Weight Measurement System List
A viewset for viewing and editing Weight Measurement Systems.
GET /api/sc/weight-measurement-systems/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 139, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/weight-measurement-systems/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/weight-measurement-systems/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Standard weights were prescribed by King Offa of Mercia and were used for centuries.§REF§(Donnachie 2015) Donnachie, Ian. 2015. ‘Weights and Measures’, in The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4444. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6JQDSKYN§REF§Scales and weights have been found in a small number of graves in the south-east of England, which were used for assessing bullion and coins.§REF§(Hamerow 2005: 285) Hamerow, Helena. 2005. “The Earliest Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms.” Chapter. In The New Cambridge Medieval History, edited by Paul Fouracre, 1:263–88. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521362917.012. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5JNINHPQ§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " France had made the metric system of measurements and units since 1794. §REF§Cardarelli 2003: 73. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UWS9ZN34.§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The sources consulted have not confirmed the system used, however it is likely they had one given their extensive infrastructures, and that they probably used a Persian system." }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Measurement systems have not been mentioned in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Old Austrian weight units were “derived from Prussian and German systems.” These included pfund, unze, and gran. In 1871 the metric system was adopted and in 1876 it became compulsory.§REF§(Cardarelli 2003: 99) Cardarelli, François. 2003. Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights, and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins. London; New York: Springer. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UWS9ZN34§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "One pood was equivalent to approximately 16.38 kilograms or 36.11 pounds. It was a standard measure for a range of goods, from agricultural produce to industrial materials. \r\n\r\nAdditionally, smaller units like the \"funt\" (equivalent to roughly one pound) were also in use.§REF§Очерки Истории Русской Метрологии. XI - Начало XX Века - Шостьин Н.А., n.d.,<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K39G27B6\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: K39G27B6</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Shi Huangdi \"unified the Chinese script, currency and measurement system\"§REF§(Law 2004, 12) Law, Eugene. 2004. 中国指南. 五洲传播出版社.§REF§" }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Shang Yang noted for standardizing measurement systems of Qin in 4th c bce, but clear that all Warring States kingdoms each had their own systems of measurement, sometimes with regional differences as well", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Bivar (2010) says there was a universal standard under the Achaemenids: the standard unit of weight of the shekel \"was enforced throughout the Archaemenid Empire by Darius the Great ... around 515 BCE. In this system, the shekel stood at 8.40 grams.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6WV2R6AN\">[webpage_WEIGHTS AND MEASURES i. PRE-ISLAMIC...]</a> Did the Greeks also import their Greek measurement system? Was this different?", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), no âmbito da reforma das ordenações e dos forais, empreenderá também uma reforma dos pesos e medidas tão importante que se manterá em vigor até ao século XIX.\"§REF§Seabra Lopes, L. 2005. A cultura da medição em Portugal ao longo da história. <i>Educação e Matemática</i>: 42-48 (45).§REF§ Translation: \"Finally, Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), as part of his reform of ordinances and charters, also implemented a reform of weights and measures so important that it remain in force until the 19th century.\" Seabra Lopes then goes on to describe, in detail, how this reform affected measurements of length, volume, and weight." }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), no âmbito da reforma das ordenações e dos forais, empreenderá também uma reforma dos pesos e medidas tão importante que se manterá em vigor até ao século XIX.\"§REF§Seabra Lopes, L. 2005. A cultura da medição em Portugal ao longo da história. <i>Educação e Matemática</i>: 42-48 (45).§REF§ Translation: \"Finally, Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), as part of his reform of ordinances and charters, also implemented a reform of weights and measures so important that it remain in force until the 19th century.\" Seabra Lopes then goes on to describe, in detail, how this reform affected measurements of length, volume, and weight." }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Cardarelli 2003: 122§REF§" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Suggested by the following two quotes. \"Islam was unifying element in much of the Indian Ocean, especially on both sides—the east African coast and the Malay world. The east African societies relied on Islam to help create their world since their identity derived not only from commercial links with co-religionists but on specific modes of social and commercial behavior. The Muslim religion gave prescriptions as to everyday conduct. The Koran had specific admonitions on fair practice in the market place. The Koranic injunction to have balance scales led to the appearance of a market inspector called the muhtash whose specific job was to oversee local transactions and check weights and measures among other duties.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3WJ42ET7\">[Rothman 2002, p. 80]</a> \"The \" metical \" was the gold standard on the Azanian coast at the time of the arrival of the Portuguese. It was not a coin, but a specific quantity of gold dust. Like all weights and measures its value varied from time to time and in different places, but it may be taken to have been worth about eleven shilling* and sixpence. This value is the average of a series of transactions referred to by Portuguese writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CG9EGFB2\">[Pearce 1920, p. 62]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Known from the 1229 CE Smolensk Pravda that the Church controlled weights and measures for a time from the end of the 12th century, before this time \"presumably a responsibility of the secular powers\" because \"the Charter of Rostislav Mstislavich of 1136 which regulated the bishop's income in great detail, did not mention any ecclesiastical involvement in weights and measures.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 461-462) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1859, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1860, "year_to": 1894, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionary social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to the 18th century as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionaty social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Weights and scales found in burial assemblages for females.§REF§(Stadler 2008, 63) Peter Stadler. Avar Chronology Revisited, And The Question Of Ethnicity In The Avar Qaganate. Florin Curta. Roman Kovalev. eds. 2008. “The” Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans ; [papers ... Presented in the Three Special Sessions at the 40th and 42nd Editions of the International Congress on Medieval Studies Held at Kalamazzo in 2005 and 2007]. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "From trade acquired a bronze balance and weights (found at Adulis and Aksum). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 388]</a> These likely from Roman-Byzantine and Indian merchants living at Adulis and Aksum. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 389]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "From trade acquired a bronze balance and weights (found at Adulis and Aksum). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 388]</a> These likely from Roman-Byzantine and Indian merchants living at Adulis and Aksum. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 389]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"By the fourth quarter of the twelfth century, with the advent of Narapatisithu (Cansu II), dedicatory inscriptions came to be written exclusively in the Burmese language, an administrative hierarchy was firmly in place, and weights and measures were standardized, preparing the way for the monetization of the Burmese economy in the thirteenth century.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 122) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ Measurement systems preceded the standardization." }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "No specific information, however we know the Banu Ghaniya had a \"military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaerics§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ and, at least initially they maintained a fleet,§REF§(Saidi 1997, 19) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ both which suggest high social complexity. Their supporters included the Abbasid caliphate who formally considered them to be \"heir of the Almoravids in the Maghrib\"§REF§(Abun-Nasr 1987, 100) Jamil M Abun-Nasr. 1987. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. Cambrige.§REF§ and they were an Almoravid family who had fled the Almohad conquest of the Almoravids.§REF§(Ruiz 2012, 69) Ana Ruiz. 2012. Medina Mayrit. The Origins of Madrid. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ The Abbasids had a measurement system." }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Likely to have used the Greek system if they did not have their own.", "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Likely to have used the Greek system if they did not have their own.", "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Literary works such as the Upamitibhavaprapanchakatha include stories of merchants \"cheating their customers using false weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, p. 334]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "During the Spring and Autumn period, which followed the Western Zhou, each state had their own weights and measures. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LH4LV8FI\">[Lemoy 2011, p. 73]</a> Weights and measures first standardized under the Qin. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5DVZ5TBI\">[Embree_Gluck 2015, p. 896]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Shang Yang noted for standardizing measurement systems of Qin in 4th c bce, but clear that all Warring States kingdoms each had their own systems of measurement, sometimes with regional differences as well", "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"the khanate's governmental structures and institutions often followed the Ottoman model.§REF§(Klein 2012, 3) Denise Klein. Introduction. Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§ Ottomans regulated their weights by inspection.§REF§(Lapidus 2012, 450) I M Lapidus. 2012. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "The 16th-century Spanish historian Francisco López de Gómara (who did not visit the Americas personally) 'mentioned that among the Chibcha on the coast of Cartagena some system of weighing was employed'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 343]</a> Cartagena is in Colombia but Chibcha-speaking populations were very likely also present in Central Panama in this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BTQQ8AX\">[Hoopes_et_al 2003, p. 56]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 100]</a> Besides this statement, I have been unable to find examples in the literature of good evidence for standardized weights in Precolumbian Panama. More information is needed to be able to code this variable.", "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given general pattern of increasing complexity through time in the region <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ITEA4NM\">[Taylor_Robertshaw 2000, pp. 17-19]</a> , it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 429, "name": "mr_wagadu_1", "long_name": "Early Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "At Koumbi Saleh \"occupied from the sixth to the eighteenth century\": \"Artifacts recovered from the site included many fragments of Mediterranean pottery, stones inscribed with Koranic verses and a number of glass weights so small in size they must have been used for weighing gold.\"§REF§(Reader 1998, 280)§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Idris II organized the first central government.§REF§(Esposito 2003) John L Esposito ed. 2003. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§ Under Idris II the Qarawiyin University was built and Fez became \"an important religious and cultural center\". §REF§(Esposito 2003, 132) John L Esposito ed. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "\"Information about the use of weights and measures is also lacking.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/58FRDM4B\">[Baruah 1985, p. 165]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The most developed aspect of Kangju administration currently recorded is that they minted their own coins§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§ which suggests the administration had a basic understanding of how to measure weights." }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 395, "name": "in_karkota_dyn", "long_name": "Karkota Dynasty", "start_year": 625, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "\"The measure of weight in Kashmir has been the khari from time immemorial.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJWSDUQS\">[Bamzai 1962, p. 234]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars. The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Kongo had \"state officials\" paid for by the state.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 81) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ \"The Kongo kingdom, based on tropical agriculture, evolved a sophisticated state system, an efficient bureaucracy, and an advanced culture.\"§REF§(Minahan 2002, 1011) James Minahan. 2002. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ Also, the possibility of Portuguese influence: \"missionary schools ... catered to the Kongo elite at Mbanza Kongo and the provincial capitals. Pupils were taught basic literacy, Christian doctrine, and Latin.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 31) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ Portuguese settlers became officials in Kongo.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 61) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Georgian king had a civil service.§REF§(Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§ Christian priests clergy with literary culture.§REF§(Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": "The 16th-century Spanish historian Francisco López de Gómara (who did not visit the Americas personally) 'mentioned that among the Chibcha on the coast of Cartagena some system of weighing was employed'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 343]</a> Cartagena is in Colombia but Chibcha-speaking populations were very likely also present in Central Panama in this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BTQQ8AX\">[Hoopes_et_al 2003, p. 56]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 100]</a> Besides this statement, I have been unable to find examples in the literature of good evidence for standardized weights in Precolumbian Panama. More information is needed to be able to code this variable.", "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Under Eastern Han: \"Systems of measuring length, area, volume and weight were based sometimes on a decimal metric scale, sometimes on a less regular progression of units\" §REF§(Loewe 1968, 102)§REF§ \"Between the eighth century BC and the fifth century AD, the Chinese expressed mass in terms of the liang, which was to 14g. In this measuring system, one jin was equal to sixteen liang, and one liang to twenty-four zhu. §REF§(Iwata 2008, 1021)§REF§" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Under Eastern Han: \"Systems of measuring length, area, volume and weight were based sometimes on a decimal metric scale, sometimes on a less regular progression of units\" §REF§(Loewe 1968, 102)§REF§ \"Between the eighth century BC and the fifth century AD, the Chinese expressed mass in terms of the liang, which was to 14g. In this measuring system, one jin was equal to sixteen liang, and one liang to twenty-four zhu. §REF§(Iwata 2008, 1021)§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "The Kushites created a kingdom that had literacy in the Meroitic language\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 15]</a> \"using first a simplified form of hieroglyphics and, somewhat later, a cursive script\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXRMDFFS\">[Hatke 2013]</a> Middle Nile peoples likely inherited a measurement system from the preceding Meroe period.", "description": null }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Likely of Byzantine Greek or traditional origin. Coin weights found at Qasr Ibrim. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 203]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Likely of Byzantine Greek or traditional origin. Coin weights found at Qasr Ibrim. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 203]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Weight_measurement_system", "weight_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Tin was smelted \"into small blocks weighing one catty eight taels or one catty four taels official weight\".§REF§(Wilkinson 1935, 26) R J Wilkinson. 1935. The Malacca Sultanate. Malacca Papers. Journal Malayan Branch. Vol. XIII. Part II.§REF§" } ] }