the shift from bronze to iron was more gradual than abrupt\" and in some areas bronze was used into the 750-400 BCE period.§REF§Lori Khatchadourian. The Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia. Sharon R Steadman. Gregory McMahon. eds. 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE). Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ Iron was used for weapons and tools, and by non-elites, from the Urartian period after about 850 BCE.§REF§(Cifci 2017, 139) Ali Cifci. 2017. The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ In nearby Georgia, a regional center for iron smelting, massive finds of iron tools and weapons appear from about 700 BCE.§REF§(Gamkrelidze 2013) Gamkrelidze, Gela. Researches in Iberia-Colchology (History and archaeology of ancient Georgia). Braund, David. ed. 2012. Georgia National Museum.§REF§" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not yet the Iron Age" }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Preiser-Kapeller says present for armor.§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ Iron helmets on cavalry.§REF§(O'Rourke 2010, 11) O'Rourke, M. 2010. The Land Forces of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire in the 10th Century. Canberra.§REF§" }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Preiser-Kapeller says present.§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ Varangian guard wore iron helmets." }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Preiser-Kapeller says present.§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ Varangian guard wore iron helmets." }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 158, "name": "tr_konya_eca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 159, "name": "tr_konya_lca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Iron was first utilized as a technology of war around 1300 BCE by the Hittites.\"§REF§(Carey, Allfree and Cairns 2006, 25)§REF§ At the earliest times bronze was preferred and iron had mainly ornamental uses.§REF§Angela Ryczkowski. April 25 2017. Weapons Used by Hittites. Sciencing.§REF§ In Eastern Anatolia \"the shift from bronze to iron was more gradual than abrupt\" and in some areas bronze was used into the 750-400 BCE period.§REF§Lori Khatchadourian. The Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia. Sharon R Steadman. Gregory McMahon. eds. 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE). Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ Iron was used for weapons and tools, and by non-elites, from the Urartian period after about 850 BCE.§REF§(Cifci 2017, 139) Ali Cifci. 2017. The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ In nearby Georgia, a regional center for iron smelting, massive finds of iron tools and weapons appear from about 700 BCE.§REF§(Gamkrelidze 2013) Gamkrelidze, Gela. Researches in Iberia-Colchology (History and archaeology of ancient Georgia). Braund, David. ed. 2012. Georgia National Museum.§REF§" }, { "id": 323, "polity": { "id": 162, "name": "tr_hatti_old_k", "long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " At the earliest times bronze was preferred and iron had mainly ornamental uses.§REF§Angela Ryczkowski. April 25 2017. Weapons Used by Hittites. Sciencing.§REF§ In Eastern Anatolia \"the shift from bronze to iron was more gradual than abrupt\" and in some areas bronze was used into the 750-400 BCE period.§REF§Lori Khatchadourian. The Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia. Sharon R Steadman. Gregory McMahon. eds. 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE). Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ Iron was used for weapons and tools, and by non-elites, from the Urartian period after about 850 BCE.§REF§(Cifci 2017, 139) Ali Cifci. 2017. The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ In nearby Georgia, a regional center for iron smelting, massive finds of iron tools and weapons appear from about 700 BCE.§REF§(Gamkrelidze 2013) Gamkrelidze, Gela. Researches in Iberia-Colchology (History and archaeology of ancient Georgia). Braund, David. ed. 2012. Georgia National Museum.§REF§" }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " iron knife found§REF§Crawford H. Greenewalt, ‘Sardis: A First Millennium B.C.E. Capital in Western Anatolia’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p.1118§REF§" }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Webber, C. (2003) Odrysian Cavalry, Army, Equipment and Tactics. Bar International Series 1139, pp. 529-554. p537§REF§“Odrysian Cavalry javelins were 1.5 to 1.8 metres in length, and tipped with iron or bronze heads. They could be thrown immediately before contact or used as a thrusting weapon.” §REF§Webber, C. (2003) Odrysian Cavalry, Army, Equipment and Tactics. Bar International Series 1139, pp. 529-554. p549§REF§" }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 156, "name": "tr_konya_mnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 155, "name": "tr_konya_enl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Neolithic", "start_year": -9600, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Iron was first utilized as a technology of war around 1300 BCE by the Hittites.\"§REF§(Carey, Allfree and Cairns 2006, 25)§REF§ At the earliest times bronze was preferred and iron had mainly ornamental uses.§REF§Angela Ryczkowski. April 25 2017. Weapons Used by Hittites. Sciencing.§REF§ In Eastern Anatolia \"the shift from bronze to iron was more gradual than abrupt\" and in some areas bronze was used into the 750-400 BCE period.§REF§Lori Khatchadourian. The Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia. Sharon R Steadman. Gregory McMahon. eds. 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE). Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ Iron was used for weapons and tools, and by non-elites, from the Urartian period after about 850 BCE.§REF§(Cifci 2017, 139) Ali Cifci. 2017. The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ In nearby Georgia, a regional center for iron smelting, massive finds of iron tools and weapons appear from about 700 BCE.§REF§(Gamkrelidze 2013) Gamkrelidze, Gela. Researches in Iberia-Colchology (History and archaeology of ancient Georgia). Braund, David. ed. 2012. Georgia National Museum.§REF§" }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron helmet such as worn by Tucoman tribal horseman.§REF§(Nicolle 1983, 34)§REF§" }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Nicolle 1983, 14)§REF§" }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 175, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire II", "start_year": 1517, "end_year": 1683 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 176, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire III", "start_year": 1683, "end_year": 1839 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " iron swords have been uncovered in Anatolia during this time§REF§Altan Çilingiroğlu, ‘Ayanis: An Iron age Site in the East’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p. 1060§REF§" }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 71, "name": "tr_roman_dominate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate", "start_year": 285, "end_year": 394 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " present in preceding polity in shields §REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 43)§REF§" }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used for the chainmail.§REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.221.§REF§" }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 167, "name": "tr_tabal_k", "long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -730 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " This code was previously omitted so I added it here and coded as present as bronze had been in use by the previous polity and iron swords have been uncovered in Anatolia during this time§REF§Altan Çilingiroğlu, ‘Ayanis: An Iron age Site in the East’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p. 1060§REF§" }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 339, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 340, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Illinois made tools and utensils out of many different materials obtained from nature, including wood, bone, antler, shell, and stone.\"§REF§Illinois State Museum, The Illinois, Technology: Tools and Utensils (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_tools.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_tools.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 341, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": 1566, "year_to": 1620, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metals acquired through trade gradually displaced wooden and stone tools: \"The tomahawk succeeded the war-club, as the rifle did the bow. With the invention of this terrible implement of warfare the red man had nothing to do, except in having it so fashioned as to be adapted to his taste and usage. The tomahawk is known as widely as the Indian, and the two names have become apparently inseparable. They are made of steel, brass, or iron.\" §REF§Morgan & Lloyd 1901, 15§REF§ There were considerable time-lags when it comes to the adoption of metal weapons among different indigenous groups of the North-East: \"The Northeast was crisscrossed by an extensive series of trade routes that consisted of rivers and short portages. The Huron used these routes to travel to the Cree and Innu peoples, while the Iroquois used them to travel to the Iroquoians on the Atlantic coast. The French claimed the more northerly area and built a series of trade entrepôts at and near Huron communities, whose residents recognized the material advantages of French goods as well as the fortifications’ defensive capabilities. The Huron alliance quickly became the gatekeeper of trade with the Subarctic, profiting handsomely in this role. Its people rapidly adopted new kinds of material culture, particularly iron axes, as these were immensely more effective in shattering indigenous wooden armour than were traditional stone tomahawks.\" §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref968222\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref968222</a>§REF§ \"For a period of time the new weapons enabled the Huron confederacy to gain the upper hand against the Iroquois, who did not gain access to European goods as quickly as their foes. By about 1615 the long traditions of interethnic conflict between the two alliances had become inflamed, and each bloc formally joined with a member of another traditional rivalry-the French or the English. Initially the Huron-French alliance held the upper hand, in no small part because the French trading system was in place several years before those of the Dutch and English. The indigenous coalitions became more evenly matched after 1620, however, as the Dutch and English trading system expanded. These Europeans began to make guns available for trade, something the French had preferred not to do. The Huron found that the technological advantage provided by iron axes was emphatically surpassed by that of the new firearms.\" §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref968222\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref968222</a>§REF§ We have adopted 1620 as a provisional date of transition." }, { "id": 342, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": 1621, "year_to": 1713, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Metals acquired through trade gradually displaced wooden and stone tools: \"The tomahawk succeeded the war-club, as the rifle did the bow. With the invention of this terrible implement of warfare the red man had nothing to do, except in having it so fashioned as to be adapted to his taste and usage. The tomahawk is known as widely as the Indian, and the two names have become apparently inseparable. They are made of steel, brass, or iron.\" §REF§Morgan & Lloyd 1901, 15§REF§ There were considerable time-lags when it comes to the adoption of metal weapons among different indigenous groups of the North-East: \"The Northeast was crisscrossed by an extensive series of trade routes that consisted of rivers and short portages. The Huron used these routes to travel to the Cree and Innu peoples, while the Iroquois used them to travel to the Iroquoians on the Atlantic coast. The French claimed the more northerly area and built a series of trade entrepôts at and near Huron communities, whose residents recognized the material advantages of French goods as well as the fortifications’ defensive capabilities. The Huron alliance quickly became the gatekeeper of trade with the Subarctic, profiting handsomely in this role. Its people rapidly adopted new kinds of material culture, particularly iron axes, as these were immensely more effective in shattering indigenous wooden armour than were traditional stone tomahawks.\" §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref968222\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref968222</a>§REF§ \"For a period of time the new weapons enabled the Huron confederacy to gain the upper hand against the Iroquois, who did not gain access to European goods as quickly as their foes. By about 1615 the long traditions of interethnic conflict between the two alliances had become inflamed, and each bloc formally joined with a member of another traditional rivalry-the French or the English. Initially the Huron-French alliance held the upper hand, in no small part because the French trading system was in place several years before those of the Dutch and English. The indigenous coalitions became more evenly matched after 1620, however, as the Dutch and English trading system expanded. These Europeans began to make guns available for trade, something the French had preferred not to do. The Huron found that the technological advantage provided by iron axes was emphatically surpassed by that of the new firearms.\" §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref968222\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref968222</a>§REF§ We have adopted 1620 as a provisional date of transition." }, { "id": 343, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Through trade with the Colonists, brass, steel, and iron war clubs replaced the wooden ones.\"§REF§Lyford 1945, 45§REF§ \"The tomahawk succeeded the war-club, as the rifle did the bow. With the invention of this terrible implement of warfare the red man had nothing to do, except in having it so fashioned as to be adapted to his taste and usage. The tomahawk is known as widely as the Indian, and the two names have become apparently inseparable. They are made of steel, brass, or iron.\"§REF§Morgan & Lloyd 1901, 15§REF§" }, { "id": 344, "polity": { "id": 100, "name": "us_proto_haudenosaunee", "long_name": "Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1565 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Ornaments were usually made from bones and shells, and stonework was present in this period. Weapons were made of stone, wood, and bone. Not till after contact with Europeans and trade with them did Iroquois begin to use metals heavily in their weapons and ornaments.§REF§(Hasenstab 2001: 453) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/EQZYAI2R\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/EQZYAI2R</a>.§REF§§REF§(Snow 1996: 36) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TQ4KR3AE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TQ4KR3AE</a>.§REF§§REF§(Beauchamp 1968: 16) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KJQLGMR6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KJQLGMR6</a>§REF§§REF§Personal Communication with Peter Peregrine 2019.§REF§" }, { "id": 345, "polity": { "id": 20, "name": "us_kamehameha_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1778, "end_year": 1819 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§ However, need to look into what metal military technologies they traded from Europeans." }, { "id": 346, "polity": { "id": 22, "name": "us_woodland_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 347, "polity": { "id": 34, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 348, "polity": { "id": 25, "name": "us_woodland_4", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 349, "polity": { "id": 23, "name": "us_woodland_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 350, "polity": { "id": 26, "name": "us_woodland_5", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }