Script List
A viewset for viewing and editing Scripts.
GET /api/sc/scripts/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 578, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/scripts/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/scripts/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Script and writing materials developed in late fourth millennium BCE. §REF§(Quirke 2001§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There were several scripts in use." }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "There were several scripts in use." }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Script and writing materials developed in late fourth millennium BCE. §REF§(Quirke 2001§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Abnormal hieratic. Demotic. Theban cursive writing. §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 980)§REF§ Theban cursive and Abnormal Hieratic are the same; replaced by Demotic. See e.g. K. Donker Van Heel, The lost battle of Peteamonip son of Petehorresne. In Acta Demotica, Acts of the Fifth International Conference for Demotists, Pisa, 4th-8th September 1993, ed. E. Bresciani, 115-24. Egitto e Vicino Oriente 17. §REF§(Manning 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§ \"standardization of all private documents pertaining to family income\" implied by Heredotus's claim that Saites (under Amasis) taxed household income and assets. At this very time demotic Egyptian replaced abnormal hieratic at Thebes.§REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 1008-1009) Agut-Labordere, Damien. \"The Saite Period: The Emergence of A Mediterranean Power.\" in Garcia, Juan Carlos Moreno ed. 2013. Ancient Egyptian Administration. BRILL.§REF§" }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evolved into two distinct types of hieratic: Demotic in the north; abnormal at Thebes.§REF§(Taylor 2000, 339)§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “The sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were a golden age in theology and devotional writing as well as politics.” §REF§(Maltby 2009, 91) Maltby, William S. 2009. <i>The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SUSVXWVH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SUSVXWVH</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"the Ethiopians, following the rise of the Aksumite state between c. 150 BCE and the turn of the Common Era, came to write in Ge'ez, and Ethiosemitic language using a cursive script (fidal) based on the musnad script of South Arabia.\"§REF§(Hatke 2013) George Hatke. 2013. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa (Institute for the Study of the Ancient World). New York University Press.§REF§ Inscriptions of the 2nd and 3rd centuries \"offer the earliest forms of the Ethiopic alphabet, the use of which has survived to the present day.\" Earlier inscriptions in the Aksum region, dating to last half of the first millennium BCE, were of south Arabian type.§REF§(Anfray 1981, 363-364) F Anfray. The civilization of Aksum from the first to the seventh century. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " SCCS variable 149 'Writing and Records' is coded as ‘1’ or ‘None’, not ‘Mnemonic devices’, or ‘Nonwritten records’, or 'True writing, no records', or ‘True writing; records’." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " SCCS variable 149 'Writing and Records' is coded as ‘1’ or ‘None’, not ‘Mnemonic devices’, or ‘Nonwritten records’, or 'True writing, no records', or ‘True writing; records’ The Japanese administration introduced schooling in the Japanese language: 'The chief subject in the prescribed elementary school curriculum was the Japanese language, spoken and written. Officially language work was supposed to occupy half of the teaching time; arithmetic about a quarter; and miscellaneous subjects, such as gymnastic exercises, singing, handicraft, ethics, and geography, the remainder. According to reports of students the actual emphasis on the Japanese language was if anything even greater than this. While the official curriculum prescribed the teaching of the more common Chinese ideographs as well as the Japanese Kana syllabary, [Page 85] few, if any, native students could be said to be literate in Japanese to the extent of being able to read a newspaper by the end of fifth grade. Certainly none could read the regulations promulgated by the South Seas Government Office; and these regulations were not translated, except sometimes orally and in summary by rather confused native interpreters.' §REF§Fischer, John L. 1961. “Japanese Schools For The Natives Of Truk, Caroline Islands”, 84§REF§ Christian missionaries taught writing in the native language: 'The Japanese schools did not try to teach reading or writing in the native language, although some Trukese learned these skills from the Western Protestant and Catholic missionaries. Starting even before German rule, the missionaries had translated parts of the Bible and prepared hymns and other religious materials in Trukese, and continued to teach reading and writing in the native tongue to such children as would come to them.' §REF§Fischer, John L. 1961. “Japanese Schools For The Natives Of Truk, Caroline Islands”, 85§REF§" }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No information found in sources so far." }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " French language." }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " French language." }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " French language." }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Merovingian latin script. §REF§(Wood 1994, 153)§REF§" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Merovingian latin script. §REF§(Wood 1994, 153)§REF§" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Merovingian latin script. §REF§(Wood 1994, 153)§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Druids did not commit their philosophy to writing, no record exists to explain how the Celts perceived their world.\" §REF§(Allen 2007, 100)§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence of inscriptions from Gallic settlements in Northern Italy.§REF§(Kruta 2004, 30)§REF§" }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence of inscriptions from Gaulish settlements in Northern Italy.§REF§(Kruta 2004, 30)§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " French language." }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " French language." }, { "id": 83, "polity": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The Akan languages did not receive a script until the late colonial period: 'Twi is a tonal language and, since missionary work during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, has been written in Roman script' §REF§(Gilbert, Michelle, 1994:11; Literacy Database)§REF§ 'Akan languages started to be written down, mainly in religious publication, by Danish, German and British missionaries during the 17th and 18th centuries.'§REF§(Ager, Simon 2013; Literacy Database§REF§ 'Towards the end of the century the use of written records and communications had made some headway. Europeans like the Frenchman Bonnat were absorbed, albeit briefly, into the system, and Asantes like the Owusu Ansa brothers, mission educated, were fully literate. Written messages were sent: for example, in 1889 Prempe 1 received a written account of the fate of a force dispatched against recalcitrant Ahafo towns. The writer described himself as ‘Chief Miner’, possibly an Elminan. The year before the King received a letter from a Muslim divine, Abu Bakr B. Uthman Kamaghatay, setting out terms for his return to Kumase. Both letters were kept until removed from Kumase by British forces in 1896.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 88§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'Twi is a tonal language and, since missionary work during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, has been written in Roman script' §REF§(Gilbert, Michelle, 1994:11; Literacy Database)§REF§ 'Akan languages started to be written down, mainly in religious publication, by Danish, German and British missionaries during the 17th and 18th centuries.'§REF§(Ager, Simon 2013; Literacy Database§REF§ Early native intellectuals were accordingly mostly mission-educated. While elites increasingly used couriers for the transmission of written communication (see below), the majority of the population remained illiterate during the period in question. 'Towards the end of the century the use of written records and communications had made some headway. Europeans like the Frenchman Bonnat were absorbed, albeit briefly, into the system, and Asantes like the Owusu Ansa brothers, mission educated, were fully literate. Written messages were sent: for example, in 1889 Prempe 1 received a written account of the fate of a force dispatched against recalcitrant Ahafo towns. The writer described himself as ‘Chief Miner’, possibly an Elminan. The year before the King received a letter from a Muslim divine, Abu Bakr B. Uthman Kamaghatay, setting out terms for his return to Kumase. Both letters were kept until removed from Kumase by British forces in 1896.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 88§REF§" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " present: 9th century BCE" }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The script use by the Knossian administration is the Linear B.§REF§Ventris, M. and Chadwick, J. 1973. Documents in Mycenaean Greek, Cambridge§REF§ §REF§Palaima, T. G. 2010. \"Linear B,\" in Cline, E. H. (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean</i>, Oxford, 356-72.§REF§Unlike the other Bronze Age scripts, Linear B has been deciphered; the primary language in the preserved texts is Greek as it was developing in the 14th and 13th centuries BCE." }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cretan Hieroglyphic (1700-1600 BCE) and Linear A (1700-1450 BCE). §REF§Tomas, H. 2010. \" Cretan Hieroglyphic and Linear A,\" in n Cline, E.H. (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC)</i>, Oxford, 341-55.§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The script used during the Old Palace period is the Cretan Hieroglyphic and the Linear A, the latter introduced at Knossos and Phaistos at the end of the period. §REF§Olivier, J.-P. and Godart, L. 1996. <i>Corpus Hieroglyphicarum Instriptionum Cretae</i> (<i>Études Crétoise</i> 31), Paris§REF§ §REF§Tomas, H. 2010. \"Cretan Hieroglyphic and Linear A,\" in Cline, E. (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean</i>, Oxford, 345-46.§REF§ Ninety sylabograms, many of which equivalent to those of Linear A and B, and thirty logograms, denoting agricultural commodities, have been distinguished in Cretan Hieroglyphic. The archival documents, mostly administrative records containing lists of agricultural commodities, people and livestock, appear in a variety of forms, such as tablets, two, three and four-sided bars, medallions, nodule, flat-based nodules, roundels, one-hanging nodules, cones and crescents. They were also incised or stamped directly on objects. Assemblages of Hieroglyphic documents were found at Knossos, Malia, Phaistos, Kato Syme, Petras while isolated finds comes from may other sites. The largest assemblage was found at Malia. The script, which is not deciphered, continued to flourish and be used at least until the ends of the Middle Minoan III period (1600 BCE)." }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The script use by the central administration is the Linear B.§REF§Ventris, M. and Chadwick, J. 1973. Documents in Mycenaean Greek, Cambridge§REF§ §REF§Palaima, T. G. 2010. \"Linear B,\" in Cline, E. H. (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean</i>, Oxford, 356-72.§REF§Unlike the other Bronze Age scripts, Linear B has been deciphered; the primary language in the preserved texts is Greek as it was developing in the 14th and 13th centuries BCE." }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The pre-contact Hawaiians had no writing.§REF§(Kirch 2010, 75-76) Patrick Vinton Kirch. 2010. <i>How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai'i</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Writing was introduced by Christian missionaries starting from the 1820s §REF§(Kuykendall 1938, 102-118)§REF§." }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The lack of a writing system is also noteworthy, although Hawai'i is not the only archaic state with this deficiency; the Inka similarly lacked written texts.\" §REF§(Kirch 2010, 75)§REF§" } ] }