Time Measurement System List
A viewset for viewing and editing Time Measurement Systems.
GET /api/sc/time-measurement-systems/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 111, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/time-measurement-systems/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/time-measurement-systems/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Clocks, among other rare and expensive items, were gifted between the wealthy elite of the east (such as China and India) and the west (such as the Venetians), so they may have passed through the trade routes and possibly been gifted to a khan, but this is not confirmed in the sources.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 584. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§ Calendars were also used.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 535. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The sources consulted have not confirmed the system used, however it is likely they had one given their extensive infrastructures, and that they probably used a Persian system." }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Measurement systems have not been mentioned in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Julian Calendar: Until 1918, Russia used the Julian calendar, which was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar adopted by most Western countries by the 20th century. This difference led to some unique chronological discrepancies in historical events and records.§REF§\r\n“Russian Calendar History,” accessed November 24, 2023, https://myweb.ecu.edu/mccartyr/Russia.html.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ISBAAIB\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 6ISBAAIB</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\nHours, Minutes, and Seconds: The basic units of hours, minutes, and seconds were used for everyday timekeeping. §REF§Очерки Истории Русской Метрологии. XI - Начало XX Века - Шостьин Н.А., n.d.,<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K39G27B6\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: K39G27B6</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Used standardized calendar. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z4ACHZRD\">[Keay 2010, p. 83]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Sun-dials.", "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Aksumite rulers who often spoke and read in Greek, put great store in written documents and in libraries to keep them\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Thousands of Aksumite documents have been preserved, including theological tracts and medical treatises, as well as important writings on natural history that were studied by contemporaries in Europe.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, around 50 CE, \"describes the ruler of the region, King Zoscales, as 'well versed in Hellenic sciences'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CDG9NXGX\">[Whitewright_et_al 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Aksumite rulers who often spoke and read in Greek, put great store in written documents and in libraries to keep them\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Thousands of Aksumite documents have been preserved, including theological tracts and medical treatises, as well as important writings on natural history that were studied by contemporaries in Europe.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, around 50 CE, \"describes the ruler of the region, King Zoscales, as 'well versed in Hellenic sciences'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CDG9NXGX\">[Whitewright_et_al 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "No specific information, however we know the Banu Ghaniya had a \"military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaerics§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ and, at least initially they maintained a fleet,§REF§(Saidi 1997, 19) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ both which suggest high social complexity. Their supporters included the Abbasid caliphate who formally considered them to be \"heir of the Almoravids in the Maghrib\"§REF§(Abun-Nasr 1987, 100) Jamil M Abun-Nasr. 1987. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. Cambrige.§REF§ and they were an Almoravid family who had fled the Almohad conquest of the Almoravids.§REF§(Ruiz 2012, 69) Ana Ruiz. 2012. Medina Mayrit. The Origins of Madrid. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ The Abbasids had a measurement system." }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Sun dials.", "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Sun-dials.", "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Idris II organized the first central government.§REF§(Esposito 2003) John L Esposito ed. 2003. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§ Under Idris II the Qarawiyin University was built and Fez became \"an important religious and cultural center\". §REF§(Esposito 2003, 132) John L Esposito ed. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars. The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Kongo had \"state officials\" paid for by the state.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 81) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ \"The Kongo kingdom, based on tropical agriculture, evolved a sophisticated state system, an efficient bureaucracy, and an advanced culture.\"§REF§(Minahan 2002, 1011) James Minahan. 2002. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ Also, the possibility of Portuguese influence: \"missionary schools ... catered to the Kongo elite at Mbanza Kongo and the provincial capitals. Pupils were taught basic literacy, Christian doctrine, and Latin.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 31) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ Portuguese settlers became officials in Kongo.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 61) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Georgian king had a civil service.§REF§(Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§ Christian priests clergy with literary culture.§REF§(Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Since ancient times the Chinese used astronomical calculations to predict equinoxes and seasons. Sixty-day divinatory calendar from Shang era \"that is still in widespread use.\" Babylonians may have been \"the original inspiration for the Chinese soli-lunar calendar.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A26ZTE9Z\">[Selin 2008, pp. 974-975]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Since ancient times the Chinese used astronomical calculations to predict equinoxes and seasons. Sixty-day divinatory calendar from Shang era \"that is still in widespread use.\" Babylonians may have been \"the original inspiration for the Chinese soli-lunar calendar.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A26ZTE9Z\">[Selin 2008, pp. 974-975]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Likely of Byzantine Greek or traditional origin. After 700 CE an \"extraordinary development of culture, art and monumental architecture in Nubia\".§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Likely of Byzantine Greek or traditional origin. After 700 CE an \"extraordinary development of culture, art and monumental architecture in Nubia\".§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"That first millennium CE Southeast Asians were also literate is suggested by Chinese emissaries who describe libraries of texts. Yet the indigenous historical tradition that we can now access consists largely of inscribed stelae that record dedications and elite donations to local shrines and ritual monuments.\"§REF§(Stark 2015, 76) Miriam T Stark. Southeast Asian urbanism: from early city to Classical state. Norman Yoffee. ed. 2015. he Cambridge World History, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Mogadishu is a city that is not in this polity but is in some ways comparable as a Muslim trading city: \"Ibn Battuta's description of Mogadishu indicates that the city was highly advanced as a center of trade and Islamic learning.\"§REF§(Abdullahi 2017, 53) Abdurahman Abdullahi. 2017 Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. London.§REF§ \"The three Muslim States of Ifat, Hadya and Fatajar occupied the strategic positions that provided footholds for further penetration of Islamic commerce and learning into the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia.\"§REF§(Teferra 1990) Daniel Teferra. 1990. Social history and theoretical analyses of the economy of Ethiopia. Edwin Mellen Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ Juba II (educated in Italy) \"became a very learned scholar and was granted Roman citizenship.\"§REF§(Sayles 1998, 114-115) Wayne G Sayles. 1998. Ancient Coin Collecting IV. Roman Provincial Coins. Krause Publications. Iola.§REF§" }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "Sources do not suggest that any evidence has been found for units of measurement besides the yaguen for length. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 1]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "Sources do not suggest that any evidence has been found for units of measurement besides the yaguen for length. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 1]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Information on Yemeni measurement systems is still needed. Given the long tradition of permanent agriculture and Islamic scholarship in the area, all specified variables are assumed present. This is particularly true of the Islamic lunar calendar in use at the time.", "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Islamic calendar.", "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "The Chinese civilization culture at this time possessed this metric.", "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Tahert Immamate was the a large and stable state in the highlands of central Algeria that possessed \"something of an administrative hierarchy\".§REF§(Fage and Tordoff 2002, 159) J D Fage. William Tordoff. 2002. A History of Africa. Fourth Edition. Routledge. London.§REF§ Islamic administrators working with Arabic for a significant trading principality would very likely have had a measurement system." }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Greek city of Olbia was run directly by Scythian administrators who had access to the Greek culture measurement system to use if they did not already possess their own.§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Well-developed bureaucracy.§REF§(Bourn and Park 2016, 20) Aomar Bourn. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. Lantham.§REF§" }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Continuity with earlier periods? For example, the Almoravids had a muhtasib market place supervisor who with his appointee the amin were responsible for weights and measures and opening times.§REF§(Messier and Miller 2015) Ronald A Messier. James A Miller. 2015. The Last Civilized Place. Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny. University of Texas Press. Austin.§REF§ \"Like the Marinids, the Wattasids also encouraged education and culture.\"§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 489) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Centralized government bureaucracy with a wazir§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§ while the court and the coastal city of Mahdia became \"one of the great cultural centers of medieval North Africa.\"§REF§(? 2012, 503) ? . Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis. Emmanuel K Akyeampong. Henry Louis Gates Jr. eds. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography: Abach - Brand, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ For example, \"Ibn Rashiq arrived at the Zirid court in Kairouan during the reign of the Caliph al-Mu'izz b. Badis, and soon became one of the leading men of science, letters, and religion in the court circle.\"§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Time_measurement_system", "time_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Commonly referenced time units include:\r\nHour (hora): Used for organizing religious activities, especially the canonical hours of prayer.\r\nMoment (momentum): A subdivision of an hour, used in academic and liturgical contexts.<br>The canonical hours provided a structured time system:\r\nPrime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, Compline, Matins, and Lauds. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HBVV8PDK\">[Clanchy 1993]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>", "description": "" } ] }