Script List
A viewset for viewing and editing Scripts.
GET /api/sc/scripts/?format=api&page=12
{ "count": 578, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/scripts/?format=api&page=11", "results": [ { "id": 552, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 553, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 554, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "Zapotec writing and counting systems were recorded by the Spanish after the invasion. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CNG67KKA\">[Kent_Flannery_Marcus 1983, pp. 2-3]</a> Detailed documentation was written in Spanish after the Late Postclassic. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 555, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "Zapotec writing and counting systems were recorded by the Spanish after the invasion. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CNG67KKA\">[Kent_Flannery_Marcus 1983, pp. 2-3]</a> Detailed documentation was written in Spanish after the end of this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 556, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 557, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Took Cyrillic alphabet from Byzantine priests.§REF§Miriam Greenblatt. 2001. Human Heritage: A World History. McGraw-Hill.§REF§ Did they have any kind of script before? 944 CE treaty with Byzantium§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 435) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ was perhaps in Greek? Church Slavonic: \"With regard to written language, the existence of texts allows for less arbitrary opinion ... the written language of Kievan Rus' was not based on any of the spoken languages or dialects of the inhabitants ... it had no basis in any of the East Slavic dialects, nor did it stem from some supposed older form of Ukranian, Belarusan, or Russian. Rather, it was a literary language, known as Old Slavonic, originally based on the Slavic dialects of Macedonia, which were those best known to its creators, Constantine/Cyril and Methodius, in the second half of the ninth century. Old Slavonic subsequently evolved on neighbouring Bulgarian lands before being brought in its Bulgarian form to Kiev in the first half of the tenth century.\"§REF§(Magocsi 2010, 107) Paul R Magocsi. 2010. A History of Ukraine: The Land and its Peoples. University of Toronto Press Incorporated. Toronto.§REF§" }, { "id": 558, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Written Libyan and Neo-Punic \"gave way to Latin in the Roman period\" but \"a spoken form of Punic\" was still widely used in late Roman times. The extent of spoken Libyan is unknown but its script is similar to the Libyan script used by the modern Touareg.§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"Berber made an increasing appearance alongside Punic in inscriptions in a Berber script. Despite such Berberisation, Punic retained its dominance as a sign that the kingdoms themselves were marginal rather than central to the essentially stateless societies of villages and pastoralists under their control, while the Hellenistic style of their kings ... identifies them with the Graeco-Roman world.\"§REF§(Brett 2013, 120) Michael Brett. 2013. Approaching African History. James Currey. Woodbridge.§REF§ Punic was employed as the official language of the Numidian kingdom, as is shown by monumental inscriptions and coin legends. §REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ An alphabetic script was created for the Numidian language. \"This script is apparently ancestral to the tifinagh script employed by the Berbers of the Sahara\".§REF§(Law 1978, 185) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 559, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Written records in Arabic have a long scholarly tradition in Yemen, although manuscripts were increasingly replaced by print technology in the 20th century: 'While the texts of Yemeni pedagogy were once exclusively written by hand, under the rnaʿarif system the manual art was decisively supplemented by print technology. In the course of about a century, from Ottoman openings through to the contemporary republican school system, instruction in a manuscript culture would be completely replaced by schooling based on print culture.14 The old diversity of handwritten texts, including the drafts and autographs of famous scholars, calligraphic exercises, copies made as pious pastimes, artifacts of formal study, products of professional copyists, and so forth, would eventually be reduced, from the point of view of a print-oriented society, to a single basic and increasingly archaic type, the “manuscript,” to be collected and curated, kept in library sections that would begin to resemble museums. Texts such as the fiqh manuals pertained to a social, political, and intellectual community articulated in madhhabs; printed textbooks, to a curriculum system of public instruction, and the associated sociopolitical, citizen-based universe of nationalism (Anderson 1983). Manuscripts were still being made well into the present century, however. In 1920, after completing his studies in Ibb, young Ahmad al-Haddad was employed by ʿAbd Allah al-Wazir to make a copy of the famous history by al-Kibsi.15 In the 1930s, a young Zaidi scholar from Yarim, later appointed to an administrative position in Ibb, occupied himself in writing, and then binding in leather, personal copies of both an inheritance treatise and a work of usul jurisprudence. “The profession of copyist still flourishes,” the visiting Italian Orientalist Ettore Rossi observed in 1938.' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 117§REF§" }, { "id": 560, "polity": { "id": 402, "name": "in_paramara_dyn", "long_name": "Paramara Dynasty", "start_year": 974, "end_year": 1235 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 561, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 562, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Cyrillic alphabet was introduced by Byzantine priests in the late 10th century.§REF§Miriam Greenblatt. 2001. Human Heritage: A World History. McGraw-Hill.§REF§" }, { "id": 563, "polity": { "id": 412, "name": "in_sharqi_dyn", "long_name": "Sharqi", "start_year": 1394, "end_year": 1479 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 564, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "Written language was culture of an urban élite, that did not absorb surrounding cultures and languages <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/587CAWSP\">[Cissoko_Niane 1984]</a> Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 44]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 565, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 566, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Rama Khamheng was the originator of the Thai script. He changed the Khmer alphabets and adapted it to the sounds of Thai words. The Thai alphabets invented by him in 1283 are basically still in use with some modifications. The written languages of the Burmese, Khmer, Sanskrit, and Pali had greatly influenced his innovation. A common written language gave the Thais an identity of their own. Rama Khamheng's famous inscription dated 1292 was written in the new script...\"§REF§(Mishra 2010, 38) Patit Paban Mishra. 2010. The History of Thailand. Greenwood. Santa Barbara.§REF§ Reign of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (1276-1317): \"the most outstanding achievement was the invention of the Thai writing script, which is the basis of the modern Thai written language.\"§REF§(Dhiravegin 1985, 352) Likhit Dhiravegin. 1985. Thai Politics: Selected Aspects of Developments and Change. Tri-Sciences Publishing House.§REF§" }, { "id": 567, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 568, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The 'Issyk inscription' is thought to represent Scythian writing, taken from a silver bowl in a 6th-4th century barrow in Kazakhstan. It has been translated, first translated by A S Amanzholov in 1971 with corrections added by later scholars.§REF§Османлы Исмихан Магамед. 2014. Сакско-прототюркская руноподобная надпись на серебряной чаше из иссыкского кургана Казахстана. Bulletin of National Academy of sciences of the republic of Kazakhstan. p.149§REF§ \"no Scythian text has survived and efforts to determine the linguistic appurtenance of Scythian are based solely on proper names and etymologies. These do indicate, however, that the Scythians were Iranian speaking.\"§REF§(Sinor 1969, 82) Denis Sinor. 1969 [1997]. Uralic and Altaic Series. Volume 96. Inner Asia. History-Civilization-Languages. RoutledgeCurzon. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 569, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Well-developed bureaucracy.§REF§(Bourn and Park 2016, 20) Aomar Bourn. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. Lantham.§REF§" }, { "id": 570, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Chinese. By the mid-7th century the kingdom of Tibet had \"developed their own writing system, unlike most of China's neighbours, who adopted Chinese as their documentary language\".§REF§(Twitchett 2000, 120) Denis Twitchett. Tibet in Tang's grand strategy. Hans van de Ven. ed. 2000. Warfare in Chinese History. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"Their administration was based on the Chinese model and made use of Chinese writing.\"§REF§(Pan 1997) Yihong Pan. 1997. Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and Its Neighbors. Western Washington University.§REF§" }, { "id": 571, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Generic Baiyue reference: \"the Baiyue did not share a language or culture but were simply related in terms of geography and marginality with regard to imperial Chinese culture of the time.\"§REF§(West 2009, 81) Barbara A. West. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Facts On File. New York.§REF§ Generic Baiyue reference: In the 3rd Century BCE \"Chinese writing had reached the area, and the many Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) tombs that soon followed bear evidence to a sedentary agriculture that succumbed easily to the great civilization from the north, supported by its written texts.\"§REF§(Faure 2007, 17-18) David Faure. 2007. Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China. Stanford University Press. Stanford.§REF§" }, { "id": 572, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Like the Marinids, the Wattasids also encouraged education and culture.\"§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 489) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§" }, { "id": 573, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Tombs contained inscriptions.§REF§(Steele 2015, 244) Tracey Steele. Xi Xia. Steven L Danver. 2015. Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ \"a script for the Tangut language was developed and standardized by 1036\"§REF§(Steele 2015, 245) Tracey Steele. Xi Xia. Steven L Danver. 2015. Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 574, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 575, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Zagwe dynasty produced no coinage, inscriptions, or apparently even chronicles.\"§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 433) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§ However the churches used a script - this refers only to government records? \"The Zagwe rulers gave continuity to Aksumite state structure, Christianity, and the use of the Geez language.\"§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 9) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§ \"The Amharic language developed as a court language during the Zagwe period. Several books were also translated into the Geez language. There are also Geez engravings in the walls of the churches of Lalibela.\"§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 9) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§ A fine inscribed metal processional cross and texts written by/for Zagwe kings \"are probably the earliest authentic feudal deeds transmitted to us. Although some survive only in copies, they attest to the existence of a sophisticated administration which demonstrates substantial continuity with the protocols known from Aksumite inscriptions.\"§REF§(Bausi 2017, 110) Alessandro Bausi. The Zagwe. Siegbert Uhlig. David L Appleyard. Steven Kaplan. Alessandro Bausi. Wolfgang Hahn. eds. 2017. Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press. East Lansing.§REF§" }, { "id": 576, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Centralized government bureaucracy with a wazir§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§ while the court and the coastal city of Mahdia became \"one of the great cultural centers of medieval North Africa.\"§REF§(? 2012, 503) ? . Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis. Emmanuel K Akyeampong. Henry Louis Gates Jr. eds. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography: Abach - Brand, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ For example, \"Ibn Rashiq arrived at the Zirid court in Kairouan during the reign of the Caliph al-Mu'izz b. Badis, and soon became one of the leading men of science, letters, and religion in the court circle.\"§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§'" }, { "id": 577, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "The primary script used in Norman England was Latin script. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 578, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 579, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "The Ottomans used a version of the Perso-Arabic script until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9H87MCAG\">[webpage_Turkish language | Alphabet, Basics,...]</a>", "description": "" } ] }