Iron List
A viewset for viewing and editing Irons.
GET /api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=6
{ "count": 378, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=7", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=5", "results": [ { "id": 251, "polity": { "id": 443, "name": "mn_mongol_late", "long_name": "Late Mongols", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1690 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Majemir culture from 900 BCE is an example of one of the first iron-using cultures in the Altai region.§REF§(Baumer 2012) Baumer, Christoph. 2012. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. London.§REF§ and by 300 BCE in the Ordos region of Mongolia iron was becoming much more frequently used for weapons and horse fittings. §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 84) Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 252, "polity": { "id": 278, "name": "mn_rouran_khaganate", "long_name": "Rouran Khaganate", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 555 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Majemir culture from 900 BCE is an example of one of the first iron-using cultures in the Altai region.§REF§(Baumer 2012) Baumer, Christoph. 2012. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. London.§REF§ and by 300 BCE in the Ordos region of Mongolia iron was becoming much more frequently used for weapons and horse fittings. §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 84) Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 253, "polity": { "id": 439, "name": "mn_shiwei", "long_name": "Shiwei", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Majemir culture from 900 BCE is an example of one of the first iron-using cultures in the Altai region.§REF§(Baumer 2012) Baumer, Christoph. 2012. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. London.§REF§ and by 300 BCE in the Ordos region of Mongolia iron was becoming much more frequently used for weapons and horse fittings. §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 84) Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 254, "polity": { "id": 440, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2", "long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 682, "end_year": 744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Majemir culture from 900 BCE is an example of one of the first iron-using cultures in the Altai region.§REF§(Baumer 2012) Baumer, Christoph. 2012. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. London.§REF§ and by 300 BCE in the Ordos region of Mongolia iron was becoming much more frequently used for weapons and horse fittings. §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 84) Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 255, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Majemir culture from 900 BCE is an example of one of the first iron-using cultures in the Altai region.§REF§(Baumer 2012) Baumer, Christoph. 2012. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. London.§REF§ and by 300 BCE in the Ordos region of Mongolia iron was becoming much more frequently used for weapons and horse fittings. §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 84) Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 256, "polity": { "id": 438, "name": "mn_xianbei", "long_name": "Xianbei Confederation", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " As mentioned by Chinese chronicles: \"Since the Xiongnu have fled away, the Xianbi have become powerful and prosperous, and have occupied their former territory. They can claim a hundred thousand soldiers, skilled and strong, and their ideas and their understanding are steadily increasing. Add to this the facts that our guardpasses and barriers are lacking in strength, that our prohibitions [against trade] are full of holes, and fine gold and good iron are in the hands of the enemy, while they also have renegades from Han to serve them as masters of strategy; then in the sharpness of weapons and the clash of horse they are more dangerous than were the Xiongnu.\" §REF§Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling, Xiping6: 177 AD E from Zizhi tongjian by Sima Guang, translated by Rafe De Crespigny, Internet edition 2003§REF§ Replaced the original translation of the Chinese source with a better translation, which translates the Xiongnu as such rather than as \"huns\" for example." }, { "id": 257, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -1300, "year_to": -701, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"...iron metallurgy developed in Mongolia only from the middle of the first millennium B.C.\"§REF§Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 70§REF§ Iron began to be used in Central Asia around the early first millennium b.c. §REF§Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 39§REF§ In use in Heilongjiang since around 800 BC §REF§Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 65§REF§" }, { "id": 258, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": -700, "year_to": -300, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"...iron metallurgy developed in Mongolia only from the middle of the first millennium B.C.\"§REF§Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 70§REF§ Iron began to be used in Central Asia around the early first millennium b.c. §REF§Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 39§REF§ In use in Heilongjiang since around 800 BC §REF§Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 65§REF§" }, { "id": 259, "polity": { "id": 274, "name": "mn_hunnu_late", "long_name": "Late Xiongnu", "start_year": -60, "end_year": 100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'iron metallurgy developed in Mongolia only from the middle of the first millennium B.C.' §REF§Di Cosmo 2002, 70§REF§" }, { "id": 260, "polity": { "id": 272, "name": "mn_hunnu_emp", "long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation", "start_year": -209, "end_year": -60 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " '...iron metallurgy developed in Mongolia only from the middle of the first millennium B.C.' §REF§Di Cosmo 2002, 70§REF§" }, { "id": 261, "polity": { "id": 444, "name": "mn_zungharian_emp", "long_name": "Zungharian Empire", "start_year": 1670, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Because of their need of weaponry the Dzungar rulers opened iron, copper and silver mines and produced spears, shields, gunpowder, cannon, bullets and iron utensils.\" §REF§(Miyawaki et al 2003, 164)§REF§" }, { "id": 262, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ The Soninke possessed \"superior iron weapons\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 263, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ The Soninke possessed \"superior iron weapons\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 264, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 265, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 266, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 267, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 268, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 269, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 270, "polity": { "id": 6, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_1", "long_name": "Archaic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -2001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Metals were another story. Throughout all these times [before 500 BCE], and even much later, they were essentially unused in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan's predecessors [...] and Teotihuacan itself used only stone tools\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 40) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 271, "polity": { "id": 16, "name": "mx_aztec_emp", "long_name": "Aztec Empire", "start_year": 1427, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Metals were another story. Throughout all these times [before 500 BCE], and even much later, they were essentially unused in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan's predecessors [...] and Teotihuacan itself used only stone tools\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 40) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 272, "polity": { "id": 12, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_7", "long_name": "Classic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Metals were another story. Throughout all these times [before 500 BCE], and even much later, they were essentially unused in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan's predecessors [...] and Teotihuacan itself used only stone tools\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 40) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 273, "polity": { "id": 13, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_8", "long_name": "Epiclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Metals were another story. Throughout all these times [before 500 BCE], and even much later, they were essentially unused in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan's predecessors [...] and Teotihuacan itself used only stone tools\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 40) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 274, "polity": { "id": 8, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_3", "long_name": "Early Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Metals were another story. Throughout all these times [before 500 BCE], and even much later, they were essentially unused in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan's predecessors [...] and Teotihuacan itself used only stone tools\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 40) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 275, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The first evidence for the introduction of indigenously produced (copper-based) metallurgy in Mesoamerica is c.600 CE for ornamental valuables,§REF§Shugar, Aaron N. and Scott E. Simmons. (2013) <i>Archaeometallurgy in Mesoamerica: Current Approaches and New Perspectives.</i> Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pg. 1-4.§REF§ and the system closest to coinage ever practiced in Mesoamerica was the widespread use of cacao beans and copper axes as media of exchange during the Postclassic.§REF§Berdan, Frances F., Marilyn A. Masson, Janine Gasco, and Michael E. Smith. (2003) \"An International Economy.\" In Michael E. Smith and Frances F. Berdan (eds.) <i>The Postclassic Mesoamerican World.</i> Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, pg. 102.§REF§" }, { "id": 276, "polity": { "id": 9, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_4", "long_name": "Middle Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -401 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Metals were another story. Throughout all these times [before 500 BCE], and even much later, they were essentially unused in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan's predecessors [...] and Teotihuacan itself used only stone tools\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 40) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 277, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The first evidence for the introduction of indigenously produced (copper-based) metallurgy in Mesoamerica is c.600 CE for ornamental valuables,§REF§Shugar, Aaron N. and Scott E. Simmons. (2013) <i>Archaeometallurgy in Mesoamerica: Current Approaches and New Perspectives.</i> Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pg. 1-4.§REF§ and the system closest to coinage ever practiced in Mesoamerica was the widespread use of cacao beans and copper axes as media of exchange during the Postclassic.§REF§Berdan, Frances F., Marilyn A. Masson, Janine Gasco, and Michael E. Smith. (2003) \"An International Economy.\" In Michael E. Smith and Frances F. Berdan (eds.) <i>The Postclassic Mesoamerican World.</i> Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, pg. 102.§REF§" }, { "id": 278, "polity": { "id": 7, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_2", "long_name": "Initial Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Metals were another story. Throughout all these times [before 500 BCE], and even much later, they were essentially unused in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan's predecessors [...] and Teotihuacan itself used only stone tools\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 40) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 279, "polity": { "id": 15, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_10", "long_name": "Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1426 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Metals were another story. Throughout all these times [before 500 BCE], and even much later, they were essentially unused in Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan's predecessors [...] and Teotihuacan itself used only stone tools\".§REF§(Cowgill 2015: 40) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JRFZPUXU</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 280, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 281, "polity": { "id": 523, "name": "mx_san_jose", "long_name": "Oaxaca - San Jose", "start_year": -1150, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 282, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking was not widely used in Mesoamerica, with metal products consisting mainly of small beads and ornaments.§REF§Coe, M. D., Koontz, R. (2013) Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (7th ed.) Thames and Hudson, London, p157§REF§§REF§Kowalewski, S. A., Feinman, G. M., Finten, L., Blanton, R. E., Nicholas, L. M. (1989) Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: Prehispanic settlement patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Volume II. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 23. Ann Arbor.§REF§" }, { "id": 283, "polity": { "id": 14, "name": "mx_toltec", "long_name": "Toltecs", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Tula has yielded no metal of any kind, neither copper nor gold.§REF§(Coe 1994: 142) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5DJ2S5IF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5DJ2S5IF</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 284, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Júlíusson and Kristissen, pers. comm. 2017§REF§" }, { "id": 285, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no steel/iron before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 286, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no steel/iron before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 287, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no steel/iron before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 288, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no steel/iron before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 289, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " there was no steel/iron before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 290, "polity": { "id": 83, "name": "pe_inca_emp", "long_name": "Inca Empire", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1532 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no steel/iron before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 291, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no steel/iron before the arrival of the Spanish." }, { "id": 292, "polity": { "id": 445, "name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1883 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Newton's and Williams' comments suggest that iron tools were introduced in the colonial period: 'Shotguns, iron-ended spears, goggles, lanterns and nylon fishing nets made hunting and fishing easier and have, according to the villagers, contributed to decimation of game and fish as well as to a decreased need for co-operation in the tasks.' §REF§Newton, Janice. 1985. “Orokaiva Production And Change.”, 229§REF§ 'Fishing-spears. Any spear will serve on emergency for a fishing-spear, but nowadays it is frequently furnished with a point of iron wire. The fishing-spear proper, however (bosau or saita), which I have seen among the Bush People, has two prongs of palm wood bound on to a long light shaft. In some of the coastal villages is found a long leister or spear (sagi) furnished with perhaps ten prongs of hard-wood bound on to a light shaft about seven feet long.' §REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray. 1930. “Orokaiva Society.”, 57§REF§ Wooden and stone tools were in use prior to colonization (see below). This remains in need of confirmation." }, { "id": 293, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " (NB: Mentioned only in a fishing, rather than military context.) Shotguns, iron-ended spears, goggles, lanterns and nylon fishing nets made hunting and fishing easier and have, according to the villagers, contributed to decimation of game and fish as well as to a decreased need for co-operation in the tasks.§REF§Newton, Janice. 1985. “Orokaiva Production And Change.”, 229§REF§ Fishing-spears. Any spear will serve on emergency for a fishing-spear, but nowadays it is frequently furnished with a point of iron wire.§REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray. 1930. “Orokaiva Society.”, 57§REF§" }, { "id": 294, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( Darvill, Timothy. \"iron.\" In The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. : Oxford University Press, 2008. )§REF§." }, { "id": 295, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( Darvill, Timothy. \"iron.\" In The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. : Oxford University Press, 2008. )§REF§." }, { "id": 296, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( Darvill, Timothy. \"iron.\" In The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. : Oxford University Press, 2008. )§REF§." }, { "id": 297, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron was in widespread use by the Seleucid period. §REF§Sekunda, Nick, and Nicholas Sekunda. The Ancient Greeks. Vol. 7. Osprey Publishing Company, 1986.§REF§" }, { "id": 298, "polity": { "id": 123, "name": "pk_kachi_post_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": "No evidence for weapons or armor, apart from arrowheads, spearheads, daggers and axes, have been found at Pirak. This may in part be due to preservation conditions at the site. §REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard.§REF§ Frequent production and usage of iron in Baluchistan and Pakistan coincided with the Yaz I culture around 1500 BCE “as the smelting of iron daggers and arrowheads spread from the steppes”. §REF§(Kelekna 2009, 14) Kelekna, Pita \"The Politico-Economic Impact of the Horse on Old World Cultures: An Overview\" in Mair, Victor H. ed. June 2009. Sino-Platonic Papers. Number 190. University of Pennsylvannia.§REF§ However, whilst agreeing iron was present at this time, Singh calls this popular view of an imported technology \"a widely prevalent but misplaced belief that iron technology was introduced into the subcontinent by the Indo-Aryans.”§REF§(Singh 2008, 241) Singh, Upinder. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ Kte’pi says the Iron Age arrived at the end of the Late Harappan culture, but iron smelting may have been present since 1600 BCE, §REF§(Kte’pi 2012, 5) Kte'pi, Bill. in Stanton, Andrea L. ed. 2012. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia & Africa. An Encyclopedia. Sage. Los Angeles.§REF§ that is, before the Yaz I culture." }, { "id": 299, "polity": { "id": 120, "name": "pk_kachi_pre_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( Darvill, Timothy. \"iron.\" In The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. : Oxford University Press, 2008. )§REF§." }, { "id": 300, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From beginning of Pirak III, iron weapons but not agricultural implements. First century BCE historian Diodorus Siculus narrates a 9th CE battle between a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) and an Indian polity in which the Indians used chariots.§REF§Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics.§REF§" } ] }