Breastplate List
A viewset for viewing and editing Breastplates.
GET /api/wf/breastplates/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 362, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/breastplates/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/breastplates/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 502, "name": "ir_elam_8", "long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period", "start_year": -1100, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 507, "name": "ir_elymais_2", "long_name": "Elymais II", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " By 600 BCE early Greeks and Romans had introduced the bronze cast bell muscle cuirass.§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 21) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 486, "name": "ir_susiana_formative", "long_name": "Formative Period", "start_year": -7200, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No reference to plate armour. Plate armour more typical for heavy cavalry which carried lances rather than horsemen with bows. However, some Mongol cavalry carried lances.§REF§Martin, H. Desmond. “The Mongol Army.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1 (April 1, 1943): 52.§REF§" }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 489, "name": "ir_susiana_b", "long_name": "Susiana B", "start_year": -5700, "end_year": -5100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 491, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_2", "long_name": "Susiana - Late Ubaid", "start_year": -4700, "end_year": -4300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 499, "name": "ir_elam_5", "long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Texts from Haft Tepe during the previous Kidinuid Period include \"accounts of armour plates, belts, and other elements of armour in silver […]\".§REF§(Potts 1999: 203) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WDUEEBGQ/q/Potts\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WDUEEBGQ/q/Potts</a>.§REF§ Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 501, "name": "ir_elam_7", "long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period", "start_year": -1199, "end_year": -1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Texts from Haft Tepe during the previous Kidinuid Period include \"accounts of armour plates, belts, and other elements of armour in silver […]\".§REF§(Potts 1999: 203) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WDUEEBGQ/q/Potts\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WDUEEBGQ/q/Potts</a>.§REF§ Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 503, "name": "ir_neo_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam I", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts." }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 505, "name": "ir_neo_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam III", "start_year": -612, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Plutarch on the Parthians at Carrhae: \"tough breastplates of raw hide or steel\".§REF§(Ellis 2004, 38) Ellis, John. 2004. Cavalry: History of Mounted Warfare. Pen and Sword.§REF§" }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Plutarch on the Parthians at Carrhae: \"tough breastplates of raw hide or steel\".§REF§(Ellis 2004, 38) Ellis, John. 2004. Cavalry: History of Mounted Warfare. Pen and Sword.§REF§" }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 485, "name": "ir_susiana_pre_ceramic", "long_name": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "start_year": -7800, "end_year": -7200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Cuirass (char-a'ina). Iran, Qajar period, early 19th century. Steel, gold, and textile.\"§REF§(Phyrr 2015, 6) Stuart W Phyrr. 2015. American Collectors and the Formation of the Metropolitan Museum's Collection of Islamic Arms and Armor. David G Alexander. ed. Islamic Arms and Armor in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Yale University Press. New Haven.§REF§" }, { "id": 169, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Mentioned in Safavid literature.§REF§(Mitchell 2009, 44-45) Mitchell, Colin P. 2009. Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran, The: Power, Religion and Rhetoric. I.B. Tauris. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 170, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Armoured knight had protection for the torso, arms and legs.§REF§(Farrokh 2005, 3-27) Farrokh, Kevah. 2005. Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ \"During the reign of the first King Khosrow, or Chosroes (531-79), a cavalryman's equipment consisted of body armor, breastplate, helmet, greaves and arm shields\".§REF§(Mitterauer 2010, 106) Mitterauer, M. 2010. Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path. University of Chicago Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Armoured knight had protection for the torso, arms and legs.§REF§(Farrokh 2005, 3-27) Farrokh, Kevah. 2005. Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ \"During the reign of the first King Khosrow, or Chosroes (531-79), a cavalryman's equipment consisted of body armor, breastplate, helmet, greaves and arm shields\".§REF§(Mitterauer 2010, 106) Mitterauer, M. 2010. Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path. University of Chicago Press.§REF§ at the muster parades of Khusrau I (second Sassanid period) cavalry units required to have \"mail, breastplate, helmet, leg guards, arm guards, horse armour, lance, buckler, sword, mace, battle axe, quiver of thirty arrows, bow case with two bows, and two spare bow strings.\"§REF§(Chegini 1996, 58) Chegini, N. N. Political History, Economy and Society. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.40-58. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Breastplates, or <i>cuirass</i>, were probably worn by officers in the army (based on the military code of Amphipolis, which mentions breastplates with reference to officers), but it is likely that soldiers also wore breastplates as protection from increasingly advanced and prevalent missile technology in enemy armies. §REF§Bar-Kochva, B. 1976. The Seleucid Army: Organization and Tactics in the Great Campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p55.§REF§" }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The dearth of illustrative material for the greater part of six centuries is largely due to the wanton destruction caused by two savage invasions from the east and only such finds as the stucco figures from Kara-shar [Central Asian warrior, eighth to tenth century] tell us that in all this period there had been little change.\"§REF§(Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.§REF§ The nomadic Turkman archer had the equipment of Turkic, rather than Persian, military culture. However, that the Sassanid cavarlyman wore breastplate§REF§(Mitterauer 2010, 106) Mitterauer, M. 2010. Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path. University of Chicago Press.§REF§ might suggest the Seljuk mamluk forces, which came from Islamic tradition, if not the Turkman forces themselves, may have worn breastplates." }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 496, "name": "ir_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period", "start_year": -2028, "end_year": -1940 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 497, "name": "ir_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 176, "polity": { "id": 498, "name": "ir_elam_4", "long_name": "Elam - Late Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Late 3rd - early 2nd millennium BCE text: \"May Ninurta, Enlil's son, set the helmet Lion of Battle on your head, may the breastplate (?) that in the great mountains does not permit retreat be laid on your breast!\"§REF§Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird: c.1.8.2.2. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.§REF§ In India, cuirasses or breastplates of copper, iron, silver and gold are referenced in the Vedic epic literature.§REF§Singh, Sarva Daman. Ancient Indian Warfare: With Special Reference to the Vedic Period. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989. p. 116§REF§ Breastplates are known to have been worn by early Romans§REF§(Cornell 1995, 179) Cornell, T.J. 1995. The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC). London: Routledge.§REF§ and the advanced Greek Cairan armour c600 BCE included the breastplate.§REF§(J G Manning 2015, Personal Communication to Seshat Databanak)§REF§ In Persia, the Archaemenids (c5th century CE?) are known to have used iron breastplates§REF§(Farrokh 2007, 76) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - did the cavalry of the Medes (715-550 BCE), who preceded them, wear breastplates? <i>Physical evidence for the breastplate does not appear to be common in the ancient world though there appears to be some text references. We also code present on the basis of fabric/textile breastplates which are least likely to survive in archaeological contexts. For that reason a code of suspected unknown may be best at least back to the late bronze age.</i>" }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned by sources." }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 494, "name": "ir_susa_3", "long_name": "Susa III", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2675 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not yet available" }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 178, "name": "it_latium_ca", "long_name": "Latium - Copper Age", "start_year": -3600, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Reference to the use of shields, helmets, greaves, breastplates dates to the Bronze Age.§REF§(Guilaine 2008: 204-05) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/LZB53FDH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/LZB53FDH</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 180, "name": "it_latium_ia", "long_name": "Latium - Iron Age", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Found buried in the richest grave at Castel di Decima §REF§G. Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome (2006), pp. 53-58§REF§. \"Miniature weapons and armour (swords, daggers, spears, shields, pectorals also occur in central Italy in the Early Iron age, for example in a few tombs in the Latial cemetery of Osteria dell'Osa\" §REF§Osgood, Monks, Toms, Bronze Age Warfare (2000), p.104§REF§ \"The simple metal disc worn on the breast and sometimes the back of warriors was one of the oldest forms of body-armour. It was usually supported by crossed straps passing over the shoulders, as in the case of the statue of a seventh- to sixth-century B.C. Italic warrior from Capistrano in the Museo Nazionale, Rome\". §REF§(Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 186, "name": "it_ostrogoth_k", "long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "start_year": 489, "end_year": 554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Breastplate and helmet worn only by the Ostrogothic nobility.§REF§(Thompson 2002, 81)§REF§" }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " On the basis of armour worn by French soldiers of the 12th-13th centuries we would expect helmet and shield, leather and quilted armour as well as metal breastplate, limb protection and chainmail. §REF§Boulton in Kilber, W W. 1995. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press.§REF§§REF§Nicolle, D and McBride, A. 1991. French Medieval Armies 1000-1300. Osprey Publishing Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 190, "name": "it_papal_state_1", "long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1309 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " General reference for this time period in Europe: cuirasses.§REF§(Rogers 2007, 31) Clifford J Rogers. 2007. Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Middle Ages. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 192, "name": "it_papal_state_3", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I", "start_year": 1527, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 193, "name": "it_papal_state_4", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1809 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 191, "name": "it_papal_state_2", "long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1378, "end_year": 1527 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " General reference for this time period in Europe: cuirasses.§REF§(Rogers 2007, 31) Clifford J Rogers. 2007. Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Middle Ages. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 189, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Hoplite panoplies have been discovered in the so-called Tomb of the Warrior at Vulci, dating to c. 530 B.C., as well as in a tomb at Lanuvium in Latium dating to the early fifth century\" (citing Torelli 1989 and Drummond).§REF§(Forsythe 2006, 114) Forsythe, Gary. 2006. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 184, "name": "it_roman_rep_3", "long_name": "Late Roman Republic", "start_year": -133, "end_year": -31 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 192, "polity": { "id": 183, "name": "it_roman_rep_2", "long_name": "Middle Roman Republic", "start_year": -264, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Polybius reports all soldiers wore a bronze pectoral body armour, though lorica hamata (chain mail shirt) was preferred by those soldiers who could afford it.\"§REF§(Fields 2007, 19)§REF§\"Polybius (6.22-23; 25) describes how the legion in this period was divided into four types of infantry. There were three different groups of heavy infantry: 1,200 hastati ('spearmen'), 1,200 principes ('leading men') and 600 triarii ('third line men'). They were equipped in broadly similar fashion, with bronze helmets and greaves and either a simple square bronze chest-guard, or more elaborate body armour such as a mail tunic, according to each individual's wealth and ability to provide his own protection.\"§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 14-15)§REF§" }, { "id": 193, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron breastplates. §REF§(unrv.com, 2013 <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.unrv.com/military/legionary-weapons-equipment.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">[27]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Worn by class I. §REF§(Cornell 1995, 179)§REF§ Probably \"based upon the elaborate poncho-type cuirass discovered at Narce (Tomb 43) in Etruria.\" §REF§(Fields 2011)§REF§ \"Hoplite panoplies have been discovered in the so-called Tomb of the Warrior at Vulci, dating to c. 530 B.C., as well as in a tomb at Lanuvium in Latium dating to the early fifth century\" (citing Torelli 1989 and Drummond).§REF§(Forsythe 2006, 114) Forsythe, Gary. 2006. A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 195, "polity": { "id": 185, "name": "it_western_roman_emp", "long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 476 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 197, "polity": { "id": 544, "name": "it_venetian_rep_3", "long_name": "Republic of Venice III", "start_year": 1204, "end_year": 1563 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " General reference for medieval warfare: \"From about 1340, the plates covering the chest were combined to form a rudimentary breastplate, which first covered only the upper chest area. ... By about 1370 the breastplate was extended downward by means of an attached skirt of hoops, a fauld, so that the whole torso was protected.\"§REF§(Smith 2010, 70) Robert Douglas Smith. Armor, Body. Clifford J. Rogers. ed. 2010. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ <i>General reference for medieval warfare: \"The increasing use of gunpowder weapons as well as changes in tactics and the increasing sizes of armies led to the demise of armor in the seventeeth century.\"§REF§(Smith 2010, 73) Robert Douglas Smith. Armor, Body. Clifford J. Rogers. ed. 2010. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§</i>" }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 545, "name": "it_venetian_rep_4", "long_name": "Republic of Venice IV", "start_year": 1564, "end_year": 1797 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " General reference for medieval warfare: \"From about 1340, the plates covering the chest were combined to form a rudimentary breastplate, which first covered only the upper chest area. ... By about 1370 the breastplate was extended downward by means of an attached skirt of hoops, a fauld, so that the whole torso was protected.\"§REF§(Smith 2010, 70) Robert Douglas Smith. Armor, Body. Clifford J. Rogers. ed. 2010. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ <i>General reference for medieval warfare: \"The increasing use of gunpowder weapons as well as changes in tactics and the increasing sizes of armies led to the demise of armor in the seventeeth century.\"§REF§(Smith 2010, 73) Robert Douglas Smith. Armor, Body. Clifford J. Rogers. ed. 2010. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§</i>" }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 149, "name": "jp_ashikaga", "long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1467 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " if meaning a metal breastplate present if meaning armor that covers the torso." }, { "id": 200, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Breastplate", "breastplate": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Japanese breastplates (<i>Do</i>) started being manufactered in the 4th century CE.§REF§Farris, W. W., 1998. Sacred texts and buried treasures: issues in the historical archaeology of ancient Japan.University of Hawaii Press,P.75§REF§." } ] }