Copper List
A viewset for viewing and editing Coppers.
GET /api/wf/coppers/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 338, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/coppers/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " present as used in bronze" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " used to make bronze “Odrysian Cavalry javelins were 1.5 to 1.8 metres in length, and tipped with iron or bronze heads. They could be thrown immediately before contact or used as a thrusting weapon.” §REF§Webber, C. (2003) Odrysian Cavalry, Army, Equipment and Tactics. Bar International Series 1139, pp. 529-554. p549§REF§" }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 156, "name": "tr_konya_mnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later. Beads and tools carved from copper have been found but no weapons or smelting at this time §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_a/advanced/ta_1_2c.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_a/advanced/ta_1_2c.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 155, "name": "tr_konya_enl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Neolithic", "start_year": -9600, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later. Beads and tools carved from copper have been found but no weapons or smelting at this time §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_a/advanced/ta_1_2c.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_a/advanced/ta_1_2c.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later. Beads and tools carved from copper have been found but no weapons or smelting at this time §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_a/advanced/ta_1_2c.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_a/advanced/ta_1_2c.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 175, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire II", "start_year": 1517, "end_year": 1683 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 176, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire III", "start_year": 1683, "end_year": 1839 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " used in bronze" }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 71, "name": "tr_roman_dominate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate", "start_year": 285, "end_year": 394 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Copper alloy may have had minor role in armour." }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 167, "name": "tr_tabal_k", "long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -730 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " present as used in bronze" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Illinois made tools and utensils out of many different materials obtained from nature, including wood, bone, antler, shell, and stone.\"§REF§Illinois State Museum, The Illinois, Technology: Tools and Utensils (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_tools.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_tools.html</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 100, "name": "us_proto_haudenosaunee", "long_name": "Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1565 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Ornaments were usually made from bones and shells, and stonework was present in this period. Weapons were made of stone, wood, and bone. Not till after contact with Europeans and trade with them did Iroquois begin to use metals heavily in their weapons and ornaments.§REF§(Hasenstab 2001: 453) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/EQZYAI2R\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/EQZYAI2R</a>.§REF§§REF§(Snow 1996: 36) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TQ4KR3AE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TQ4KR3AE</a>.§REF§§REF§(Beauchamp 1968: 16) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KJQLGMR6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KJQLGMR6</a>§REF§§REF§Personal Communication with Peter Peregrine 2019.§REF§" }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 20, "name": "us_kamehameha_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1778, "end_year": 1819 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§ However, need to look into what metal military technologies they traded from Europeans." }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 29, "name": "us_oneota", "long_name": "Oneota", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1650 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources; it seems most Oneota technology derived from wood and stone§REF§Illinois State Museum, Late Prehistoric, Technology: Weapons (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/lp_weapons.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/lp_weapons.html</a>§REF§." }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 469, "name": "uz_janid_dyn", "long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara", "start_year": 1599, "end_year": 1747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Between 1510 and 1540, the Ottomans aided the Uzbeks in manufacturing hand-held firearms that shot copper and iron balls. The Ottomans' strategy was to arm the Uzbeks as a counterweight to the Safavids.\"§REF§(Roy 2014, 47) Kaushik Roy. 2014. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. Bloomsbury Academic. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 465, "name": "uz_khwarasm_1", "long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Copper is needed to make bronze which is present." }, { "id": 323, "polity": { "id": 464, "name": "uz_koktepe_1", "long_name": "Koktepe I", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In bronze" }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 466, "name": "uz_koktepe_2", "long_name": "Koktepe II", "start_year": -750, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In bronze" }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 287, "name": "uz_samanid_emp", "long_name": "Samanid Empire", "start_year": 819, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The mass spread of iron in Central Asia is an event of the 6th-4th centuries BC. Hence it is reasonable to begin the Iron Age in Central Asia only from the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC'. §REF§Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. p. 426§REF§" }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 468, "name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states", "long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period", "start_year": 604, "end_year": 711 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The mass spread of iron in Central Asia is an event of the 6th-4th centuries BC. Hence it is reasonable to begin the Iron Age in Central Asia only from the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC'. §REF§Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. p. 426§REF§" }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The mass spread of iron in Central Asia is an event of the 6th-4th centuries BC. Hence it is reasonable to begin the Iron Age in Central Asia only from the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC'. §REF§Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. p. 426§REF§" }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 353, "name": "ye_himyar_1", "long_name": "Himyar I", "start_year": 270, "end_year": 340 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 354, "name": "ye_himyar_2", "long_name": "Himyar II", "start_year": 378, "end_year": 525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 537, "name": "ye_yemen_lba", "long_name": "Yemen - Late Bronze Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"No archaeological evidence when metallurgy was first practiced in Yemen, but first bronze items appeared in the 3rd-2nd mill graves. Probably bronze (raw material, not items) was imported from Omani mountains.\"§REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: October 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 536, "name": "ye_yemen_lnl", "long_name": "Neolithic Yemen", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": -3500, "year_to": -3001, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"No archaeological evidence when metallurgy was first practiced in Yemen, but first bronze items appeared in the 3rd-2nd mill graves. Probably bronze (raw material, not items) was imported from Omani mountains.\"§REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 536, "name": "ye_yemen_lnl", "long_name": "Neolithic Yemen", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": -3000, "year_to": -1201, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"No archaeological evidence when metallurgy was first practiced in Yemen, but first bronze items appeared in the 3rd-2nd mill graves. Probably bronze (raw material, not items) was imported from Omani mountains.\"§REF§(A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)§REF§" }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 541, "name": "ye_qasimid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty", "start_year": 1637, "end_year": 1805 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 539, "name": "ye_qatabanian_commonwealth", "long_name": "Qatabanian Commonwealth", "start_year": -450, "end_year": -111 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 365, "name": "ye_warlords", "long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords", "start_year": 1038, "end_year": 1174 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "" } ] }