Fortified Camp List
A viewset for viewing and editing Fortified Camps.
GET /api/wf/fortified-camps/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 360, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/fortified-camps/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/fortified-camps/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The expansionist Theban state likely to have used garrisons? §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003, 121)§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Herodotus informs us that stratopeda ('camps') were established between Bubastis and the sea on the branch of the Nile. He claims that these camps were occupied without a break for over a century until the mercenaries were moved to Memphis at the beginning of the reign of Ahmose II (570-526 BC), but the archaeological evidence presents a rather more complex picture.\"§REF§(Lloyd 2000, 366)§REF§ e.g. Tell Defenna and another south of Pelusium.§REF§(Lloyd 2000, 366)§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"civilian settlements also appeared to have acquired the character of military strongholds in the Third Intermediate Period.\" Memphis and Hermopolis were fortified and were \"sufficiently strong to withstand a siege.\"§REF§(Taylor 2000, 34)§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Garrisons §REF§(Bradley 2009, 195) Bradley, Peter T. 2009. <i>Spain and the Defense of Peru: Royal Reluctance and Colonial Self-Reliance.</i> Lulu.com. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/VFMNE6JR\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/VFMNE6JR</a>§REF§ \"Since the great wars of the fourteenth century, when Barcelona and Valencia built the magnificent fortifications which survived down to the nineteenth century, the walls of Spanish towns had generally been allowed to fall into decline. Travellers from the war-torn Europe of the 1500s and 1600s were surprised at how Spain managed to get along with medieval ramparts, and how little was spent on the bastions and counter-scarps of contemporary defence. But the walls were still used as a control on movement in and out, and particularly for the collection of the sisas or excise tax, which was the basis of municipal budgets.\"§REF§(Casey 2002, 113) Casey, James. 2002. <i>Early Modern Spain: A Social History.</i> New York: Routledge. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT</a>§REF§ Fortress towns.§REF§(Casey 2002, 3 Casey, James. 2002. <i>Early Modern Spain: A Social History.</i> New York: Routledge. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Stone walls surrounded settlements rather than military camps on the move (see above)." }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Stone walls surrounded settlements rather than military camps on the move (see above)." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Evidence for warfare varies in the different areas of Europe during the Late Neolithic. In France, numerous fortified sites are found (Cassen and Boujot 1990); for example, in the Charentes and adjoining regions approximately 60 fortified sites are known (Giot 1994). Some of them such as Champ-Durand in Vendee, have a triple row of interrupted ditches with dry-stone walls and towers to protect entrances.\" §REF§(Milisauskas and Kruk 2002, 259)§REF§" }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " David Baker says present.§REF§David Baker. Personal communication to Seshat Databank.§REF§" }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " David Baker says present.§REF§David Baker. Personal communication to Seshat Databank.§REF§" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Not discussed in consulted literature RA." }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Not discussed in consulted literature RA." }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Not discussed in consulted literature RA." }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Not mentioned in the literature." }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Small fortified cities became common in the fourth and third centuries BC.\" §REF§(Brun 1995, 16)§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Some oppida are fortified camps. cf Bibracte, in central France." }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Fortified camps particularly significant in 16th Century. Popular example 1536 CE fortified camp built under Montmorency near Avignon. §REF§(Potter 2008, 203)§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Engineers not only cut paths through forests, built fortified stations, and erected bridges, but they also provided telegraphic communications, aerial reconnaissance from balloons, and rail transportation in some operations.\"§REF§(Spiers 1996, 197) Edward Spiers. The Late Victorian Army 1868-1914. David G Chandler. Ian Beckett. eds. 1996. The Oxford History of the British Army. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ 1856-1881 CE: Trenches used in warfare at this time.§REF§(Barthorp 1988, 8) Michael Barthorp. 1988. The British Army on Campaign. 1856-1881. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§ Were more successful fighting Zulus standing behind barricades.§REF§(Barthorp 1988, 14) Michael Barthorp. 1988. The British Army on Campaign. 1856-1881. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": 1701, "year_to": 1820, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Kumasi Fort was built in 1820 by the Asantehene (the King of the Asante Kingdom), Osei Tutu Kwamina, to resemble the coastal forts which were built by European merchants. Kumasi Fort had to be rebuilt in 1897, after it was destroyed by British forces in 1874. The fort was built from granite and brown soil that was brought from Cape Coast to Kumasi by porters.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php</a>§REF§ Kumasi Fort was constructed in imitation of colonial forts. Although the Asantehene claimed formal jurisdiction over colonial coastal forts such as Elmina, these were de facto controlled by the British during most of the time period in question. During campaigns rapidly built shelters were the norm, though: 'In the past these rapidly built shelters for farming and hunting were also used by the Asante army. British forces came across ‘little huts with low sloping roofs, thatched with green broad leaves of the plantain. Each hut or lean-to had a couple of bamboo bedsteads on posts… They had also taken the pains to make comfortable settees with backs’. Indeed. Sir Garnet Wolseley was so impressed with the camp-beds that he urged his troops to copy them.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 23§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": 1821, "year_to": 1874, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Kumasi Fort was built in 1820 by the Asantehene (the King of the Asante Kingdom), Osei Tutu Kwamina, to resemble the coastal forts which were built by European merchants. Kumasi Fort had to be rebuilt in 1897, after it was destroyed by British forces in 1874. The fort was built from granite and brown soil that was brought from Cape Coast to Kumasi by porters.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php</a>§REF§ Kumasi Fort was constructed in imitation of colonial forts. Although the Asantehene claimed formal jurisdiction over colonial coastal forts such as Elmina, these were de facto controlled by the British during most of the time period in question. During campaigns rapidly built shelters were the norm, though: 'In the past these rapidly built shelters for farming and hunting were also used by the Asante army. British forces came across ‘little huts with low sloping roofs, thatched with green broad leaves of the plantain. Each hut or lean-to had a couple of bamboo bedsteads on posts… They had also taken the pains to make comfortable settees with backs’. Indeed. Sir Garnet Wolseley was so impressed with the camp-beds that he urged his troops to copy them.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 23§REF§" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": 1875, "year_to": 1897, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Kumasi Fort was built in 1820 by the Asantehene (the King of the Asante Kingdom), Osei Tutu Kwamina, to resemble the coastal forts which were built by European merchants. Kumasi Fort had to be rebuilt in 1897, after it was destroyed by British forces in 1874. The fort was built from granite and brown soil that was brought from Cape Coast to Kumasi by porters.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php</a>§REF§ Kumasi Fort was constructed in imitation of colonial forts. Although the Asantehene claimed formal jurisdiction over colonial coastal forts such as Elmina, these were de facto controlled by the British during most of the time period in question. During campaigns rapidly built shelters were the norm, though: 'In the past these rapidly built shelters for farming and hunting were also used by the Asante army. British forces came across ‘little huts with low sloping roofs, thatched with green broad leaves of the plantain. Each hut or lean-to had a couple of bamboo bedsteads on posts… They had also taken the pains to make comfortable settees with backs’. Indeed. Sir Garnet Wolseley was so impressed with the camp-beds that he urged his troops to copy them.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 23§REF§" }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not clear whether this information applies to pre-contact polities. \"The Hawaiians generally did not build fornications, but non-combatants could find sacred sanctuary in places of refuge known as pu'uhonua.\" Pg 4. §REF§Hommon, Robert, J. 2013. The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not clear whether this information applies to pre-contact polities. \"The Hawaiians generally did not build fornications, but non-combatants could find sacred sanctuary in places of refuge known as pu'uhonua.\" Pg 4. §REF§Hommon, Robert, J. 2013. The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Hawaiians generally did not build fortifications, but non-combatants could find sacred sanctuary in places of refuge known as pu'uhonua.\" Pg 4. §REF§Hommon, Robert, J. 2013. The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No references in the literature. RA." }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'fortress' and 'siege'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " According to Miksic the Majapahit capital did not seem to have any sort of defensive perimeter. §REF§(Miksic 2000, 115)§REF§ <i>This does not mean that no town or fort in Majapahit had any type of defensive fortification.</i> Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'fortress' and 'siege'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Made of wood.§REF§(Schrieke 1957, 135)§REF§" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fortified_camp", "fortified_camp": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }