Iron List
A viewset for viewing and editing Irons.
GET /api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=5
{ "count": 378, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=6", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/irons/?format=api&page=4", "results": [ { "id": 201, "polity": { "id": 185, "name": "it_western_roman_emp", "long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 476 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 202, "polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 203, "polity": { "id": 544, "name": "it_venetian_rep_3", "long_name": "Republic of Venice III", "start_year": 1204, "end_year": 1563 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " General reference for medieval warfare: Mail armor \"was formed from rings of iron (or, more rarely, steel)\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 67) Robert Douglas Smith. Armor, Body. Clifford J. Rogers. ed. 2010. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 204, "polity": { "id": 545, "name": "it_venetian_rep_4", "long_name": "Republic of Venice IV", "start_year": 1564, "end_year": 1797 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " General reference for medieval warfare: Mail armor \"was formed from rings of iron (or, more rarely, steel)\".§REF§(Smith 2010, 67) Robert Douglas Smith. Armor, Body. Clifford J. Rogers. ed. 2010. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 205, "polity": { "id": 149, "name": "jp_ashikaga", "long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1467 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.171.§REF§" }, { "id": 206, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From Early Yayoi.§REF§(Okazaki 1993, 279) Okazaki Takashi. Japan and the continent in the Jomon and Yayoi periods. Janet Goodwin trans. Delmer M Brown. ed. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan. Volume 1. Ancient Japan. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 207, "polity": { "id": 151, "name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama", "long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1603 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.171.§REF§" }, { "id": 208, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.169.§REF§ From Early Yayoi.§REF§(Okazaki 1993, 279) Okazaki Takashi. Japan and the continent in the Jomon and Yayoi periods. Janet Goodwin trans. Delmer M Brown. ed. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan. Volume 1. Ancient Japan. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 209, "polity": { "id": 138, "name": "jp_jomon_1", "long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon", "start_year": -13600, "end_year": -9200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 210, "polity": { "id": 139, "name": "jp_jomon_2", "long_name": "Japan - Initial Jomon", "start_year": -9200, "end_year": -5300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 211, "polity": { "id": 140, "name": "jp_jomon_3", "long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon", "start_year": -5300, "end_year": -3500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 212, "polity": { "id": 141, "name": "jp_jomon_4", "long_name": "Japan - Middle Jomon", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 213, "polity": { "id": 142, "name": "jp_jomon_5", "long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 214, "polity": { "id": 143, "name": "jp_jomon_6", "long_name": "Japan - Final Jomon", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 215, "polity": { "id": 148, "name": "jp_kamakura", "long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate", "start_year": 1185, "end_year": 1333 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Deal, William E. 2005. Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Oxford University Press.p.169.§REF§" }, { "id": 216, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From Early Yayoi.§REF§(Okazaki 1993, 279) Okazaki Takashi. Japan and the continent in the Jomon and Yayoi periods. Janet Goodwin trans. Delmer M Brown. ed. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan. Volume 1. Ancient Japan. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 217, "polity": { "id": 263, "name": "jp_nara", "long_name": "Nara Kingdom", "start_year": 710, "end_year": 794 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From Early Yayoi.§REF§(Okazaki 1993, 279) Okazaki Takashi. Japan and the continent in the Jomon and Yayoi periods. Janet Goodwin trans. Delmer M Brown. ed. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan. Volume 1. Ancient Japan. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ 'By the Yayoi Period (50-250 CE) iron tools became more plentiful, as is evidenced by advances in woodworking technologies. By the last century of the Yayoi, iron-working technologies spread quickly across the central region of Japan from west to east. Over the course of the next several hundred years, iron completely replaced stone as the mineral of choice. Iron swords, armor, and arrowheads came to occupy prominent places in the tombs of the Kofun period. From that time onward, iron and its alloy with carbon, steel, were Japan's pre-eminent proto-industrial metals.' §REF§David G Wittner. 2008. Technology and the Culture of Progress in Meiji Japan. Routledge. Abingdon. p.24§REF§" }, { "id": 218, "polity": { "id": 150, "name": "jp_sengoku_jidai", "long_name": "Warring States Japan", "start_year": 1467, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " All ranks of samurai wore a suit of iron and leather armour \"made from small scales of metal, lacquered for rust prevention and then laced together\". §REF§(Turnbull 2002)§REF§" }, { "id": 219, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'By the Yayoi Period (50-250 CE) iron tools became more plentiful, as is evidenced by advances in woodworking technologies. By the last century of the Yayoi, iron-working technologies spread quickly across the central region of Japan from west to east. Over the course of the next several hundred years, iron completely replaced stone as the mineral of choice. Iron swords, armor, and arrowheads came to occupy prominent places in the tombs of the Kofun period. From that time onward, iron and its alloy with carbon, steel, were Japan's pre-eminent proto-industrial metals.' §REF§David G Wittner. 2008. Technology and the Culture of Progress in Meiji Japan. Routledge. Abingdon. p.24§REF§" }, { "id": 220, "polity": { "id": 144, "name": "jp_yayoi", "long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to a military historian, Japanese 'kuni' warriors mentioned by early Han annals \"fought with iron and bronze weapons against other kuni and other less advanced peoples, the emishi or 'toad barbarians.' on their frontiers\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 316) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ - are these early Han annals considered a reliable source by polity/region specialists? \"The scarcity of iron tools in Yayoi sites (except in northern Kyushu) may be explained by the continual recycling of broken iron tools as well as by their rare placement and consequent rare discovery in graves or ceremonial underground deposits, and there is no possible explanation for the disappearance of stone tools in the Late Yayoi phase other than the prevalence of Iron. If we exclude bronze weapon-like ceremonial goods from the list of edged tools, the sequence of cutting-tools in Japan is as follows: stone --> stone and iron --> the complete replacement of stone by iron.\"§REF§Keiji Imamura. 1996. Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives On Insular East Asia. Routledge. UCL Press.§REF§ \"The earliest arrowheads made by iron appeared during Middle Yayoi, and almost all of them are from northern Kyushu. The arrowheads in Kyushu were 3 -4 cm long and shaped like a narrow triangle with a vault-shaped base. This shape is the traditional shape of stone arrowheads.\"§REF§Lars Vargo. 1982. Social and economic conditions for the formation of the early Japanese state. Stockholm University.§REF§ 'By the Yayoi Period (50-250 CE) iron tools became more plentiful, as is evidenced by advances in woodworking technologies. By the last century of the Yayoi, iron-working technologies spread quickly across the central region of Japan from west to east. Over the course of the next several hundred years, iron completely replaced stone as the mineral of choice. Iron swords, armor, and arrowheads came to occupy prominent places in the tombs of the Kofun period. From that time onward, iron and its alloy with carbon, steel, were Japan's pre-eminent proto-industrial metals.' §REF§David G Wittner. 2008. Technology and the Culture of Progress in Meiji Japan. Routledge. Abingdon. p.24§REF§" }, { "id": 221, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The mass spread of iron in Central Asia is an event of the 6th-4th centuries BC. Hence it is reasonable to begin the Iron Age in Central Asia only from the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC'. §REF§Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. p. 426§REF§" }, { "id": 222, "polity": { "id": 282, "name": "kg_western_turk_khaganate", "long_name": "Western Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 582, "end_year": 630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Required for steel and must have been in use previously for weapons" }, { "id": 223, "polity": { "id": 41, "name": "kh_angkor_2", "long_name": "Classical Angkor", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'For personal defence, there were two kinds of shields: round ones ornamented with vegetal or flower motifs, and long ones ornamented on the top border. The latter could be grouped together to form a kind of rampart. Both were probably of wood and hide, with metal plaques. Although most warriors wore only a kind of short-sleeved jacket (sometimes resembling the quilted 'armour' in use in Mesoamerica), many were protected by a cylindrical cuirass, often with one or two knives lashed over it for close combat.'§REF§(Coe 2003, pp. 185-186)§REF§ 'From all this, we can bear in mind that Khmer breastplates, as we have described them, possibly used the materials cited by Bezacier: buffalo skins, tree bark, and bronze, even if this metal was replaced with iron at the period we are discussing.'§REF§(Jacq-Hergoualc'h and Smithies 2007, p. 20)§REF§" }, { "id": 224, "polity": { "id": 40, "name": "kh_angkor_1", "long_name": "Early Angkor", "start_year": 802, "end_year": 1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'For personal defence, there were two kinds of shields: round ones ornamented with vegetal or flower motifs, and long ones ornamented on the top border. The latter could be grouped together to form a kind of rampart. Both were probably of wood and hide, with metal plaques. Although most warriors wore only a kind of short-sleeved jacket (sometimes resembling the quilted 'armour' in use in Mesoamerica), many were protected by a cylindrical cuirass, often with one or two knives lashed over it for close combat.'§REF§(Coe 2003, pp. 185-186)§REF§ 'From all this, we can bear in mind that Khmer breastplates, as we have described them, possibly used the materials cited by Bezacier: buffalo skins, tree bark, and bronze, even if this metal was replaced with iron at the period we are discussing.'§REF§(Jacq-Hergoualc'h and Smithies 2007, p. 20)§REF§" }, { "id": 225, "polity": { "id": 42, "name": "kh_angkor_3", "long_name": "Late Angkor", "start_year": 1220, "end_year": 1432 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'For personal defence, there were two kinds of shields: round ones ornamented with vegetal or flower motifs, and long ones ornamented on the top border. The latter could be grouped together to form a kind of rampart. Both were probably of wood and hide, with metal plaques. Although most warriors wore only a kind of short-sleeved jacket (sometimes resembling the quilted 'armour' in use in Mesoamerica), many were protected by a cylindrical cuirass, often with one or two knives lashed over it for close combat.'§REF§(Coe 2003, pp. 185-186)§REF§ 'From all this, we can bear in mind that Khmer breastplates, as we have described them, possibly used the materials cited by Bezacier: buffalo skins, tree bark, and bronze, even if this metal was replaced with iron at the period we are discussing.'§REF§(Jacq-Hergoualc'h and Smithies 2007, p. 20)§REF§" }, { "id": 226, "polity": { "id": 43, "name": "kh_khmer_k", "long_name": "Khmer Kingdom", "start_year": 1432, "end_year": 1594 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'For personal defence, there were two kinds of shields: round ones ornamented with vegetal or flower motifs, and long ones ornamented on the top border. The latter could be grouped together to form a kind of rampart. Both were probably of wood and hide, with metal plaques. Although most warriors wore only a kind of short-sleeved jacket (sometimes resembling the quilted 'armour' in use in Mesoamerica), many were protected by a cylindrical cuirass, often with one or two knives lashed over it for close combat.'§REF§(Coe 2003, pp. 185-186)§REF§ 'From all this, we can bear in mind that Khmer breastplates, as we have described them, possibly used the materials cited by Bezacier: buffalo skins, tree bark, and bronze, even if this metal was replaced with iron at the period we are discussing.'§REF§(Jacq-Hergoualc'h and Smithies 2007, p. 20)§REF§" }, { "id": 227, "polity": { "id": 39, "name": "kh_chenla", "long_name": "Chenla", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 825 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The discovery of iron spears and arrowheads including one found lodged in teh spine of a man lying prone, support this conjecture [evidence of fighting]. §REF§(Higham 2004b, 21)§REF§" }, { "id": 228, "polity": { "id": 37, "name": "kh_funan_1", "long_name": "Funan I", "start_year": 225, "end_year": 540 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The discovery of iron spears and arrowheads including one found lodged in the spine of a man lying prone, support this conjecture [evidence of fighting].§REF§(Higham 2002, p. 214)§REF§" }, { "id": 229, "polity": { "id": 38, "name": "kh_funan_2", "long_name": "Funan II", "start_year": 540, "end_year": 640 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The discovery of iron spears and arrowheads including one found lodged in teh spine of a man lying prone, support this conjecture [evidence of fighting]. §REF§(Higham 2004b, p. 21)§REF§" }, { "id": 230, "polity": { "id": 35, "name": "kh_cambodia_ba", "long_name": "Bronze Age Cambodia", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 231, "polity": { "id": 36, "name": "kh_cambodia_ia", "long_name": "Iron Age Cambodia", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 224 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence of bronze, gold, silver and iron.§REF§(Miksic and Goh 2016: 106) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2EZ3CBBS\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2EZ3CBBS</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 232, "polity": { "id": 463, "name": "kz_andronovo", "long_name": "Andronovo", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 233, "polity": { "id": 104, "name": "lb_phoenician_emp", "long_name": "Phoenician Empire", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -332 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 234, "polity": { "id": 432, "name": "ma_saadi_sultanate", "long_name": "Saadi Sultanate", "start_year": 1554, "end_year": 1659 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 235, "polity": { "id": 434, "name": "ml_bamana_k", "long_name": "Bamana kingdom", "start_year": 1712, "end_year": 1861 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 236, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 237, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 238, "polity": { "id": 428, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_2", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno II", "start_year": 50, "end_year": 399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 239, "polity": { "id": 428, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_2", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno II", "start_year": 50, "end_year": 399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 240, "polity": { "id": 430, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_3", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno III", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 241, "polity": { "id": 430, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_3", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno III", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 242, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 243, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Iron", "iron": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 244, "polity": { "id": 229, "name": "ml_mali_emp", "long_name": "Mali Empire", "start_year": 1230, "end_year": 1410 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 245, "polity": { "id": 433, "name": "ml_segou_k", "long_name": "Segou Kingdom", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1712 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 246, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron Age from 600 BCE in West Africa (e.g. Benue valley in Nigeria and upper Niger River) \"the development and spread of the basic technologies of metal production and the forging and smithing of metal tools, notably in iron.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 8) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron-headed hoes, probably invented some time after iron-pointed spears.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 12) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Iron also brought, from about 600 BC onwards, a new source of military power.\"§REF§(Davidson 1998, 13) Davidson, Basil. 1998. West Africa Before the Colonial Era. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 247, "polity": { "id": 283, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_1", "long_name": "Eastern Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 583, "end_year": 630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Majemir culture from 900 BCE is an example of one of the first iron-using cultures in the Altai region.§REF§(Baumer 2012) Baumer, Christoph. 2012. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. London.§REF§ and by 300 BCE in the Ordos region of Mongolia iron was becoming much more frequently used for weapons and horse fittings. §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 84) Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 248, "polity": { "id": 288, "name": "mn_khitan_1", "long_name": "Khitan I", "start_year": 907, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Majemir culture from 900 BCE is an example of one of the first iron-using cultures in the Altai region.§REF§(Baumer 2012) Baumer, Christoph. 2012. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. I.B.Tauris. London.§REF§ and by 300 BCE in the Ordos region of Mongolia iron was becoming much more frequently used for weapons and horse fittings. §REF§(Di Cosmo 2002, 84) Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"Khitan tombs also commonly contain iron weaponry\".§REF§(Tackett 2017, 216) Nicolas Tackett. 2017. The Origins of the Chinese Nation: Song China and the Forging of an East Asian World Order. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 249, "polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used for the scaled body armour. §REF§Martin, H. Desmond. “The Mongol Army.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1 (April 1, 1943): 52.§REF§" }, { "id": 250, "polity": { "id": 442, "name": "mn_mongol_early", "long_name": "Early Mongols", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1206 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Iron", "iron": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Timothy May 2007)§REF§" } ] }