Copper List
A viewset for viewing and editing Coppers.
GET /api/wf/coppers/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 338, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/coppers/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/coppers/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Siyalk II-III in Iran, evidence of copper smelting but unclear if in use for military means §REF§(Leverani 2014, 54) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 489, "name": "ir_susiana_b", "long_name": "Susiana B", "start_year": -5700, "end_year": -5100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Siyalk II-III in Iran, evidence of copper smelting but unclear if in use for military means §REF§(Leverani 2014, 54) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 491, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_2", "long_name": "Susiana - Late Ubaid", "start_year": -4700, "end_year": -4300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " copper based tools and weapons appeared in the 5th millenium BC §REF§Abbas Moghaddam, ‘The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>, 2013, p. 124§REF§" }, { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": -5100, "year_to": -5000, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘production of metal artifacts that now began in earnest with the cold and hot working of copper’§REF§Barbara Helwing, ‘The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>, 2013, p. 84§REF§ copper based tools and weapons appeared in the 5th millenium BC §REF§Abbas Moghaddam, ‘The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>, 2013, p. 124§REF§" }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": -4999, "year_to": -4700, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘production of metal artifacts that now began in earnest with the cold and hot working of copper’§REF§Barbara Helwing, ‘The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>, 2013, p. 84§REF§ copper based tools and weapons appeared in the 5th millenium BC §REF§Abbas Moghaddam, ‘The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>, 2013, p. 124§REF§" }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 499, "name": "ir_elam_5", "long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": "‘copper/bronze socketed spear’ §REF§Michael D. Danti, ‘The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 340§REF§" }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Copper has been found for a time frame in the region covering this polity:copper and bronze weapons found in graves. §REF§Michael D. Danti, ‘The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 347§REF§" }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 501, "name": "ir_elam_7", "long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period", "start_year": -1199, "end_year": -1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Copper has been found for a time frame in the region covering this polity:copper and bronze weapons found in graves §REF§Michael D. Danti, ‘The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 347§REF§" }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 503, "name": "ir_neo_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam I", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘Major categories are pear-shaped stone maceheads, copper/bronze spiked and star maces, shortswords, knives/daggers with upturned ends, iron socketed spears, and arrowheads’ §REF§Michael D. Danti, ‘The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 359§REF§" }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Copper and Iron weaponry found in Neo-Elamite territory dating to the early 7th century §REF§Javier Alvarez-Mon, ‘Elam in the Iron Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 461-2§REF§" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 505, "name": "ir_neo_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam III", "start_year": -612, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " bronze is made with copper: Heavy cavalry armour made from \"rawhide, horn, iron, and bronze cut into scales.\"§REF§(Penrose 2008, 223) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ \"The standard turn-out would have included helmets of bronze or iron, sometimes with a neck guard and/or an aventail of lamellar, scale or mail, sometimes sporting a small plume of horsehair, either dyed or left natural; and a corselet of lamellar, mail or scale for the torso\" §REF§(Penrose 2008, 223) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " bronze made with copper: Heavy cavalry armour made from \"rawhide, horn, iron, and bronze cut into scales.\"§REF§(Penrose 2008, 223) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 485, "name": "ir_susiana_pre_ceramic", "long_name": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "start_year": -7800, "end_year": -7200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " bronze is made with copper. Copper weapons present in preceding Parthian polity §REF§(Penrose 2008, 223) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " bronze is made with copper. Copper weapons present in preceding Parthian polity §REF§(Penrose 2008, 223) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 169, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in previous and subsequent periods." }, { "id": 170, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 496, "name": "ir_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period", "start_year": -2028, "end_year": -1940 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kuz’mina 2007, 368) Elena E Kuz'mina. J P Mallory ed. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 497, "name": "ir_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Required for bronze." }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 498, "name": "ir_elam_4", "long_name": "Elam - Late Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘copper/bronze socketed spear’§REF§Michael D. Danti, ‘The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in Northwestern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 340§REF§" }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " copper based tools and weapons appeared in the 5th millenium BC §REF§Abbas Moghaddam, ‘The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>, 2013, p. 124§REF§" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " copper based tools and weapons appeared in the 5th millenium BC §REF§Abbas Moghaddam, ‘The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>, 2013, p. 124§REF§" }, { "id": 176, "polity": { "id": 494, "name": "ir_susa_3", "long_name": "Susa III", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2675 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The materials used for weapons were mainly copper for this period §REF§(Leverani 2014, 81) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 179, "name": "it_latium_ba", "long_name": "Latium - Bronze Age", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred present due to inferred presence of bronze." }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 178, "name": "it_latium_ca", "long_name": "Latium - Copper Age", "start_year": -3600, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Axes and halberds §REF§A.P. Anzidei, A.M. Bietti Sestieri and A. De Santis, Roma e il Lazio dall'età della pietra alla formazione della città (1985), p. 97§REF§." }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 180, "name": "it_latium_ia", "long_name": "Latium - Iron Age", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from the presence of bronze." }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 186, "name": "it_ostrogoth_k", "long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "start_year": 489, "end_year": 554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from presence of bronze." }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from presence of bronze." }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 190, "name": "it_papal_state_1", "long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1309 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from presence of bronze." }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 192, "name": "it_papal_state_3", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I", "start_year": 1527, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from presence of bronze." }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 191, "name": "it_papal_state_2", "long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1378, "end_year": 1527 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from presence of bronze." }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from presence of bronze." }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 184, "name": "it_roman_rep_3", "long_name": "Late Roman Republic", "start_year": -133, "end_year": -31 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 183, "name": "it_roman_rep_2", "long_name": "Middle Roman Republic", "start_year": -264, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from presence of bronze." }, { "id": 189, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Shields boss made of iron or copper alloy. §REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 43)§REF§" }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Copper is used to make bronze." }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 185, "name": "it_western_roman_emp", "long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 476 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 192, "polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 193, "polity": { "id": 149, "name": "jp_ashikaga", "long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1467 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " required for bronze" }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " required for bronze" }, { "id": 195, "polity": { "id": 151, "name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama", "long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1603 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " required for bronze" }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from the presence of higher metals." }, { "id": 197, "polity": { "id": 138, "name": "jp_jomon_1", "long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon", "start_year": -13600, "end_year": -9200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 139, "name": "jp_jomon_2", "long_name": "Japan - Initial Jomon", "start_year": -9200, "end_year": -5300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 140, "name": "jp_jomon_3", "long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon", "start_year": -5300, "end_year": -3500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." }, { "id": 200, "polity": { "id": 141, "name": "jp_jomon_4", "long_name": "Japan - Middle Jomon", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Copper", "copper": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Metalworking began in the Yayoi period §REF§(Mizoguchi 2013, 140)§REF§." } ] }