Crossbow List
A viewset for viewing and editing Crossbows.
GET /api/wf/crossbows/?format=api&page=6
{ "count": 349, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/crossbows/?format=api&page=7", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/crossbows/?format=api&page=5", "results": [ { "id": 251, "polity": { "id": 274, "name": "mn_hunnu_late", "long_name": "Late Xiongnu", "start_year": -60, "end_year": 100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Mentioned as one of the tactical advantages that the Han had over the Xiongnu. §REF§(Lewis 2000, 47)§REF§ However, the Xiongnu were said to have inferior crossbows:\" \"Why does it take five Xiongnu to match one Han soldier? It is because their sword blades are dull and their crossbows worthless. 48\" Skill with a crossbow was at such a premium that it could even lead to offices in the court.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 45)§REF§" }, { "id": 252, "polity": { "id": 272, "name": "mn_hunnu_emp", "long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation", "start_year": -209, "end_year": -60 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Mentioned as one of the tactical advantages that the Han had over the Xiongnu. §REF§(Lewis 2000, 47)§REF§ However, the Xiongnu were said to have inferior crossbows:\" \"Why does it take five Xiongnu to match one Han soldier? It is because their sword blades are dull and their crossbows worthless. 48\" Skill with a crossbow was at such a premium that it could even lead to offices in the court.\" §REF§(Lewis 2000, 45)§REF§" }, { "id": 253, "polity": { "id": 444, "name": "mn_zungharian_emp", "long_name": "Zungharian Empire", "start_year": 1670, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 254, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 255, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 256, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hassig lists crossbows among the new military technologies the Spanish introduced to the region in the sixteenth century§REF§(Hassig 1992, 143) Hassig, Robert. 1992. <i>War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. London; Berkeley: University of California Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 257, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hassig lists crossbows among the new military technologies the Spanish introduced to the region in the sixteenth century§REF§(Hassig 1992, 143) Hassig, Robert. 1992. <i>War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. London; Berkeley: University of California Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 258, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hassig lists crossbows among the new military technologies the Spanish introduced to the region in the sixteenth century§REF§(Hassig 1992, 143) Hassig, Robert. 1992. <i>War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. London; Berkeley: University of California Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 259, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hassig lists crossbows among the new military technologies the Spanish introduced to the region in the sixteenth century§REF§(Hassig 1992, 143) Hassig, Robert. 1992. <i>War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. London; Berkeley: University of California Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 260, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hassig lists crossbows among the new military technologies the Spanish introduced to the region in the sixteenth century§REF§(Hassig 1992, 143) Hassig, Robert. 1992. <i>War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. London; Berkeley: University of California Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 261, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Weapons other than obsidian swords, bows and arrows, slings, spears and atlatls are not known for this period.§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 262, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"There is no substantial evidence of bows and arrows at this time [Middle and Late Formative]\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 197) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 263, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"There is no substantial evidence of bows and arrows at this time [Middle and Late Formative]\".§REF§(Hassig 1992: 197) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>.§REF§ First introduced into Central Mexico during the Middle Postclassic by Chichimec invaders from Northern Mesoamerica.§REF§Hassig, Ross. (1992). \"War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica.\" Berkeley: University of California Press, p.47, 119-20.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul (1971). \"Utilitarian Artifacts of Central Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 270-296.§REF§" }, { "id": 264, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hassig lists crossbows among the new military technologies the Spanish introduced to the region in the sixteenth century§REF§(Hassig 1992, 143) Hassig, Robert. 1992. <i>War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. London; Berkeley: University of California Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 265, "polity": { "id": 523, "name": "mx_san_jose", "long_name": "Oaxaca - San Jose", "start_year": -1150, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hassig lists crossbows among the new military technologies the Spanish introduced to the region in the sixteenth century§REF§(Hassig 1992, 143) Hassig, Robert. 1992. <i>War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. London; Berkeley: University of California Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 266, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hassig lists crossbows among the new military technologies the Spanish introduced to the region in the sixteenth century§REF§(Hassig 1992, 143) Hassig, Robert. 1992. <i>War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. London; Berkeley: University of California Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/F76EVNU3/itemKey/E9VHCKDG</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 267, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The first mentioning of a crossbow is from the late 12th century." }, { "id": 268, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology." }, { "id": 269, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology." }, { "id": 270, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization." }, { "id": 271, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization." }, { "id": 272, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology." }, { "id": 273, "polity": { "id": 83, "name": "pe_inca_emp", "long_name": "Inca Empire", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1532 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization." }, { "id": 274, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization." }, { "id": 275, "polity": { "id": 445, "name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1883 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 276, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 277, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( DeVries, Kelly. \"crossbow.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).§REF§" }, { "id": 278, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( DeVries, Kelly. \"crossbow.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).§REF§" }, { "id": 279, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( DeVries, Kelly. \"crossbow.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).§REF§" }, { "id": 280, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Absent.§REF§Sekunda, Nick, and Nicholas Sekunda. The Ancient Greeks. Vol. 7. Osprey Publishing Company, 1986.§REF§ <i>Presumably 'absent' because it is not mentioned by this source?</i>" }, { "id": 281, "polity": { "id": 123, "name": "pk_kachi_post_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "No evidence for weapons or armor, apart from arrowheads, spearheads, daggers and axes, have been found at Pirak. §REF§Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard.§REF§" }, { "id": 282, "polity": { "id": 120, "name": "pk_kachi_pre_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as occurred later §REF§( DeVries, Kelly. \"crossbow.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ).§REF§" }, { "id": 283, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 284, "polity": { "id": 133, "name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid", "long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period", "start_year": 854, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Abbasid referred to the crossbow as the qaws al-rijl, first mentioned in 881 CE. §REF§Nicolle,David, Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526(Osprey Publishing 2003)§REF§" }, { "id": 285, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Abbasid refered to the crossbow as the qaws al-rijl, first mentioned in 881 CE. §REF§Nicolle,David, Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526(Osprey Publishing 2003)§REF§" }, { "id": 286, "polity": { "id": 121, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_1", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "No evidence of crossbows has been found from the Mature Harappan period.§REF§Cork, E. (2005) Peaceful Harappans? Reviewing the evidence for the absence of warfare in the Indus Civilisation of north-west India and Pakistan (c. 2500-1900 BC). Antiquity (79): 411-423.§REF§" }, { "id": 287, "polity": { "id": 122, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_2", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period II", "start_year": -2100, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "No evidence of crossbows has been found from the Mature Harappan period. §REF§Cork, E. (2005) Peaceful Harappans? Reviewing the evidence for the absence of warfare in the Indus Civilisation of north-west India and Pakistan (c. 2500-1900 BC). Antiquity (79): 411-423.§REF§" }, { "id": 288, "polity": { "id": 194, "name": "ru_sakha_early", "long_name": "Sakha - Early", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1632 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor" }, { "id": 289, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor" }, { "id": 290, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 291, "polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Only composite bows mentioned in the sources. §REF§Kennedy 2001, p.177.§REF§" }, { "id": 292, "polity": { "id": 44, "name": "th_ayutthaya", "long_name": "Ayutthaya", "start_year": 1593, "end_year": 1767 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The crossbow remained in use up through the nineteenth century in the mainland\" of South-East Asia, and \"as early as the 1430s, crossbows were fired from the saddles of elephants in battle, and figured prominently in warfare between the Siamese, Burmese and Khmer\" §REF§(Charney 2004, p. 36)§REF§." }, { "id": 293, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The crossbow remained in use up through the nineteenth century in the mainland\" of South-East Asia §REF§(Charney 2004, p. 36)§REF§." }, { "id": 294, "polity": { "id": 462, "name": "tj_sarasm", "long_name": "Sarazm", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 295, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " At late 11th Century, an elite unit of c500 marines used light hand-held crossbows. §REF§(Nicolle 1996, 88)§REF§" }, { "id": 296, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 297, "polity": { "id": 163, "name": "tr_konya_lba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet." }, { "id": 298, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" }, { "id": 299, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There are different definitions of a crossbow. Present on one definition.§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ \"The use of the hand-crossbow in Europe thus divides into two quite distinct periods, the first between about -100 and +450; the second beginning in the +10th century.\"§REF§(Needham and Wang 1954, 174) Needham J and Wang L. 1954. Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ solenarion or tzangra crossbow which could shoot multiple iron tipped arrows (or \"mice\") simultaneously \"was apparently brought to the east Mediterranean by the Latins in the eleventh century.\"§REF§(Rautman 2006, 218) Rautman, M L. 2006. Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ Presumably also after 10th century, large stationary crossbow called cheiroballistrom which could fire arrows, bolts and small stones.§REF§(Rautman 2006, 218) Rautman, M L. 2006. Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§" }, { "id": 300, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Crossbow", "crossbow": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There are different definitions of a crossbow. Present on one definition.§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ \"Whether Byzantine soldiers also used the hand-held crossbow, some evidence for which exists from the late Roman period (as opposed to the much larger frame- or swivel-mounted weapon used as field or siege-artillery, which certainly did continue in use), seems doubtful.\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 477) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" } ] }