Symbolic Building List
A viewset for viewing and editing Symbolic Buildings.
GET /api/sc/symbolic-buildings/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 126, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/symbolic-buildings/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/symbolic-buildings/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "e.g. monuments. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MJT9UJE4\">[Jackson 0]</a>", "description": "e.g. monuments §REF§Peter Jackson, ‘JALAYERIDS’ <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jalayerids\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jalayerids</a>§REF§<br>'♠ Entertainment buildings ♣ present" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 409, "name": "bd_bengal_sultanate", "long_name": "Bengal Sultanate", "start_year": 1338, "end_year": 1538 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Mausolea. \"Sultan Jalāl-al-Dīn’s own tomb, the Eklakhī mausoleum in Pānduā, itself betrayed all the hallmarks of a new, nativist architectural style: a square plan, a single dome, exclusive use of brick construction, massive walls, engaged octagonal corner towers, a curved cornice, and extensive terracotta ornamentation.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SGXTBMNU\">[Eaton_Ansari_Qasemi 1989]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 782, "name": "bd_twelve_bhuyans", "long_name": "Twelve Bhuyans", "start_year": 1538, "end_year": 1612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Mosques and shrines <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 779, "name": "bd_deva_dyn", "long_name": "Deva Dynasty", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Christian churches and missionaries were built all across the region by the EIC. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/83IG9AXH\">[Sreemani_Bhattacharya 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 783, "name": "in_gauda_k", "long_name": "Gauda Kingdom", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 625 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "“There are thirty or so monasteries with about 2,000 priests. They are all of the Theravada Buddhist [=Sthavira] school. There are some hundred Brahmanical [=Deva] temples” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Mosques were used as a centre for the community as well as being a religious house. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I6VMP6PN\">[Islam_Noble 1998]</a> Many raja families were famous for building and restoring Hindu temples.", "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "E.g. the Imperial Palace at Huangchow <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WN3JCFXA\">[Gernet 1962, p. 82]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "\"Every Warring States city had an enclosed palace area distinct from the outer wall.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4HXD2C4J\">[Clark 2013, p. 111]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The normal meeting-place would be a central square in the middle of the town: in front of the Sophia cathedral, or in the Court of Iaroslav, or the Market Place in Kiev, and the Sophia Cathedral Square or the Court of Iaroslav in Novgorod. During a campaign, a veche could be held in the open field, even on horseback.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 429) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Churches.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 438) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ Kiev: \"Thietmar of Merseburg (d. 1019) told of its 400 churches, its eight markets, and its 'infinite multitude' of people.\"§REF§(Blum 1971, 15) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 791, "name": "bd_khadga_dyn", "long_name": "Khadga Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Civilian and military monuments in Azuki, Zagora, Chichawa, Marrakesh, and Tilimsan. §REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 338)§REF§<br>Mosques built in Marrakesh, Fez, Nedroma and near Algiers. §REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 338)§REF§<br>Many sumptuously decorated mosques date from this time ... but so do fine secular monuments, some of which, such as the fountain at Marrakesh, have survived to this day.\"§REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 363)§REF§<br>At Marrakesh, palace of the \"Emir of the Muslims\" built using stone. Rest of Marrakesh built out of clay/baked brick/rammed earth. §REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 364)§REF§<br>Ali Ibn Yusuf's palace at Marrakesh had an Andalusian style riyad (garden) within it. §REF§(Messier 2013, 70)§REF§<br>At Marrakesh Ali Ibn Yusuf \"constructed his grand Mosque called Masjid al-Siqaya, 'Mosque of the Fountain.' By the time that it was finished, it cost some 60,000 dinars, and was the largest of all the mosques that the Almoravids built throughout the empire.\" §REF§(Messier 2013, 70)§REF§" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "unknown", "comment": "no data.", "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "\"Aksumite kings paid homage to South Arabian culture in the fourth and sixth centuries CE by erecting inscriptions in Ge'ez using the musnad script.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXRMDFFS\">[Hatke 2013]</a> \"colossal monolithic stelae 33.5 metres in height, erected on a platform 114 metres in length; the monolithic basalt slab measuring 17.3 by 6.7 by 1.12 metres\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 394]</a> What is the date?<br>\"the palatial set of buildings, Taaka-Maryam, extending over an area of 120 metres by 80 metres\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 394]</a> What is the date?<br>Aksumites worked with stone and timber and \"the builders of the first Aksumite period, especially those of the third and fourth centuries, were very fond of large blocks of stone. This is strikingly illustrated by the stelae, and the giant slab in front of them.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 370]</a> Stone slab 17*6.5*1.3 metres. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 371]</a> Stone working suggests powerful collective organization. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 371]</a> Refers to either third of fourth century.<br>\"Gigantic stelae (one of them the tallest carved monolith there is), a huge stone table, massive throne bases, fragments of columns, royal tombs, what appear to be extensive remains underneath an eighteenth-century basilica\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 364]</a> Not sure which period.<br>\"The biggest of these palaces or castles, Enda-Semon, was 35 metres square ... The castles were surrounded by courtyards and outbuildings forming rectangular complexes which measured, at Taakha-Maryam, for example, about 120 by 85 metres.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 365]</a> Building remains under church of Maryam-Tsion \"the remains of a basement varying in width from 42 to 30 metres still survive.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 365]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "No specific reference for building for this period.", "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Buddhist architecture existed at Pagan and at Prome before this period.§REF§(Soni 1991, xxix) Sujata Soni. 1991. Evolution of Stupas in Burma. Pagan Period: 11th to 13th centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.§REF§<br>Stupas, pagodas and shrines.§REF§(Soni 1991) Sujata Soni. 1991. Evolution of Stupas in Burma. Pagan Period: 11th to 13th centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.§REF§ \"nowhere in the world, so far as our knowledge goes, the Buddhist shrines hailed as pagodas have been more numerous per square mile than at Pagan.\"§REF§(Soni 1991, 3) Sujata Soni. 1991. Evolution of Stupas in Burma. Pagan Period: 11th to 13th centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.§REF§<br>\"dark cave-like hollow pagodas of the early half of the dynasty gave way to temples with more light and sanitation, the solid shrines evidenced transformation towards a bell-shape besides adding dignity and beauty to the structures through the imposition of requisite ornamentations.\"§REF§(Soni 1991, xxvi) Sujata Soni. 1991. Evolution of Stupas in Burma. Pagan Period: 11th to 13th centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.§REF§<br>All Pagan kings \"undertook or patronized\" the building of shrines \"the soil of Pagan got crowded with solid as well as hollow pagodas and also with monastic establishments.\"§REF§(Soni 1991, xxvii) Sujata Soni. 1991. Evolution of Stupas in Burma. Pagan Period: 11th to 13th centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.§REF§<br>\"According to tradition, in 1057, Aniruddha ... conquered the southern Mon center of Thaton and brought back with him the Pali scriptures of Theravada Buddhism, a large number of Buddhist monks, and scores of artists and craftsmen, thereby initiating more than two centuries of building activity at Pagan.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 121-122) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Mosques.", "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Soon after the settlement in 680-681, the Bulgar rulers had a monumental triumphal rider carved out in low relief on the face of the rock of Madara in northeastern Bulgaria. The inscriptions on both sides of the relief are in the names of the rulers Tervel (701-718), Krum (802-814), and Omurtag (814-831)\".§REF§(Petkov 2008, 5) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"Triumphal inscription on stone columns, ninth century (battles and fortresses seized).\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, 9) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Whilst Preslav (capital from 893 CE) was to have churches and monasteries, Pliska had palaces and pagan sanctuaries. \"Most of the overviews of Bulgarian history start with a new chapter when they turn to the reign of Boris, who changed his name to Michael because of his godfather, the emperor Michael. Christianization is therefore seen as a turning point in Bulgarian history, as the end of the old pagan era of the Proto-Bulgarians and the beginning of the new Christian Bulgaria.\"§REF§(Ziemann 2007, 613) Daniel Ziemann. The rebellion of the nobles against the baptism of Khan Boris (865-866). Joachim Henning ed. 2007. Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin.§REF§" }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Soon after the settlement in 680-681, the Bulgar rulers had a monumental triumphal rider carved out in low relief on the face of the rock of Madara in northeastern Bulgaria. The inscriptions on both sides of the relief are in the names of the rulers Tervel (701-718), Krum (802-814), and Omurtag (814-831)\".§REF§(Petkov 2008, 5) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"Triumphal inscription on stone columns, ninth century (battles and fortresses seized).\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, 9) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>Whilst Preslav (capital from 893 CE) was to have churches and monasteries, Pliska had palaces and pagan sanctuaries. \"Most of the overviews of Bulgarian history start with a new chapter when they turn to the reign of Boris, who changed his name to Michael because of his godfather, the emperor Michael. Christianization is therefore seen as a turning point in Bulgarian history, as the end of the old pagan era of the Proto-Bulgarians and the beginning of the new Christian Bulgaria.\"§REF§(Ziemann 2007, 613) Daniel Ziemann. The rebellion of the nobles against the baptism of Khan Boris (865-866). Joachim Henning ed. 2007. Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin.§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 400, "name": "in_chandela_k", "long_name": "Chandela Kingdom", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1308 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Temples.", "description": null }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Temples? Palaces?", "description": null }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "\"Every Warring States city had an enclosed palace area distinct from the outer wall.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4HXD2C4J\">[Clark 2013, p. 111]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Mosques.", "description": null }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "unknown", "comment": "Helms commented in her 1979 book on the lack of unequivocal archaeological evidence for symbolic buildings in earlier periods as well as the immediate precontact period: 'The significance of the bohío as a visible symbol of the chiefly estate may be all the more noteworthy since Panama gives little evidence so far of distinctly ceremonial structures, such as temples or pyramids, that would also have served this purpose, although sacred shrines in interior mountains may have existed'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZPFQPQ7K\">[Helms 1979, p. 9]</a> Subsequent archaeological fieldwork has revealed carved basalt columns at El Caño that could be defined as 'symbolic buildings', but these date to the Conte phase (700-900 CE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 454]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Idris I has a tomb in Moulay Idriss.§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 485) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§ Under Idris II the Qarawiyin and Andalus mosques were built.§REF§(Esposito 2003, 132) John L Esposito ed. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§<br>Idris II built a mosque in Fez in 808 CE \"which became known as the 'Mosque of the Nobles'\".§REF§(El Hareir 2011, 397) Idris El Hareir. Islam in the Maghrib (21-641/1041-1631). Idris El Hareir. Ravane M'baye. ed. 2011. The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. Volume Three. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§<br>\"the mosque of the Andalusiyyin was begun in 857 and the Qarawiyyin in 859/60, both of them named after their respective quarters.\"§REF§(Pennell 2013) C R Pennell. 2013. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 406, "name": "in_kalachuri_emp", "long_name": "Kalachuris of Kalyani", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1184 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "e.g. the Virashaivist \"Hall of Spiritual Experience\", where devotees would \"share their mystical achievements\" and \"their spiritual poems\", making their contribution to the religion's \"spirituality and doctrine\" §REF§J.P. Schouten, Revolution of the Mystics (1995), p. 4§REF§." }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Kangju had a 'sacred center'.§REF§(Andrianov 2016, 213) Boris V Andrianov. Chapter 5. The Lower Syrdarya. Boris V Andrianov. Simone Mantellini. ed. 2016. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books Limited. Oxford.§REF§ \"'Kangiui' [Kangju], sees the full flourishing of an independent region. Fortresses, farmsteads, 'urban' sites and religious complexes were built at this time, while the material culture experienced a period of conservatism lasting until the late first or early second century ad, suggesting little outside influence until contact with the Kushan empire effected a major cultural shift.\"§REF§(Hermann and Cribb 2007, 437) Georgina Hermann. Joe Cribb. 2007. After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There were mosques in Kazan that were razed after the Muscovite conquest.§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 27) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"The Northern Mausoleum in the ruins of the fortified medieval city of Bulgar; built in the mid-14th century\".§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, 16) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ - previous polity." }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Church was built.§REF§(Newitt 2010, 106) Malyn Newitt ed. 2010. The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670: A Documentary History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Svetitskhoveli cathedral. \"In the early eleventh century a great cathedral was built in Mtskheta, at the confluence of the Kura and Aragvi rivers.\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 38) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§<br>\"At the height of the Georgian monarchy in the twelfth century, David II built a monastery at Gelati in western Georgia. Attached to it was a noted academy in which philosophers like Ioanne Petritsi and Catholicos Arseni lived and worked.\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 38) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "absent", "comment": "For the La Mula Ceramic Phase (200 BCE-250 CE in the chronology Haller uses), 'there is no evidence for any labor investment in civic-ceremonial structures or features as seen at He-4 [El Hatillo] several centuries later'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, p. 110]</a> Nor does Haller refer to evidence for symbolic buildings in his discussion of the period from 5000 to 200 BCE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, pp. 48-53]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Hira, the capital of the Lakhmids, was a well-known city in pre-Islamic times, celebrated for its palaces, churches, and monasteries.\"§REF§(Shahid 2002, 97) Irfan Shahid. 2002. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume II. Part 1: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography and Frontier Studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library And Collection. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>Lakhmids built great palaces, Khawarnaq and Sadir. \"Although Hira was full of monasteries, they were not built by the dynasty, which remained officially pagan until the last decade of the 6th century when Nu'man, the last Lakhmid king, adopted Christianity.\"§REF§(Shahid 2002, 171) Irfan Shahid. 2002. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume II. Part 1: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography and Frontier Studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library And Collection. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>The Christian structures were built by the local population and support from two female members of the royal house.§REF§(Shahid 2002, 171) Irfan Shahid. 2002. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume II. Part 1: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography and Frontier Studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library And Collection. Washington, D.C.§REF§<br>The Ghassanids and the Lakhmids emulated each other in the construction of monasteries.§REF§(Shahid 2002, 199) Irfan Shahid. 2002. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume II. Part 1: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography and Frontier Studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library And Collection. Washington, D.C.§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "In 1979, Helms wrote: 'Panama gives little evidence so far of distinctly ceremonial structures, such as temples or pyramids, that would also have served this purpose, although sacred shrines in interior mountains may have existed'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZPFQPQ7K\">[Helms 1979, p. 9]</a> However, subsequent archaeological work has changed this. For the Conte Phase, 700-900 CE: 'The presence of modest monumental architecture at sites in the vicinity of Sitio Conte provides further evidence for a regional ranking of communities. Located less than 2 km to the north, the site of El Caño featured lines of carved basalt columns, cobble pavements, low burial mounds, a large ceremonial structure, and recently discovered Conte phase burials with grave offerings on the same scale as Sitio Conte (Mayo et al. 2010; Mojica et al. 2007; Williams 2012). Although this monumental architecture was modest by the standards of other early chiefdoms (Drennan et al. 2010:70), El Caño was clearly the focal point of ceremonial activity for this chiefdom'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 454]</a> Mortuary activity continued at El Caño until the colonial period, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, p. 85]</a> so presumably these carved columns continued to serve symbolic purposes after 900 CE.", "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There was a \"Translation Assembly in Xiaoyao Garden in Chang'an, the capital\".§REF§Martha P Y Cheung. ed. 2014. An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation: Volume 1: From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project. Routledge.§REF§ Xiaoyao Garden may have been a symbolic park." }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "During the 'Sixteen Kingdoms' period \"These peoples - or, to be precise, their elites - thus combined their own political and social traditions with large borrowings from Chinese concepts and institutions. Their ruling classes were so thoroughly sinicized that they regarded themselves as heirs to the old political units of North China.\"§REF§(Gernet 1996, 186) Jacques Gernet. J R Foster and Charles Hartman trans. 1996. A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In +707 Bishop Paulos rebuilt Faras Cathedral and decorated it with splendid murals.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>\"As a result of the Polish excavations carried out at Old Dongola since +1964, four churches and the Christian royal palace have been identified. One of these buildings dates back to the end of the seventh or the beginning of the eighth century. Beneath it the remains of an earlier church built of unbaked bricks have been discovered. This religious building, which was not the cathedral, had five naves and was supported by sixteen granite columns 5.20 metres in height. In view of the magnitude of the remains discovered, there is reason to think that the enthusiastic descriptions given by an Arab traveller in the eleventh century were historically accurate: Dongola was an important capital, at least as regard it monuments.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 186) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>\"In +707 Bishop Paulos rebuilt Faras Cathedral and decorated it with splendid murals.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>\"Military expeditions, however, are not the sole evidence of the vigour of the Nubian state after the beginning of the eighth century. Archaeological discoveries have also proved the extraordinary development of culture, art and monumental architecture in Nubia during that period.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>Churches usually built in the basilical style, some others in cruciform or central-plan.§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>Religious buildings usually built of unbaked bricks but the cathedrals Kasr Ibrim, Faras and Dongola had walls of stone or burnt bricks.§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>First church built by Roman missionary Longinus sometime between 569-575 CE.§REF§(Welsby 2002, 35) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§<br>Cathedral at Faras built by King Mecurios in 707 CE.§REF§(Welsby 2002, 84) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Symbolic buildings present c700-1100 CE: \"As a result of the Polish excavations carried out at Old Dongola since +1964, four churches and the Christian royal palace have been identified. One of these buildings dates back to the end of the seventh or the beginning of the eighth century. Beneath it the remains of an earlier church built of unbaked bricks have been discovered. This religious building, which was not the cathedral, had five naves and was supported by sixteen granite columns 5.20 metres in height. In view of the magnitude of the remains discovered, there is reason to think that the enthusiastic descriptions given by an Arab traveller in the eleventh century were historically accurate: Dongola was an important capital, at least as regard it monuments.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 186) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Hindu temples, mosques?", "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "NB The following quotes refer to mosques, but mosques do not correspond to our definition of \"symbolic buildings\". At Asberi the remains of a 30 meter by 27.5 meter Mosque, stone walls 1.8m thick.§REF§(Insoll 2003, 69) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Abyssinian king Negus Yakuno Amlak (1270-1285 CE) conquered Zayla, killed Muslims there, forced conversions to Christianity and converted mosques to churches.§REF§(Abdullahi 2017, 55) Abdurahman Abdullahi. 2017 Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. London.§REF§ \"According to the Egyptian historian Makrizi (1364–1442), “the Hati [King of Ethiopia] and the Amhara settled in the country that had acquired [Ifat] and from the mosques they had ravaged they made churches.\"§REF§(Salvadore 2017, 37) Matteo Salvadore. 2017. The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations, 1402-1555. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"And it may have been Sulla who encouraged Bocchus to memorialize in sculpture at Rome the surrender of Jugurtha and obtained permission for the monument.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 49) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ Known to have created a symbolic monument for Roman allies.<br>\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 345, "name": "ir_median_emp", "long_name": "Median Persian Empire", "start_year": -715, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "Palaces. Examples needed.", "description": null }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "present", "comment": "For the Conte Phase, 700-900 CE: 'The presence of modest monumental architecture at sites in the vicinity of Sitio Conte provides further evidence for a regional ranking of communities. Located less than 2 km to the north, the site of El Caño featured lines of carved basalt columns, cobble pavements, low burial mounds, a large ceremonial structure, and recently discovered Conte phase burials with grave offerings on the same scale as Sitio Conte (Mayo et al. 2010; Mojica et al. 2007; Williams 2012). Although this monumental architecture was modest by the standards of other early chiefdoms (Drennan et al. 2010:70), El Caño was clearly the focal point of ceremonial activity for this chiefdom'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 454]</a> Mortuary activity continued at El Caño until the colonial period, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, p. 85]</a> so presumably these carved columns continued to serve symbolic purposes after 900 CE.", "description": null }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Symbolic_building", "symbolic_building": "unknown", "comment": "Though her book is about Panama at the time of the Spanish conquest, one of Helms' statements seems to imply a lack of unequivocal archaeological evidence for symbolic buildings in earlier periods as well as the immediate precontact period: 'The significance of the bohío as a visible symbol of the chiefly estate may be all the more noteworthy since Panama gives little evidence so far of distinctly ceremonial structures, such as temples or pyramids, that would also have served this purpose, although sacred shrines in interior mountains may have existed'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZPFQPQ7K\">[Helms 1979, p. 9]</a>", "description": null } ] }