Symbolic Building List
A viewset for viewing and editing Symbolic Buildings.
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{ "count": 126, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/symbolic-buildings/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Of the five principal churches, the sobory ..., the Sophia cathedral sobor stood within the walls of the fortress, the Nikolo-Dvorishchenskii sobor in the Court of Iaroslav, the Znamenskii sobor in the Slavno quarter, while the sobory of the two oldest Novgorod monasteries, the Iur'ev and Antoniev monasteries, stood outside the city walls. The two guild churches of the Russian foreign and domestic merchants (the churches of St. Paraskeve-Piatnitsa and of St. John na Okopakh) and the two most important compounds of foreign merchants (the Gothic Court and the German Court) were all in the central area on or around the Market Square and the Court of Iaroslav.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 466) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 102, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Of these the Medracen is of particular interest, both from an architectural point of view and as evidence for the pre-Roman organization of southern Numidia. Situated some fifteen kilometers northwest of Lambaesis, the Medracen sits like a giant haystack on a low hill. It is visible for a distance of five or six kilometers on all sides. Its form, as Gsell points out, is a direct descendant of the cylindrical cairns referred to in the last chapter. Indeed, it is surrounded by a number of smaller cairns. The drum, slightly under five metres high and fifty-nine metres in diameter, is surmounted by a stepped, conical mass, with a flat top. On top of this platform there may have been a sort of triangular spire. The reconstructed height of the whole, without the spire, is just under twenty-five metres. The drum is decorated with applied Doric columns, under an 'Egyptian' cornice. This decoration evidently owes something to a Punic model, but the basic form remains indigenous. On stylistic grounds, Gsell and Camps both date it to the early third century B.C .§REF§J J Rossiter. 1978. Roman Farm Buildings in Italy, Issues 52-55. British Archaeological Reports. p. 56§REF§<br>Monuments included \"three-storeyed tower tombs with Classical columns and statues capped with a pyramid, and two immense tumuli in dressed stone: the Medracen to the south of Cirta, and the so-called Tomb of the Christian Queen to the west of Algiers, that may have been modelled on the tomb of Alexander at Alexandria.\"§REF§(Brett 2013, 120) Michael Brett. 2013. Approaching African History. James Currey. Woodbridge.§REF§<br>\"Operating in the manner of Hellenistic kings, they ... built monumental tombs\".§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 29) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§<br>Cirta: \"more Punic stelae have been found there than in any other African site except Carthage itself\".§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 460) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 103, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Mundy's material seems to suggest that symbolic and entertainment buildings were confined to the larger cities and therefore inaccessible to most of the population: 'In the mountains of North Yemen there was little tradition of clan or village guest-houses: the only public institutional spaces were markets and mosques, which served as meeting places for political deliberations in rural areas.' §REF§Mundy, Martha 1995. \"Domestic Government: Kinship, Community and Polity in North Yemen\", 3§REF§" }, { "id": 104, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The normal meeting-place would be a central square in the middle of the town: in front of the Sophia cathedral, or in the Court of Iaroslav, or the Market Place in Kiev, and the Sophia Cathedral Square or the Court of Iaroslav in Novgorod. During a campaign, a veche could be held in the open field, even on horseback.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 429) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Churches.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 438) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 105, "polity": { "id": 412, "name": "in_sharqi_dyn", "long_name": "Sharqi", "start_year": 1394, "end_year": 1479 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"'The Kings of the East' built many magnificent mosques, forts, palaces, madrasas, shrines and tombs in different parts of their kingdom.\"§REF§(Saeed 1972, 114) Mian Muhammad Saeed. 1972. <i>The Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur</i>. Karachi: University of Karachi.§REF§" }, { "id": 106, "polity": { "id": 301, "name": "uz_shaybanid_k", "long_name": "Shaybanid Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1598 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Shaybanids and Astrakhanids were great builders.§REF§(Everett Jenkins 2000, 29) Everett Jenkins, Jr. 2000. The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland.§REF§" }, { "id": 107, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Monumental pyramidal tomb made out of mud-brick c1459 CE in Gao. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 59]</a> \"original great mosque of Jenne probably dated from the 15th century.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 64]</a> \"mud-brick minaret in Agadez\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 65]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 108, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Southern Qi imperial tombs at Danyang, Jiangsu.\"§REF§(Kuwayama 1991) George Kuwayama. 1991. Ancient Mortuary Traditions of China: Papers on Chinese Ceramic Funerary Sculptures. Los Angeles County Museum of Art.§REF§<br>\"One was a large carving project that was started in 489 in Jiangsu, at the Qixia Temple on Mount She. A retired scholar, a follower of Amitabha, initiated this work, called the Thousand Buddhas. The most important group of sculptures at the site includes a 9-meter-high Amitabha Buddha attended by two bodhisattvas. ... The other Southern Qi work is a monumental Maitreya carved on the side of Mount Shicheng, near Xingchang, Zhejiang Province.\"§REF§(Howard 2006, 261) Angela Falco Howard. From the Han to the Southern Song. Angela Falco Howard. Li Song. Wu Hung. Yang Hong. 2006. Chinese Sculpure. Yale University and Foreign Languages Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 109, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Bell-shaped stupa. Art and architecture \"received inspiration from Sri Lanka, India, and neighboring regions but retained a separate identity. The artistic excellence of artisans could be visualized in Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai, and Kamphaeng Phet.\"§REF§(Mishra 2010, 38) Patit Paban Mishra. 2010. The History of Thailand. Greenwood. Santa Barbara.§REF§<br>\"The main stupa of Wat Mahathat at Sukhothai belongs to this type. Standing on a tall, elevated base, it towers over all the subsidiary buildings which are evidence of the large variety of architectural forms constructed at Sukhothai between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. This new form went out of fashion after the Sukhothai period, and it was the simple bell-shaped type of stupa introduced from Sri Lanka that eventually became the favorite model of the Thais.\"§REF§(Chutiwongs 2000, 280) Nandana Chutiwongs. The Trade Routes and the Diffusion of Artistic Traditions in South and Southeast Asia. Vadime Elisseeff. ed. 2000. The Silk Roads: Highways Of Culture And Commerce. Berghahn Books. UNESCO Publishing. New York.§REF§<br>\"The ruins of Phra Phai Luang and the San Phra Sua Muang provide ample evidence that the earliest of Sukhothai's religious buildings were Khmer.\"§REF§Betty Gosling. 1996. A Chronology of Religious Architecture at Sukhothai, Late Thirteenth to Early Fifteenth Century, Issue 52.§REF§" }, { "id": 110, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Mosques.", "description": null }, { "id": 111, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "A new temple for Apollo Delphinios suggests that \"Olbia prospered during much of the fifth century\". The Greek city of Olbia was run by Scythian administrators§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§ who presumably had the final decision on the construction of symbolic buildings in the city, and therefore partly responsible for them even if they were built by the Greeks for the Greeks.<br>\"At the turn of the 5th century B.C., the ancient centre of Scythian power shifted to the south, to the region of the Dnieper bend, where the large earthwork of Kamyanka with its 'Acropolis' became the main industrial centre and probably the seat of the rulers of Scythia of the Late Scythian period.\"§REF§(Sulimirski 1985, 199) T Sulimirski. The Scyths. Ilya Gershevitch. ed. 1985. The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 2. The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>The city of Gelonus (Belsk), \"located at the northern edge of the steppe in the territory of the Budini, another of the many 'Scythian nations'\" was made entirely of wood and surrounded by a wooden wall. Inside were temples for Greek gods. According to Herodotus they \"honour Dionysus every two years with festivals and revels. For the Geloni are by their origin Greeks, who left their trading ports to settle among the Budini; and they speak a language half Greek and Scythian.\" The Budini spoke a different language and were nomads not agriculturalists like the Geloni.§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 67) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§" }, { "id": 112, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Tlemcen \"was adorned with many monuments\".§REF§(Hrbek 1984, 95) I Hrbek. The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib. Djibril Tamsir Niane. ed. 1984. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 113, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Kua-lu (r. 535-591 CE) \"founded a residence at Fuqi\".§REF§Ulrich Theobald. 2000. ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art. Tuyuhun 吐谷渾. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tuyuhun.html\">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tuyuhun.html</a>§REF§ This might be the equivalent of a palace, which we do not code as a symbolic building." }, { "id": 114, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "South Yue kingdom (203-111 BC): \"In 1982, Zhao Hu (reigned 137-122 BC), the mausoleum of King Wendi and the second king of the South Yue Kingdom, was discovered at Jiefang North Road, Zianggang Hill in Guangzhou.\"§REF§(Qingxin 2015, 19) Li Qingxin. William W. Wang trans. 2006. Maritime Silk Road. China International Press.§REF§<br>Nan Yue kingdom: In 1983 \"excavations in Guangdong revealed the enormous tomb of the [Nan Yue] state's second king and verified its existence.\"§REF§(West 2009, 81) Barbara A. West. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Facts On File. New York.§REF§<br>Generic Baiyue reference: Yunnan's Wenshan Prefecture \"in twelve sites in eleven different locations 170 different cave paintings were discovered covering an area of 5,430 square meters.\"§REF§(Wang and Johnson 2008, 10) Wang Mingfu. Eric Johnson. 2008. Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage. The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan.§REF§" }, { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Mosques.", "description": null }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Yuanhao (r.1032-1048 CE) commissioned mound-shaped (Buddhist stupa like?) royal tombs for his father and grandfather.§REF§(Steele 2015, 244) Tracey Steele. Xi Xia. Steven L Danver. 2015. Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§<br>\"The Xixia regime mausoleum under the Helan Mountain.\"§REF§(?. 2000, 5) ?. 2000. Beijing Review, Volume 43. Issues 1-26. Beijing Review.§REF§<br>\"There are two Xixia steles surviving to this day in the former Xixia region: one is the \"Inspiration Pagoda Stele in Honor of the Occasion of Rebuilding the Protect-the-State Temple\" at Wuwei of Gansu Province\".§REF§(? 1997, 568) Helmut Krasser ed?. International Association for Tibetan Studies. 1997. Tibetan Studies, Volume 256. Part 2. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.§REF§" }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 408, "name": "in_yadava_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava Dynasty", "start_year": 1190, "end_year": 1318 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Temples <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, p. 153]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "King Lalibela is said to be responsible for the \"vast complex of rock-cut churches\".§REF§(Munro-Hay 2002, 23) Stuart Munro-Hay. 2002. Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide. I B Tauris. London.§REF§ Monasteries.§REF§(Bausi 2017, 108) Alessandro Bausi. The Zagwe. Siegbert Uhlig. David L Appleyard. Steven Kaplan. Alessandro Bausi. Wolfgang Hahn. eds. 2017. Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press. East Lansing.§REF§" }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "\"the Sunni Zirids cultivated the Maliki religious leadership and lavished attention on traditionally Sunni mosques.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SWB4JINE\">[Perkins 2016, p. 275]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "E.g. pyramids (royal tombs). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6AME4SP6\">[Malek_Shaw 2000, pp. 90-99]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Tower of London (White Tower):\r\n\r\nConstructed by William the Conqueror beginning in 1078, the White Tower was a symbol of Norman power and authority over England.<br>Norman cathedrals, such as Durham Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral, and Canterbury Cathedral. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "The cathedral in Mainz and the abbey church at Fulda, which served as symbols of the Carolingian and Ottonian legacy. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPWQTI9N\">[Wickham 2010]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 124, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Sultan Ahmed Fountain \r\nLocation: Istanbul, near Hagia Sophia.\r\nPurpose: A monumental public fountain designed to symbolize Ottoman benevolence . <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YU4JWA9B\">[İnalcık 2002]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 159, "name": "tr_konya_lca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "uncoded", "comment": "Numerous non-residential buildings were constructed on Mound 1 at San José Mogote during this period, including temple platforms (e.g. Structure 19) next to Monument 3 (the stone carving of a captive). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BILCH2TL\">[Marcus_Flannery 1996, pp. 26-131]</a>", "description": null } ] }