Battle Axe List
A viewset for viewing and editing Battle Axes.
GET /api/wf/battle-axes/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 364, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/battle-axes/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/battle-axes/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 487, "name": "ir_susiana_archaic", "long_name": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 495, "name": "ir_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam - Awan Dynasty I", "start_year": -2675, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " shafthole axes made of sheet bronze §REF§Daniel T. Potts, ‘Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 211§REF§ \"Metal weapons become more prevalent in the assemblage beginning in the EDIII period, with the appearance of daggers, battle axes, and a variety of spearheads\" §REF§(Stefanski, Arthur. 2008. “The Material Culture of Early Dynastic Akkadian Period Conflict: Copper and Bronze Melee Weapons from Khafajah.” The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies. 13: 16)§REF§" }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In the seventh century the Arab Caliphate overran the Sāssānian Empire and, as far as we can tell, no great changes took place in the Persian equipment then or for a long time afterwards.\"§REF§(Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.§REF§ Sassanids§REF§(Mitterauer 2010, 106) Mitterauer, M. 2010. Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path. University of Chicago Press.§REF§ and Abbasids§REF§(Nicolle and Hook 1998, Cover Illustration) Nicolle D, Hook A. 1998. Armies of the Caliphates 862-1098. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ had battle axes." }, { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 502, "name": "ir_elam_8", "long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period", "start_year": -1100, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in the previous polity and axeheads found in the neighboring region of Luristan at this time.§REF§Bruno Overlaet, ‘Luristan During the Iron Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 380§REF§ The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 507, "name": "ir_elymais_2", "long_name": "Elymais II", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present for Parthian heavy cavalry. Did Elymaens have their own cavalry? The Seleucid Greeks maintained some cavalry troops.§REF§Aperghis, G. G. 2004. The Seleukid Royal Economy: The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleukid Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p194§REF§" }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 486, "name": "ir_susiana_formative", "long_name": "Formative Period", "start_year": -7200, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Depictions of Ilkanid/Mongol soldiers with axes. §REF§David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, rev. and updated ed (London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999). P.243§REF§" }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 489, "name": "ir_susiana_b", "long_name": "Susiana B", "start_year": -5700, "end_year": -5100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 491, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_2", "long_name": "Susiana - Late Ubaid", "start_year": -4700, "end_year": -4300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 499, "name": "ir_elam_5", "long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Found at Choga Zanbil.§REF§Potts, D.T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.227§REF§ The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Found at Choga Zanbil.§REF§Potts, D.T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.227§REF§ The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 501, "name": "ir_elam_7", "long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period", "start_year": -1199, "end_year": -1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Found at Choga Zanbil.§REF§Potts, D.T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.227§REF§ The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 503, "name": "ir_neo_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam I", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Bronze axes found in the neighboring polity for this time and had been long present in the region.§REF§Bruno Overlaet, ‘Luristan During the Iron Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, pp. 380-381§REF§ The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Bronze axes found in the neighboring polity for this time and had been long present in the region.§REF§Bruno Overlaet, ‘Luristan During the Iron Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, pp. 380-381§REF§ The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 505, "name": "ir_neo_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam III", "start_year": -612, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Secondary weapons of the heavy cavalryman \"included a long sword, axe, mace and dagger.\"§REF§(Penrose 2008, 224) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ Secondary weapons for the horse-archers: \"Axes, short swords, daggers and sometimes long swords were secondary weapons worn at the belt.\"§REF§(Penrose 2008, 225) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 169, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Secondary weapons of the heavy cavalryman \"included a long sword, axe, mace and dagger.\"§REF§(Penrose 2008, 224) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ Secondary weapons for the horse-archers: \"Axes, short swords, daggers and sometimes long swords were secondary weapons worn at the belt.\"§REF§(Penrose 2008, 225) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 170, "polity": { "id": 485, "name": "ir_susiana_pre_ceramic", "long_name": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "start_year": -7800, "end_year": -7200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later" }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In the region of modern Sudan during this period: \"The Mahdist army used different types of weapons during their revolt. They used also weapons such as swords, axes and maces which resembled Persian weapons of the same period in terms of shape and decoration.\"§REF§(Stephane and Khorasani 2018) Pradines Stephane. Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani. 2018. Sufi in War: Persian influence on African weaponry in the 19th century Mahdist Sudan. JAAS. Volume XXII. No.5.§REF§" }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Qizilbdsh troops sometimes used battle axes. §REF§Savory, R. M. “The Sherley Myth.” Iran 5, 1967 / : 75.§REF§" }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Battleaxe.§REF§(Mitterauer 2010, 106) Mitterauer, M. 2010. Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path. University of Chicago Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"During the reign of the first King Khosrow, or Chosroes (531-79), a cavalryman's equipment consisted of ... battleaxe ...\"§REF§(Mitterauer 2010, 106) Mitterauer, M. 2010. Why Europe?: The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path. University of Chicago Press.§REF§ at the muster parades of Khusrau I (second Sassanid period) cavalry units required to have \"mail, breastplate, helmet, leg guards, arm guards, horse armour, lance, buckler, sword, mace, battle axe, quiver of thirty arrows, bow case with two bows, and two spare bow strings.\"§REF§(Chegini 1996, 58) Chegini, N. N. Political History, Economy and Society. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.40-58. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in previous and subsequent periods." }, { "id": 176, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Saljuq art shows soldiers equipped with axes. §REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.211.§REF§" }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 496, "name": "ir_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period", "start_year": -2028, "end_year": -1940 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ <i>The last reference was have is c2000 BCE in Sumer. The lament for Sumer and Ur states: 'large axes were sharpened in front of Ur'.§REF§Hamblin, W. J. 2006. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge.§REF§</i>" }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 497, "name": "ir_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present.§REF§Potts 1999, 177§REF§ <i>What explanation accompanied this reference?</i> The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ <i>The last reference was have is c2000 BCE in Sumer. The lament for Sumer and Ur states: 'large axes were sharpened in front of Ur'.§REF§Hamblin, W. J. 2006. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge.§REF§</i>" }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 498, "name": "ir_elam_4", "long_name": "Elam - Late Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The war axe evolved after the development of body and head armour. Invented by the Sumerians, the socketed penetrating axe was \"one of the most devastating close-combat weapons of the Bronze and Iron ages.\"§REF§(Gabriel and Metz 1991, 61) Richard A Gabriel. Karen S Metz. 1991. The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ <i>The last reference was have is c2000 BCE in Sumer. The lament for Sumer and Ur states: 'large axes were sharpened in front of Ur'.§REF§Hamblin, W. J. 2006. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. New York: Routledge.§REF§</i>" }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘circulation of characteristic Late Chalcolithic double axes’ and these axes were used as weapons. §REF§Barbara Helwing, ‘The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 87§REF§" }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘circulation of characteristic Late Chalcolithic double axes’ and these axes were used as weapons. §REF§Barbara Helwing, ‘The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 87§REF§" }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 494, "name": "ir_susa_3", "long_name": "Susa III", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2675 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘circulation of characteristic Late Chalcolithic double axes’ and these axes were used as weapons. §REF§Barbara Helwing, ‘The Chalcolithic of Northern Iran’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, p. 87§REF§" }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Axel Kristissen; Arni D Juliusson pers. comm. 2017§REF§" }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 179, "name": "it_latium_ba", "long_name": "Latium - Bronze Age", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In earlier period than this axe-hammers buried with possible warrior elite §REF§A.P. Anzidei, A.M. Bietti Sestieri and A. De Santis, Roma e il Lazio dall'età della pietra alla formazione della città (1985), p. 98§REF§." }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 178, "name": "it_latium_ca", "long_name": "Latium - Copper Age", "start_year": -3600, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§R. Whitehouse, Underground Religion (1992), p. 19§REF§, perhaps including axe-hammers buried with possible warrior elite §REF§A.P. Anzidei, A.M. Bietti Sestieri and A. De Santis, Roma e il Lazio dall'età della pietra alla formazione della città (1985), p. 98§REF§." }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 180, "name": "it_latium_ia", "long_name": "Latium - Iron Age", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Bronze axe found in the Quattro Fontanili cemetery in Veii near Rome. §REF§Osgood, Monks, Toms, Bronze Age Warfare (2000), p.105§REF§" }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 186, "name": "it_ostrogoth_k", "long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom", "start_year": 489, "end_year": 554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " French mercenaries were often employed who would bring their own weapons. These included the battle axe, sword, dagger, spear or lance. Mace, club and flail would begin their rise to prominence at the end of this period. §REF§Boulton in Kilber, W W. 1995. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press.§REF§§REF§Nicolle, D and McBride, A. 1991. French Medieval Armies 1000-1300. Osprey Publishing Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 189, "polity": { "id": 190, "name": "it_papal_state_1", "long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1309 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " General reference for this time period in Europe: other weapons included mace, war hammer, dagger, poleaxe and axe.§REF§(Rogers 2007, 32) Clifford J Rogers. 2007. Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Middle Ages. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 192, "name": "it_papal_state_3", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I", "start_year": 1527, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 193, "name": "it_papal_state_4", "long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1809 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 192, "polity": { "id": 191, "name": "it_papal_state_2", "long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1378, "end_year": 1527 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " General reference for this time period in Europe: other weapons included mace, war hammer, dagger, poleaxe and axe.§REF§(Rogers 2007, 32) Clifford J Rogers. 2007. Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Middle Ages. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 193, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Used in clannish period before introduction of Hoplite equipment c600 BCE." }, { "id": 195, "polity": { "id": 184, "name": "it_roman_rep_3", "long_name": "Late Roman Republic", "start_year": -133, "end_year": -31 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No information in literature." }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 183, "name": "it_roman_rep_2", "long_name": "Middle Roman Republic", "start_year": -264, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No information in literature." }, { "id": 197, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Other weapons included ... the axe\" §REF§(Fields 2011)§REF§" }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 185, "name": "it_western_roman_emp", "long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 476 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 200, "polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Battle_axe", "battle_axe": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }