Source Of Support List
A viewset for viewing and editing Sources of Support.
GET /api/sc/sources-of-support/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 108, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/sources-of-support/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/sources-of-support/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 715, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_1", "long_name": "Early East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "absent", "comment": "Likely no centralisation, and therefore also no bureaucracy; dispersed network of homesteads instead. \"[A]rchaeology[...] suggests these early communities probably consisted of dispersed networks of homesteads, rather than centralised societies (Reid 1994/5; Van Grunderbeek et al. 1983).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBIZGHGA\">[Ashley 2010, p. 146]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "not applicable", "comment": "For the considerably later precontact period, Helms has argued that 'Although the ethnohistoric data are very scanty, some degree of \"internal\" administrative associations and responsibilities surely existed between the commoner population of a given territory or \"province\" and the elite cabras, sacos and/or quevis of that territory, who at the very least accepted generalized stewardship of the overall well-being, socially and ideologically, of the population of a given ancestral territory'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> She believes cabras, the lowest-ranked elites, would have served as 'local administrators', <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> but does not speculate on whether they were full-time. The evidence is therefore not strong enough to justify coding full-time specialist bureaucrats present for the precontact period, and we know even less about this early period of Greater Coclé development (200-700 CE). Panamanian societies before Spanish contact produced no written records, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> so it is not clear how such administrators would perform their duties.", "description": null }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "unknown", "comment": "\"A central hierarchy or ruling strata to control social relations and enforce political order would be necessary to co-ordinate the market workforce and other important functional relations of the site. The existence of an administration can be inferred firstly from the general organisation. The sheer scale of economic activities strongly suggests that such a central paramount authority was established. Secondly, the higher returns that spilled out from the wealth in circulation and increase in the output from craft production and transportation must have provided adequate stimuli for wealthy and elite groups to exercise their control over these sectors and consequently promote the growth of social hierarchy and differentiation.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GGM3RG7F\">[Juma 2004]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "unknown", "comment": "\"The noticeable decline in the import and internal output of this period set against the expansion of the site and population is an expression of increased complexity that may imply a division of labour that relocated the centres for craftwork to elsewhere, away from the Unguja Ukuu site as the public core area for political functions, administration and defence. This must have overtly distinguished Unguja Ukuu as a seat of urban conduct with an aggregation of buildings, groups of immigrants bringing in the old coinage, a market for subsistence resources from the periphery, and providing services to the population within the site territory and beyond.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GGM3RG7F\">[Juma 2004]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 363, "name": "af_ghaznavid_emp", "long_name": "Ghaznavid Empire", "start_year": 998, "end_year": 1040 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "state salary", "comment": null, "description": "Abbasid government was \"based on bureaucratic methods of taxation and disbursements to the court and the army. The central government staffs collected revenues from the countryside and made payments in cash and kind to the officials and soldiers who served the state. With the decline of Abbasid administration, the central bureaucracy progressively lost control of the countryside; with the advent of the Buwayhid dynasty in 945, soldiers were for the first time assigned iqta's (land tax allotments) in payment for military service. The Ghaznavids adopted a similar system...\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 250)§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 363, "name": "af_ghaznavid_emp", "long_name": "Ghaznavid Empire", "start_year": 998, "end_year": 1040 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "governed population", "comment": null, "description": "Abbasid government was \"based on bureaucratic methods of taxation and disbursements to the court and the army. The central government staffs collected revenues from the countryside and made payments in cash and kind to the officials and soldiers who served the state. With the decline of Abbasid administration, the central bureaucracy progressively lost control of the countryside; with the advent of the Buwayhid dynasty in 945, soldiers were for the first time assigned iqta's (land tax allotments) in payment for military service. The Ghaznavids adopted a similar system...\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 250)§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": null, "description": "\"Apparently, there was no special government official in charge of financial affairs. It is possible that the vizier was responsible for collecting and managing tax revenues of what was then a small state. Ibn Hawkal. while describing the region around the city of Kurt, states that: “Tous les lieux de cette region [Kurt], ainsi que Tanger, appartiennent aux Edrisites, qui en recuiellent les taxes et les impots [djibava and kharadj], ils possedent aussi la ville de Masa.” (Ibn Hawkal 1842:193). He does not, however, provide any further details on how the Idrisid fiscal resouces, especially the kharadl (tax on farmland), were paid.\" §REF§Said Ennahid. 2001. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS OF MEDIEVAL NORTHERN MOROCCO: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL APPROACH. pg. 71§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": null, "description": "\"The population of the Khanate consisted primarily of five ethnic groups. The Turkic-speaking and Islamic Kazan Tatars formed the social and political elite: they served in cavalry units or in the administration, and in return were given grants of land.§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 24) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "state salary", "comment": null, "description": "\"in Kongo, state officials, like those of Sierra Leone, had no right to income other than that assigned by the state, for if they were dismissed they possessed no income at all. Our understanding of this might be confused because the Kongo themselves chose the Portuguese term renda (meaning 'rent', or 'rent-bearing property') in their own administrative and judicial texts to describe the revenue assignments they received. But if these lands bore 'rent,' it did not derive from the holders' claims, for Kongo texts clearly show that a renda could be taken away and reassigned freely by the king.\"§REF§(Thornton 1998, 81-82) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>\"Since most servants were not granted a regular salary, the king used gifts to retain as well as reward a sizable retinue of officials, soldiers, musicians, pages, and advisers at his court.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 30) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ A few did have a salary?" }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": null, "description": "\"in Kongo, state officials, like those of Sierra Leone, had no right to income other than that assigned by the state, for if they were dismissed they possessed no income at all. Our understanding of this might be confused because the Kongo themselves chose the Portuguese term renda (meaning 'rent', or 'rent-bearing property') in their own administrative and judicial texts to describe the revenue assignments they received. But if these lands bore 'rent,' it did not derive from the holders' claims, for Kongo texts clearly show that a renda could be taken away and reassigned freely by the king.\"§REF§(Thornton 1998, 81-82) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>\"Since most servants were not granted a regular salary, the king used gifts to retain as well as reward a sizable retinue of officials, soldiers, musicians, pages, and advisers at his court.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 30) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ A few did have a salary?" }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "state salary", "comment": null, "description": "\"The king appointed a mosakargave (a salaried governor) as his local official in each area he held.\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "state", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "not applicable", "comment": "Administrative structures in Central Panama during this period are not well understood, and the evidence for social stratification and centralized decision-making is weak. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001]</a> Panamanian societies before Spanish contact produced no written records, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> so it is not clear how bureaucrats would have performed their duties.", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "not applicable", "comment": "Helms argues that 'Although the ethnohistoric data are very scanty, some degree of \"internal\" administrative associations and responsibilities surely existed between the commoner population of a given territory or \"province\" and the elite cabras, sacos and/or quevis of that territory, who at the very least accepted generalized stewardship of the overall well-being, socially and ideologically, of the population of a given ancestral territory'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> She believes cabras, the lowest-ranked elites, would have served as 'local administrators', <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> but does not speculate on whether they were full-time. The evidence does not seem strong enough to justify coding full-time specialist bureaucrats present.", "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The Malacca Sultanate \"drew its wealth from trade and exercised power on both sides of the Straits of Malacca.\"§REF§(Milner 2011) Anthony Milner. 2011. The Malays. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester.§REF§ \"In Borneo ... Victor King has observed that sultanates there as well were 'more interested in the control of people and their activities, and the right to take tax and tribute from them, than in ownership of land'.\"§REF§(Milner 2011) Anthony Milner. 2011. The Malays. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester.§REF§ \"Time and again in court literature, and in the reports of statements from the ruling elite, the priority of people over land or financial wealth is spelt out.\" \"In the literature of the royal courts, a great ruler was one to whom many people owed allegiance ... Unlike the sensitivity 'Malay' rulers expressed with respect to subjects, they sometimes admitted to having almost no idea of the territorial dimensions of their realms.\"§REF§(Milner 2011) Anthony Milner. 2011. The Malays. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester.§REF§" }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "not applicable", "comment": "For the later precontact period, Helms has argued that 'Although the ethnohistoric data are very scanty, some degree of \"internal\" administrative associations and responsibilities surely existed between the commoner population of a given territory or \"province\" and the elite cabras, sacos and/or quevis of that territory, who at the very least accepted generalized stewardship of the overall well-being, socially and ideologically, of the population of a given ancestral territory'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> She believes cabras, the lowest-ranked elites, would have served as 'local administrators', <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> but does not speculate on whether they were full-time. The evidence is therefore not strong enough to justify coding full-time specialist bureaucrats present for the precontact period, and we know even less about this earlier period (700-1000 CE). Panamanian societies before Spanish contact produced no written records, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> so it is not clear how such administrators would perform their duties.", "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "not applicable", "comment": null, "description": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact,§REF§(Mendizábal Archibold 2004, 14) Mendizábal Archibold, Tomás Enrique. 2004. “Panamá Viejo: An Analysis of the Construction of Archaeological Time in Eastern Panamá.” PhD Dissertation, University College London. Seshat URL: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IPHPU92K\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IPHPU92K</a>.§REF§ and at present there is no evidence to suggest the presence of administrative institutions in Monagrillo. John Hoopes thinks it is likely that the Monagrillo people were not organized into a polity.§REF§John W. Hoopes 2017, pers. comm. to Jenny Reddish.§REF§" }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Spanish written records refer to bureaucratic positions, such as the positions of tribute collector, ward boss and golaba, or “lord’s solicitor” who collected goods and services from surrounding villages.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1976). \"Formative Oaxaca and Zapotec Cosmos.\" American Scientist 64(4): 374-383. p376§REF§§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p217§REF§ However, these records date from many centuries after this period, and we lack adequate information about administrative structures at Monte Albán to be able to discern whether full-time specialist bureaucrats (i.e. not just chiefs or generals with administrative duties) were present.§REF§Gary Feinman, pers. comm., January 2018.§REF§§REF§Charles Spencer, pers. comm., January 2018.§REF§" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Spanish written records refer to bureaucratic positions, such as the positions of tribute collector, ward boss and golaba, or “lord’s solicitor” who collected goods and services from surrounding villages.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1976). \"Formative Oaxaca and Zapotec Cosmos.\" American Scientist 64(4): 374-383. p376§REF§§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p217§REF§ However, these records date from many centuries after this period, and we lack adequate information about administrative structures at Monte Albán to be able to discern whether full-time specialist bureaucrats (i.e. not just chiefs or generals with administrative duties) were present.§REF§Gary Feinman, pers. comm., January 2018.§REF§§REF§Charles Spencer, pers. comm., January 2018.§REF§" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "15th century so after this period: \"The expansion in economic activity led to the increased use of money in every day life. Government officials who formerly had been paid in kind were now put on money salaries, more and more of the taxes were collected in cash, and, most important, many of the peasants' obligations to their seigniors were converted into money payments, especially in the regions where trade was most active.\"§REF§(Blum 1971, 131) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "state salary", "comment": null, "description": "A Numidian king such as Jugurtha could afford to pay his top officials, such as Bomilcar, a salary. The aristocracy also owned vast agricultural estates which were awarded by the king to direct family members, possibly to other families who served him.<br>State salary?<br> At the time of Jurgurtha the royal treasury was \"still well filled with the savings of Massinissa”.§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 149) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br> The Numidian king was wealthy in gold and silver.§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 150, 156) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ State salary a possibility.<br>Land?<br> \"the Numidian kings owned Carthaginian-style estates.\"§REF§(Brett 2013, 120) Michael Brett. 2013. Approaching African History. James Currey. Woodbridge.§REF§<br> Masinissa encouraged the development of agriculture, which created \"vast estates for all of his many sons.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 182) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br> \"Large estates could be found inside or outside of city territories, but the largest functioned as separate administrative and taxing districts.\"§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 30) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§ Administrative and taxing districts may refer to the Roman period." }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": null, "description": "A Numidian king such as Jugurtha could afford to pay his top officials, such as Bomilcar, a salary. The aristocracy also owned vast agricultural estates which were awarded by the king to direct family members, possibly to other families who served him.<br>State salary?<br> At the time of Jurgurtha the royal treasury was \"still well filled with the savings of Massinissa”.§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 149) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br> The Numidian king was wealthy in gold and silver.§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 150, 156) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ State salary a possibility.<br>Land?<br> \"the Numidian kings owned Carthaginian-style estates.\"§REF§(Brett 2013, 120) Michael Brett. 2013. Approaching African History. James Currey. Woodbridge.§REF§<br> Masinissa encouraged the development of agriculture, which created \"vast estates for all of his many sons.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 182) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br> \"Large estates could be found inside or outside of city territories, but the largest functioned as separate administrative and taxing districts.\"§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 30) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§ Administrative and taxing districts may refer to the Roman period." }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "During the Imamic period, tribal headmen acted as tax collectors, keeping parts of the revenue for themselves: 'The first thing to be said is that no attempt was made to abolish tribalism as such. Where tribal practice was equated so readily with ignorance, and thus with irreligion, this might seem surprising, but it is as if the phenomenon were God-given; as much part of the intractable world and God's will as the mountains or the weather. Indeed,there were only 'tribes', not tribalism, and th eradical ambition of rebuilding humanity to some human design (a 'sociological' ambition, of its nature) is more a feature of our own time. Nor did theImamate command the means to root out institutions on any large scale. The Hamidal-Din Imams, Yahya (1904-48)and Ahmad(1948-62), did not reproduce the elaborate courts and armies of the early Qasimis but were rather frugal men who personally supervised even small, local matters and ran their administrations with the forms of power available to them (see e.g.Rihani 1930:220ff.; Scott 1942:174-5).Over the following decades they gradually built an army, whose officers in the end were to be part of the Imamate's undoing,but the tribes remained the stronger force, always carefully fragmented by their rulers' policy. The aim was that 'the pure shari'a be established', which (as in most pre-bureaucratic Islamic states) meant first of all that the zakat, or canonical tax, be collected and a modicum of order retained. 'Broadly speaking, the tribal Zaydi north was governed by indirect rule with subsidies providedf or the chiefs. The Shafi'I south was less fortunate in being under direct rule by government officials working in concert with local headmen'(Serjeant 1979:92). In both areas the 'headmen' received a cut of the tax which it was their responsibility to collect. One is sometimes told now that this was a quarter of the total for northerners and a tenth for the Shafi'I south (Messick1978:170), but the details in the north were in fact irregular.' §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. \"Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen\", 228§REF§ Nevertheless, government organization and documentation became increasingly bureaucratized: 'Forms, that is, documentary blanks to be filled in, appeared in Ibb with the Ottomans. At the local telegraph office, for example, one of the earliest of these forms had a crescent seal at the top, headings in Ottoman Turkish and French, boxes for office use, and lines to contain the message.11 Such blank forms proliferated in the Ottoman bureaucracies as they would later under the republicans. The commercial receipt, another type of printed form to be filled in, was introduced via Aden. Prior to the “order form” itself, the written purchase-requests Ibb merchants sent to Aden were connected narrations by a scribe (concluding with qala, “said,” and then the writer's name).12 Their internal arrangements were similar to the scalloped entries of the old foundation register. Existing apart from and prior to any particular written content, forms are the mechanical templates of the new age of writing. As with the Ottomans earlier in the century, the principal goal of the Egyptian advisors attached to Ibb offices in the late 1970s was to facilitate a bureacratic movement in a new direction, to assist functionaries in separating what had formerly been lumped together, to itemize what had been recorded whole. While old accounting registers were predominantly horizontal (written) in orientation, the new exhibited a more vertical (numerical) alignment. Thus while the pages of a tax collector's manual from early in the century contained entries strung across the page like laundry on a line, a comparable manual from circa 1955 had two prominent axes, one of grain types, the other of terrace names, creating a grid for entering the relevant figures. Vertical orientations facilitate whole-page summations and are associated with a new emphasis on the efficient extraction and display of numerical data, which used to be embedded in written text.' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 241§REF§ 'With the Turkish occupation (1872-1918), the dramatic events that historians record shift in part from the west and south into the tribes‘ own territory. The political reality was complex, and at most points up to 1918 the Turks found support from Yemenis, not least from certain northern shaykhs whose fortunes were bound up with the Turkish presence. The clerk of the San’a’ court learned Turkish. Many if the ‘ulama’ supported the Turks even when the Imam’s fight against them was at its height, and he ambiguities of resisting the Turkish Sultan, who himself was seen to be beset by Christendom, were usually marked. None the less there was sustained resistance in the north. Tribes and Imams fought the Turks repeatedly, and the dynasty of Imams emerged that was to rule Yemen until the 1960s.’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 219§REF§ It is assumed here that Turkish clerks would have received some compensation from the Ottoman authorities, but governors may have expropriated resources in the form of taxation as well. The sources reviewed so far are silent on the specifics needed here. We have assumed that most Yemenis had little to no access to the administration." }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 349, "name": "tr_pergamon_k", "long_name": "Pergamon Kingdom", "start_year": -282, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "governed population", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Hansen, E. V. (1947). The Attalids of Pergamon (p. 215ff). Cornell University Press, pp. 203-207.§REF§ ET: there was a question mark after governed population." }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 349, "name": "tr_pergamon_k", "long_name": "Pergamon Kingdom", "start_year": -282, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "state salary", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Hansen, E. V. (1947). The Attalids of Pergamon (p. 215ff). Cornell University Press, pp. 203-207.§REF§ ET: there was a question mark after governed population." }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"With the consolidation of the Kievan empire under St. Vladimir and his son Iaroslav the Wise a more peaceful and reliable method of securing the prince's income was developed. Land and/or money would be made available to peasants-colonists who then could pay back their debts in money or in kind. The system was administered in loco by low-ranking princely servitors (the desiatskie) who would each supervise and organize about ten peasant households.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 432) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": null, "description": "Land<br> \"Sukhothai's fiscal administration during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries was primarily agriculturally based\".§REF§(Wicks 1992, 176) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§<br> \"As Wyatt, Thailand, p. 7, has written. 'For almost all the Tai peoples, the muang was the primary unit of social and political organization above the simple village level. Muang is a term that defies translation, for it denotes as much personal as spatial relationships. When it is used in ancient chronicles to refer to a principality, it can mean both the town located at the hub of a network of interrelated villages and also the totality of town and villages which was ruled by a single chao,'lord'.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 170 n45) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ \"The administrative system of the Sukhothai era consisted of a series of outpost towns encircling the capital city at a distance of approximately 50 kilometers, or within two travelling days.\"§REF§(? 1984, 79) ? 1984. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, Volume 28, Issues 1-3.§REF§ \"From the viewpoint of administrative theory, the early Thai administration at Sukhothai was far from centralized. The administrative system gives us a clear picture of strong and powerful provincial governors who ruled their provinces more or less like feudal lords, raising their armies, controlling their own finances, and managing their own internal affairs.\"§REF§(Meksawan 1962, 63) Arsa Meksawan. 1962. The Role of the Provincial Governor in Thailand. Institute of Public Administration. Thammasat University.§REF§<br>Commodity tax<br> \"Salt is added to the list of requisites for successful rule, suggesting that it, along with rice, was liable to taxation\".§REF§(Wicks 1992, 176) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§<br> \"there is some indication that certain occupations, as well as salt production, were also taxed.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 176) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§<br>Customs duty<br> 1292 CE inscription refers to a toll called chakop \"a Khmer term usually translated as 'transit or customs duty'. During the Ayudhya period the fee was collected in king; normally one tenth was taken as duty. Ramkhamhaeng probably forfeited this custom, in order to promote active trade. The 1292 inscription also reveals another tax, that on fruit trees and orchards, which was likewise not collected under Ramkhamhaeng.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 177) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "governed population", "comment": null, "description": "\"A governor (amil) was elected locally and confirmed by the Imam. As representative of the Imam, the amil sent taxes and troops.\" §REF§Savage E., 1997, A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise: The North African Response to the Arab Conquest, Darwin Press. pp.56§REF§<br>\"Yablb b. Zalghln al-Mazatl was a contemporary of the second Rustumid imam, cAbd al-Wahhab ibn Rustam and was a very wealthy man. According to al-Shammakhl, he owned 12,000 donkeys, 30,000 camels, and three million sheep. The imam is quoted as saying that had it not been for the tax paid in gold by himself, the agricultural products paid in by another wealthy Ibadi and the tax in cattle paid by Yablb b.Zalghln, the treasury of Tahart would have crashed.\"§REF§T.Lewicki, \"The Ibadites in North Africa and the Sudan to the fourteenth century,\" JWH 13 (1) (1971):107. al-Shammakhl citation pgs.204-5.§REF§§REF§Savage, E., 1990, Early medieval Ifriqiya, a reassessment of the Ibadiyya, pp.230§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": null, "description": "Scythians probably used the \"ulus principle of the distribution of power\" (using a later Turkish-Mongolian term) \"This principle involved that every member of the ruling lineage had the right to rule over a specific group of nomads together with a particular tract of grazing land, as well as the right to some conquered agricultural territory.\"§REF§(Khazanov 1978, 437-438) Anatolii M Khazanov. The Early State Among the Scythians. H J M Claessen. Peter Skalnik. ed. 1978. The Early State. Mouton Publishers. The Hague.§REF§<br>\"An important source of revenue for the king and Scythian aristocracy was the corn trade supplying the Greek colonies of the north Black Sea area.\"§REF§(Melukova 1990, 105) A I Melyukova. Julia Crookenden trans. The Scythians. Denis Sinor ed. 1990. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>In the 4th century B.C., partly because of the Peloponnesian War, the Bosporus became Greece's main supplier of corn and the corn trade between the Scytians and the Bosporus grew considerably. The Scythian nomadic aristocracy adopted the role of mediator in the supplying of corn to the towns of the Bosporan Kingdom and was interested in increasing the amount of grain produced in Scythia. This, evidently, was largely responsible for nomads becoming partially sedentary.\" Forest-steppe of Eastern Europe also a source.§REF§(Melukova 1990, 105) A I Melyukova. Julia Crookenden trans. The Scythians. Denis Sinor ed. 1990. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "Taxes on trade.", "description": null }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The Tuyuhun lived in felt tents and later in houses.§REF§Ulrich Theobald. 2000. ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art. Tuyuhun 吐谷渾. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tuyuhun.html\">http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tuyuhun.html</a>§REF§<br>The Tuyunhun economy was a mix of nomadism and agriculture \"and profitable commercial links with both the Chinese and with Central Asia.\"§REF§(Pan 1997, 45) Yihong Pan. 1997. Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and Its Neighbors. Western Washington University.§REF§ The latter implies tax on trade.\" Late fifth century especially they were able to \"control the caravan trade routes passing through\" the Tarim Basin.§REF§(Pan 1997) Yihong Pan. 1997. Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and Its Neighbors. Western Washington University.§REF§<br>The Tuyuhun \"relied on rich families and merchants to meet their financial needs\".§REF§(Pan 1997) Yihong Pan. 1997. Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and Its Neighbors. Western Washington University.§REF§" }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "state salary", "comment": "\"Food (bread, beer, grain, and sometimes meat) and cloth were redistributed to officials and workers of the state, but beyond this was a system of royal reward, an important part of the economy that also sustained loyalty to the crown. The king not only gave land to private individuals (which was frequently used to support their mortuary cults), but also rewarded officials with beautiful craft goods, such as jewelry and furniture, produced by highly skilled artisans working for the court. Such luxury goods depended on long-distance trade with\r\nsouthwest Asia and Punt, and mining and quarrying expeditions in the Sinai and Eastern Desert, which were controlled by the state. Exotic raw materials (gold, turquoise, elephant ivory, ebony, cedar for coffins, etc.) were obtained on these expeditions, the scale of which depended on state (and not private) organization and logistics. Thus officials depended on the state not only for their subsistence, but also for much of their material wealth in highly desired luxury craft goods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LAA3TH5R\">[Bard 2015, p. 139]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": "\"Food (bread, beer, grain, and sometimes meat) and cloth were redistributed to officials and workers of the state, but beyond this was a system of royal reward, an important part of the economy that also sustained loyalty to the crown. The king not only gave land to private individuals (which was frequently used to support their mortuary cults), but also rewarded officials with beautiful craft goods, such as jewelry and furniture, produced by highly skilled artisans working for the court. Such luxury goods depended on long-distance trade with southwest Asia and Punt, and mining and quarrying expeditions in the Sinai and Eastern Desert, which were controlled by the state. Exotic raw materials (gold, turquoise, elephant ivory, ebony, cedar for coffins, etc.) were obtained on these expeditions, the scale of which depended on state (and not private) organization and logistics. Thus officials depended on the state not only for their subsistence, but also for much of their material wealth in highly desired luxury craft goods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LAA3TH5R\">[Bard 2015, p. 139]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": "Regional governors and nobles held land granted by the king through the feudal system.\r\nThey derived income by:\r\nCollecting rents and tribute from the peasants working the land.\r\nLeveraging agricultural production for sustenance and trade.\r\nExample: The Earl of Northumbria lived off the revenues of his vast estates and owed military and administrative service in return. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2G9J6UHD\">[Barlow 2014]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "land", "comment": "The administrative officials in East Francia, such as counts, dukes, and other feudal lords, were supported through land grants tied to their positions. These officials did not receive regular salaries from the state but were compensated through the revenues generated from their lands. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SHDPVIS\">[Reuter 1991]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "state salary", "comment": "Bureaucrats were salaried officials, paid in currency or kind by the central government or local administrations. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M26QR6CH\">[Finkel 2007]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 34, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "\"fields for the chiefs worked part-time by commoners, or through tribute.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/28K42M7A\">[Peregrine_Ortman_Rupley 2014, p. 19]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "\"fields for the chiefs worked part-time by commoners, or through tribute.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/28K42M7A\">[Peregrine_Ortman_Rupley 2014, p. 19]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "\"fields for the chiefs worked part-time by commoners, or through tribute.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/28K42M7A\">[Peregrine_Ortman_Rupley 2014, p. 19]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "Ministers may have been paid both in cash and in kind <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ACXSGNV5\">[Dikshit 1980, p. 214]</a> , so the same may been the case for all administrators.", "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "probably unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "Describing Delhi Sultanate but this may also apply to Hindu Hoysalas? \"The principal income of the state remained land revenue. About 50 per cent of the gross produce was extracted as the state's share.\" Initially collected by the Hindu village headman (chaudhuris) and village accountant (patwaris). Nomadic groups paid grazing fees. Also received money from customs duties. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/35K9MMUW\">[Roy 2015, p. 98]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 280, "name": "hu_hun_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of the Huns", "start_year": 376, "end_year": 469 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "State Salary? (for Roman defectors)<br> \"That a government bureaucracy also existed can be assumed by the records of important roles given to ex-Roman defectors such as Rusticus, Constantius and Orestes (the father of the future Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus) at the court of Atilla. The absorbtion of the Romanized population of conquered Pannonia and other Danubian provinces would no doubt have strengthened the bureaucratic base of the Huns.\"§REF§(Kim 2014) Hyun Jin Kim. 2016. The Huns. Routledge.§REF§<br>Pillaging<br> \"Attila's Huns lived from predation and extortion rather than from pastorialism. Calculations based on Roman tribute alone yield an income sufficient to provision a large population.\"§REF§(Lindner 2015) Rudi Paul Lindner. Nomadism, Horses and Huns. John France. Kelly DeVries. ed. 2015. Warfare in the Dark Ages. Routledge.§REF§<br>Income and cattle tax<br> \"Beginning from the 2nd century BC, the Huns made records of the quantity of population and cattle, according to which people paid an income tax and a tax on cattle. Records were kept in a written form, and decrees and laws were issued.\" §REF§KUMEKOV B.E HISTORY OF STATES ON THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D43:history-of-states-on-the-territory-of-kazakhstan%26catid%3D5:2%26Itemid%3D27\">http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D43:history-of-states-on-the-territory-of-kazakhstan%26catid%3D5:2%26Itemid%3D27</a>§REF§<br>Tribute<br> Taxes and tribute were collected from subject peoples \"either by the logades or more probably by lower-ranking officials working under their administration, usually it seems in kind (agricultural produce of various kinds).\"§REF§(Kim 2014) Hyun Jin Kim. 2016. The Huns. Routledge.§REF§<br>\"There was private property in the society for cattle and slaves.\" §REF§KUMEKOV B.E HISTORY OF STATES ON THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D43:history-of-states-on-the-territory-of-kazakhstan%26catid%3D5:2%26Itemid%3D27\">http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D43:history-of-states-on-the-territory-of-kazakhstan%26catid%3D5:2%26Itemid%3D27</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 156, "name": "tr_konya_mnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "inapplicable", "description": null }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 155, "name": "tr_konya_enl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Neolithic", "start_year": -9600, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "inapplicable", "description": null }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "inapplicable", "description": null }, { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Source_of_support", "source_of_support": "uncoded", "comment": "Tribute was extracted from conquered neighbors and shared among members of the tribe. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VUIEUHVK\">[Singh 2008, p. 73]</a> However, coded 'not applicable' because full-time bureaucrats have been coded 'inferred absent'.", "description": null } ] }