Utilitarian Public Building List
A viewset for viewing and editing Utilitarian Public Buildings.
GET /api/sc/utilitarian-public-buildings/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 161, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/utilitarian-public-buildings/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/utilitarian-public-buildings/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Granaries: present in donated land or villages. Sometimes the land or village belonged to the granary. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "“a tenth-century inscription suggests that the town of Savar, now in central Bangladesh, derives its name from its role as a port with warehousing facilities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"foundation of the town of Arat-n-anna where in accordance with Ibn Yasin's egalitarian ideas all houses were to have the same height.\" (note: Arat-n-anna may not by present day \"Aratane,\" which is a common toponym). §REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 343-344)§REF§ Marrakesh was \"the Almoravid's most original piece of town planning.\"§REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 364)§REF§ Marrakesh was founded 1071 CE. §REF§(Messier 2013, 62)§REF§" }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"On the Steppe, the Avars had been nomadic horsemen. Once settled in Pannonia, they became sedentary and agricultural, farming cereals and clearing the many marshlands of Pannonia.\"§REF§(Martin 2017, 171) Michael Martin. 2017. City of the Sun: Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ Building farm-able land." }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "\"In the foot-hills and on the plains, cisterns and dams were constructed as reservoirs for rainwater and irrigation canals were dug.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> \"A surviving example of Aksumite water management may be observed in the May Shum reservoir located north of the Stelae park area that still serves as a community cistern today.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WF8KTJRD\">[Uhlig 2017, p. 106]</a> \"Field terraces, wells, dams, paths, quarries and landmarks\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WF8KTJRD\">[Uhlig 2017, p. 96]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "\"In the foot-hills and on the plains, cisterns and dams were constructed as reservoirs for rainwater and irrigation canals were dug.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> \"A surviving example of Aksumite water management may be observed in the May Shum reservoir located north of the Stelae park area that still serves as a community cistern today.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WF8KTJRD\">[Uhlig 2017, p. 106]</a> \"Field terraces, wells, dams, paths, quarries and landmarks\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WF8KTJRD\">[Uhlig 2017, p. 96]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Omurtag rebuilt Pliska after it was burned down in 811 CE.§REF§(Crampton 2005, 11) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 124, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Omurtag rebuilt Pliska after it was burned down in 811 CE.§REF§(Crampton 2005, 11) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 400, "name": "in_chandela_k", "long_name": "Chandela Kingdom", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1308 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "\"That works of public utility, especially irrigation, were extensively carried out in the Candella kingdom, is known from inscriptions of the dynasty.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATJMGIDM\">[Bose 1956, p. 146]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Most \"big towns\" had \"[m]arkets full of commodities from various parts of the country.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, p. 332]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 127, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "\"We learn from Sridhara's Devattapana-prasasti that one of his ancestors was commissioned by Mularaja I to dig square and round wells and tanks (vapi-kupa-tadaga), which shows clearly that from the beginning of the Chaulukya rule officers were employed to look after the irrigation of the country.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KXBH3VEF\">[Majumdar 1956, p. 216]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 128, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Food storage sites.", "description": null }, { "id": 129, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 130, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Food storage sites. \"The king apparently also kept large storehouses of grain which could be drawn upon in times of famine.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 131, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Water cisterns.§REF§Said Ennahid. 2001. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS OF MEDIEVAL NORTHERN MOROCCO: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL APPROACH. pg. 288§REF§ City building and a quarter for Andalusians fleeing Umayadd Spain.§REF§(El Hareir 2011, 397) Idris El Hareir. Islam in the Maghrib (21-641/1041-1631). Idris El Hareir. Ravane M'baye. ed. 2011. The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. Volume Three. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 132, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 133, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "\"Tank irrigation was not widespread in Telangana before the second half of the twelfth century, and the storage tanks were small. During the next 150 years (1175–1325), numerous tanks were constructed in central and eastern Telangana, of which many still exist. Some huge ones are called lakes more accurately than tanks. Pakala Lake in Warangal District, for example, which collects water from a drainage area of 80 square miles and can irrigate about 17,000 acres, was built in the first half of the thirteenth century by the son of a Kakatiya minister (Parabrahma Sastry 1978: 205). Believing that this was a highly meritorious religious act, many kings and chieftains in Telangana sponsored the construction of such tanks during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and, in the process, significantly augmented the prosperity of their inland region.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R67IJ9XP\">[Talbot 2001, pp. 40-41]</a> \"All of these trade articles had to be hauled from the places where they were produced to the point of sale, whether that was a periodic market, permanent market, or seaport.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R67IJ9XP\">[Talbot 2001, p. 73]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 134, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Major cities were \"provided with good amenities of water-supply\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/58FRDM4B\">[Baruah 1985, p. 141]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 135, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"To support agriculture, the Kangju built dams, small canals, and reservoirs.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 136, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Food storage: 1524 CE Russians besieged Kazan but the Russian army ran out of provisions before the hosts.§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, 20) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 137, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 138, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "King David established new towns e.g. Gori.§REF§(Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§ \"David and Dmitri [Dimitri I (1125-1154 CE)] had not only to rebuild the towns, villages, churches, roads, and bridges, but above all to repeople the desolate ruins.\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§ David II (III) (1089-1125 CE) was known as 'aghmashenebeli' (the Rebuilder).§REF§(Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 139, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Royal family spent resources on philantrophic projects. Two female members of the royal house funded the building of churches.§REF§(Shahid 2002, 171) Irfan Shahid. 2002. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume II. Part 1: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography and Frontier Studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library And Collection. Washington, D.C.§REF§ It's possible that they also paid for other buildings." }, { "id": 140, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Creamer and Haas note that Central Panamanian societies stored corn, 'at least at central places', and that 300 preserved deer were observed by Spanish chroniclers at Natá. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985]</a> 'Storage of foodstuffs was described as sufficient to maintain the arriving Europeans for months'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985, p. 745]</a> Several rectangular structures seen by Gaspar de Espinosa in the early 16th century may have been built for the storage of grain or meat. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QEWTS3ZB\">[Creamer_Haas 1985, p. 745]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 141, "polity": { "id": 391, "name": "in_maitraka_dyn", "long_name": "Maitraka Dynasty", "start_year": 470, "end_year": 790 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "\"The erection of architectural works of public utility forms an important aspect of pious liberality. It is generally known as Purta-dharma. The Purta consisted of temples, wells, step-wells, ponds, gardens, alms-houses etc.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BIAVMG4C\">[Sastri 2000, p. 202]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 142, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Irrigation systems.", "description": null }, { "id": 143, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Xenon next to a monastery. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 39]</a> A xenon is \"an institution of Byzantine origin which was a combination of a hospice and a hospital where the efficacy of treatment was assisted by its proximity to the burials of Holy Men.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 276]</a> We probably cannot know if this xenon was available to members of the public or just to the clergy and royal family?", "description": null }, { "id": 144, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Xenon next to a monastery. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 39]</a> A xenon is \"an institution of Byzantine origin which was a combination of a hospice and a hospital where the efficacy of treatment was assisted by its proximity to the burials of Holy Men.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 276]</a> We probably cannot know if this xenon was available to members of the public or just to the clergy and royal family?", "description": null }, { "id": 145, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 146, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Markets and food storage sites. Mogadishu is a city that is not in this polity but is in some ways comparable as a Muslim trading city: \"Ibn Battuta's description of Mogadishu indicates that the city was highly advanced as a center of trade and Islamic learning.\"§REF§(Abdullahi 2017, 53) Abdurahman Abdullahi. 2017 Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. London.§REF§ \"Ifat was the richest of Ethiopia's Muslim provinces. One of the reasons for this wealth was the production of khat, which already was being exported to Yemen.\"§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 225) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§ Interior settlements that lined the caravan trade route from ports to highlands \"tended to cover an area less than 1,000 m2 and contained remains of houses built of wattle and daub.\"§REF§(Insoll 2003, 67) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"The three Muslim States of Ifat, Hadya and Fatajar occupied the strategic positions that provided footholds for further penetration of Islamic commerce and learning into the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia.\"§REF§(Teferra 1990) Daniel Teferra. 1990. Social history and theoretical analyses of the economy of Ethiopia. Edwin Mellen Press.§REF§ \"This Muslim territory was important because of its strategic position on the trade routes between the central highlands and the sea, especially the port of Zeila in present-day Somaliland.\"§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 225) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§ \"This Muslim territory was important because of its strategic position on the trade routes between the central highlands and the sea, especially the port of Zeila in present-day Somaliland.\"§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 225) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§" }, { "id": 147, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Food storage sites. \"The king apparently also kept large storehouses of grain which could be drawn upon in times of famine.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 148, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 149, "polity": { "id": 345, "name": "ir_median_emp", "long_name": "Median Persian Empire", "start_year": -715, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "\"Ruins of reservoirs have been discovered along with water intakes, spillways and outlets and even the sewerage systems dating as far back as the Pre-Archaemenid and Assyrian (1500-600 BC) periods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 97]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 150, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "absent", "comment": "'No architectural remains are known from Mon[a]grillo, although excavators reported the presence of clay briquettes showing pole or reed impressions. However, the foundations of simple structures have been identified at the nearby site of Zapotal, which may have been a small village.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 112]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Food storage sites. \"The king apparently also kept large storehouses of grain which could be drawn upon in times of famine.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Masinissa encouraged the development of agriculture, which created \"vast estates for all of his many sons. Numidia became a considerable exporter of corn to the Mediterranean world, and some progress was made in developing arboriculture as well as cereal-culture.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 182) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 349, "name": "tr_pergamon_k", "long_name": "Pergamon Kingdom", "start_year": -282, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§McShane, R. B. (1964). The foreign policy of the Attalids of Pergamum (Vol. 53). University of Illinois Press, pp. 175.§REF§ absent/present/unknown. Typical examples include aqueducts, sewers, and granaries." }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Hospitals, hostels, refuges for wayfarers associated with churches.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 438) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 412, "name": "in_sharqi_dyn", "long_name": "Sharqi", "start_year": 1394, "end_year": 1479 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Sultan Mubarak Shah Sharqi [...] dug ba'olis (vast circular wells) and other wells, and made bridges and laid gardens for the welfare of his subjects.\"§REF§(Saeed 1972, 114-115) Mian Muhammad Saeed. 1972. <i>The Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur</i>. Karachi: University of Karachi.§REF§" }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Built dykes and encouraged agriculture. Sunni Ali tried to dig canal from Niger to Walata §REF§(Cissoko 1984, 193).§REF§" }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "Marketplace. Food storage.", "description": null }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Any surplus was devoted to public works of benefit to the Muslims.\"§REF§(Julien and Tourneau 1970, 30) Charles André Julien. Roger Le Tourneau. 1970. Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord. Praeger.§REF§" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In the Greek city of Olbia which was run directly by Scythian administrators§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§ e.g. food storage sites." }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Generic Baiyue reference: \"The three principal rivers flowing from the east, north, and west poured 80 million tons of sediment annually into this sunken basin. The natural process of sedimentation was spurred on by human need for land: the more mouths to feed, the higher the price of the produce of the soil, and the more the need for it. Dikes were errected to channel the raging water away from the human habitations founded on its debris, and the water, refusing to be disciplined, welled up behind the embankments barring its outlets and every now and then burst into the flood plain, devastating the crops but leaving more debris. The taming of a mighty river is paid for in blood, sweat, and human lives.\"§REF§(Faure 2007, 17) David Faure. 2007. Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China. Stanford University Press. Stanford.§REF§ The city of Guanghzhou existed 'for centuries' before the Qin conquest§REF§(Faure 2007, 17) David Faure. 2007. Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China. Stanford University Press. Stanford.§REF§, so was any or all of this infrastructure built before they arrived?" }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Utilitarian_public_building", "utilitarian_public_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null } ] }