Script List
A viewset for viewing and editing Scripts.
GET /api/sc/scripts/?format=api&page=11
{ "count": 578, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/scripts/?format=api&page=12", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/scripts/?format=api&page=10", "results": [ { "id": 501, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 503, "polity": { "id": 772, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_2", "long_name": "Late East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 504, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 505, "polity": { "id": 791, "name": "bd_khadga_dyn", "long_name": "Khadga Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "Khadga inscribed copper-plate grants discovered across vanga and samatata. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HQNUI6KX\">[Basak 1934]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 506, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "Manuscripts, copper-plates and inscriptions. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BSB9HGAR\">[Chowdhury 1965]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 507, "polity": { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "Manuscripts and copper-plates. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BSB9HGAR\">[Chowdhury 1965]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a> Many epigraphic materials including copper plates, short records, fragments of inscriptions and landgrants have been found in sites across the Vanga-Samatata region ranging in date from the 7th to the 13th centuries. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K5PPMPG6\">[Harunur_Rashid_Haque 2001]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RSEABP39\">[Majumdar 2015, pp. 1-27]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 508, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 509, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Another polity? but probably relevant as the Avars migrated from this region: \"The first embassy from the Turks arrived in Constantinople in 564 [CE], twelve years after the founding of the Turk empire. To the court of Justinian came a Sogdian named Maniakh and several retainers, bearing a letter in \"Skythian writing.\"§REF§William H King. Primary Sources for the History of Central Eurasia in the Early Mediaeval Period: Turkic Runiform Inscriptions of Central Asia. 1991. William McCulloh Symposium. Kenyon College. archive.is/W9YF2#selection-29.0-29.26§REF§" }, { "id": 510, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "\"Aksumite inscriptions in Greek and Ge'ez from the reigns of Ousanas and Ezana.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXRMDFFS\">[Hatke 2013]</a> King Ousanas was the last of this period. 4th CE inscriptions of King Ezana contain \"that syllabism ... soon becoming the rule in Ethiopic script. Vocalic signs become integrated into the consonantal system, denoting the different tone qualities of the spoken language. This language, as revealed in the inscriptions, is known as Ge'ez. It is a member of the southern group of the Semitic family. It is the language of the Aksumites.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 375]</a> south Arabian and Greek scripts also in limited use. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, pp. 375-376]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 511, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "\"Aksumite inscriptions in Greek and Ge'ez from the reigns of Ousanas and Ezana.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXRMDFFS\">[Hatke 2013]</a> King Ousanas was the last of this period. 4th CE inscriptions of King Ezana contain \"that syllabism ... soon becoming the rule in Ethiopic script. Vocalic signs become integrated into the consonantal system, denoting the different tone qualities of the spoken language. This language, as revealed in the inscriptions, is known as Ge'ez. It is a member of the southern group of the Semitic family. It is the language of the Aksumites.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 375]</a> south Arabian and Greek scripts also in limited use. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, pp. 375-376]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 512, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"it was at this time that the transitional period, during which Mon influences were considerably at work, linguistically, culturally, religiously and architecturally, as testified to by inscriptions and archaeological finds, finally gave way to the supremacy of the Burmese wishes... the Burmese language by then considerably evolved and enriched to a literary status, became the official language\"§REF§(Soni 1991, xxvi) Sujata Soni. 1991. Evolution of Stupas in Burma. Pagan Period: 11th to 13th centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.§REF§ \"The Burmese made the Mon alphabet their own and composed large numbers of dedicatory inscriptions using the Mon language.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 122) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 513, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Likely Arabic but no specific information. We know the Banu Ghaniya had a \"military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaerics§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ and, at least initially they maintained a fleet,§REF§(Saidi 1997, 19) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ both which suggest high social complexity. Their supporters included the Abbasid caliphate who formally considered them to be \"heir of the Almoravids in the Maghrib\"§REF§(Abun-Nasr 1987, 100) Jamil M Abun-Nasr. 1987. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. Cambrige.§REF§ and they were an Almoravid family who had fled the Almohad conquest of the Almoravids.§REF§(Ruiz 2012, 69) Ana Ruiz. 2012. Medina Mayrit. The Origins of Madrid. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ The Almoravids were literate." }, { "id": 514, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Most of the Bulgar stone annals are on inscribed on columns, such as those of Krum (r.802-814).§REF§(Petkov 2008, 6) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"The country played a central role in South Slavic culture, in part because it was the first in which the Slavic language was written, beginning in the ninth century, when the missionaries Cyril and Methodius created the alphabet for Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic).\"§REF§(Waldman and Mason 2006, 104) Carl Waldman. Catherine Mason. 2006. Encyclopedia of European Peoples, Volume 2. Facts On File, Inc. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 515, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Most of the Bulgar stone annals are on inscribed on columns, such as those of Krum (r.802-814).§REF§(Petkov 2008, 6) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"The country played a central role in South Slavic culture, in part because it was the first in which the Slavic language was written, beginning in the ninth century, when the missionaries Cyril and Methodius created the alphabet for Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic).\"§REF§(Waldman and Mason 2006, 104) Carl Waldman. Catherine Mason. 2006. Encyclopedia of European Peoples, Volume 2. Facts On File, Inc. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 516, "polity": { "id": 400, "name": "in_chandela_k", "long_name": "Chandela Kingdom", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1308 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "\"Other people in the service of the state known from the inscriptions are,--Sutradhara, architect or builder of temples, Chitrakara, painters who were 'well versed in the science of all arts and' [sic] Rupakara, who built images and also engraved inscriptions. The engraver of an inscription is also mentioned as Uccakara, and the composers of inscriptions are often referred to as Kavi, Kavindra (lord of poets), and Balakavi (young poet, perhaps a beginner), and as very learned in grammar (savdanusasanavidah).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATJMGIDM\">[Bose 1956, p. 150]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 517, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "\"From the Ganadharasardhasatakabrhadvrtti, we learn that a good Jaina scholar was expected to master his own siddhanta along with the philosophic systems of the Buddhists and Brahmanas. He read also classical poetry, prose and drama, astronomy and astrology, poetics, prosody and grammar; and had specially to be adept in propounding his own theories abd refuting the views of rival schools. [...] The Sarngadharapaddhati has sections on Rajaniti, elephants, horses, military science, music, herbs and plants, omens, svarodaya, antidotes of poisons, kautukas, bhutavidya, yoga and kalpasthana.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 518, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 519, "polity": { "id": 277, "name": "kz_chionite", "long_name": "Chionites", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 388 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "uncoded", "comment": "\"the early steppe peoples would not have been a promising vehicle for the diffusion of complicated, textually based knowledge; according to the Northern Wei dynastic history, the Rouran were illiterates whose leaders at first kept records of their troop numbers by piling up sheep turds as counters but eventually graduated to scratching simple marks onto pieces of wood. Not surprisingly, there is no evidence of the transmission of Chinese military theories and texts to the West by way of the Avars, other steppe nomads, Silk Road caravans, or any other channel prior to the activities of the Jesuit missionaries in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7JJTRCWG\">[Graff 2016, p. 146]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 520, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Material remains of the Chu polity include their text.§REF§(Cook and Major 1999, viii) Cook, Constance A. Major, John S. 1999. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. University of Hawai'i Press. Honolulu.§REF§" }, { "id": 521, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "uncoded", "comment": "Any inscriptions?", "description": null }, { "id": 522, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"the khanate's governmental structures and institutions often followed the Ottoman model.§REF§(Klein 2012, 3) Denise Klein. Introduction. Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§" }, { "id": 523, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 524, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 525, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 526, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "unknown", "comment": " <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E7KV5BEU\">[Ray_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 527, "polity": { "id": 429, "name": "mr_wagadu_1", "long_name": "Early Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "\"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TNTPK7C6\">[Bovill 1995, p. 51]</a> \"The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 13]</a> Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 44]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 528, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 529, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "e.g. the \"copper basin inscribed with the name of the Jalayirid sultan Uways (r. 1360–74)\" §REF§BEHRENS-ABOUSEIF, DORIS. “THE JALAYIRID CONNECTION IN MAMLUK METALWARE.” Muqarnas 26, no. ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: 2009 / Copyright © 2009 BRILL (January 1, 2009): 149–59. doi:10.2307/27811138.§REF§ \"In addition to painting, Jalayirid calligraphy, bookbinding and metalwork have been the subject of art-historical studies. \" §REF§Wing, Patrick (2016)The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. p.20.§REF§ \"A vanal example of an attempt to identify Shaykh Uvays as the heir to the Ilkhanids, and even as an Ilkhanid himself, is an inscription on a copper water bowl made for the Jalayirid sultan. The inscription on the vessel reads: Made on the order of the greatest sultan [al-sulṭān al-a‘ẓam]The great Ilkhan, the most just and noble khāqān [al-īlkhān al-mu‘aẓẓam al- khāqān al-a‘dal al-akram] Master of the necks of the populace [mālik riqāb al-umam] Shadow of God on Earth [ẓill allāh fī al-‘ālam] Strengthener of the world and religion [mu‘izz al-dunyā wa-al-dīn] Shaykh Uvays, may God preserve his realm and his power. \" §REF§Wing, Patrick (2016)The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. p.132-33.§REF§ \"In addition to painting, calligraphy and metalwork were also forms of artistic expression under the Jalayirids. According to the Gulistān-i Hunar, a treatise on calligraphers and painters written in 1005/1596–97 for the Safavid Shāh ‘Abbās (r. 1587–1629) by Qāḍī Aḥmad Mīr Munshī al-Ḥusaynī, one of the outstanding calligraphers of Shaykh Uvays’s time was a certain Mubārak Shāh, known as Zarīn-Qalam, or ‘golden pen’.\" §REF§Wing, Patrick (2016)The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.§REF§" }, { "id": 530, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "\"As in the case of many early and medieval dynasties, the history of the Kakatiyas is largely based on epigraphical evidence.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJ8CF927\">[Sastry 1978, p. 3]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 531, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 532, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The most developed aspect of Kangju administration currently recorded is that they minted their own coins§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§ which suggests the administration could have worked with written accounts." }, { "id": 533, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, and, Isker [the capital of the Siberian Khanate] with all their administrative buildings were captured by the 'White Tsar' do not leave the opportunity to expect that any written documents were saved (unless, of course, they were not set in stone).\"§REF§(Ivanov 2015, 142) Vladimir Alexandrovich Ivanov. October 2015. Bashkiria and the Khanate of Kazan. The Problem of Administrative and Political Relationship. European Journal of Science and Theology. Vol. 11. No. 5. 141-149.§REF§" }, { "id": 534, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Between 1548-1555 CE Jesuits \"produced the first catechism dedicated to the Kongo, published in Lisbon in 1556 and probably redacted in both Portuguese and Kikongo, the language of the Kongo.\"§REF§(Fromont 2014, 5) Cecile Fromont. 2014. The Art Of Conversion. Christian Visual Culture In The Kingdom Of Kongo. The University of North Carolina Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 535, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Georgian king had a civil service.§REF§(Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§ Christian priests clergy with literary culture.§REF§(Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 536, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 537, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 538, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"For almost three centuries, al-Hira stood almost alone as a metropolis radiating higher forms of culture to the Arabs of the Peninsula; and of all the elements of culture that mattered, the most important was undoubtedly the development of the Arabic script and of written Arabic, called for by the demands of an organised and stable urban life in al-Hira\".§REF§(Bosworth et al 1982, 634) C E Bosworth. E Van Donzel. B Lewis. Ch Pellat. eds. 1982. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Volume V. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 539, "polity": { "id": 772, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_2", "long_name": "Late East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "The following quote describes the indigenous inhabitants of 19th-century Tanganyika as \"pre-literate.\" \"We do not know what inland Tanganyikans believed in the early nineteenth century. They were pre-literate, and the religions of pre-literate peoples not only leave little historical evidence but are characteristically eclectic, mutable, and unsystematic.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, pp. 21-22]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 540, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 541, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Chinese remained the written language: \"Despite the multiethnic and multilingual character of the era, and the fact that identifiably non-Chinese people were frequently the political and military rulers, Chinese remained (with minor exceptions) almost the only written language. Even a particularly notorious 'barbarian' tribal ruler of northeast China in the mod-fourth century Shi Hu (d. 349), felt compelled to dispatch a scholar to copy the stone inscriptions of the Confucian Classics in the former Chinese capital at Luoyang.\"§REF§(Holcombe 2011, 61) Charles Holcombe. 2011. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Chang'an in the Guanzhong plain was \"the foremost center of Buddhist learning and translation from the late fourth to the early fifth century, under the enthusiastic support of the Tibetan courts of the Former Qin and the Later Qin.\"§REF§(Wong 2004, 49) Dorothy C Wong. 2004. Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form. University of Hawaii Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 542, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Chinese remained the written language: \"Despite the multiethnic and multilingual character of the era, and the fact that identifiably non-Chinese people were frequently the political and military rulers, Chinese remained (with minor exceptions) almost the only written language. Even a particularly notorious 'barbarian' tribal ruler of northeast China in the mod-fourth century Shi Hu (d. 349), felt compelled to dispatch a scholar to copy the stone inscriptions of the Confucian Classics in the former Chinese capital at Luoyang.\"§REF§(Holcombe 2011, 61) Charles Holcombe. 2011. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 543, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "\"as late as the end of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth century Meroitic was still a written language although how many people by that date could read it is uncertain. In northern Nubia Greek was well established and it took over from Meroitic as the language of official inscriptions during the fifth century, as well as later for religious, administrative and commercial matters, was Coptic, a language derived directly from the ancient Egyptian vernacular language, Demotic. Greek and Coptic were used during the medieval period throughout Nubia for inscriptions of all types from royal tombstones to graffiti on walls and on pottery and must have been widely understood. From the eighth century onwards they were joined by the written form of a language known as Old Nubian to distinguish it from the living language of Nubian still spoken, but not written, in northern Sudan and Southern Egypt today. Old Nubian as a spoken language may have been of considerable antiquity and has been thought to have been the language of at least some dwellers of along the Middle Nile in the second millennium BC. In the medieval period it was the spoken language in Nubia and was used in a wide range of written correspondence of both a private and an official nature.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, pp. 236-237]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 544, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "Written sources for the Nubian Kingdoms include graffiti on pottery and walls and inscriptions such as funerary stelae. At Qasr Ibrim \"legal texts, documents and correspondence\" was discovered but mostly unpublished as of 2002. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 9]</a> \"as late as the end of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth century Meroitic was still a written language although how many people by that date could read it is uncertain. In northern Nubia Greek was well established and it took over from Meroitic as the language of official inscriptions during the fifth century, as well as later for religious, administrative and commercial matters, was Coptic, a language derived directly from the ancient Egyptian vernacular language, Demotic. Greek and Coptic were used during the medieval period throughout Nubia for inscriptions of all types from royal tombstones to graffiti on walls and on pottery and must have been widely understood. From the eighth century onwards they were joined by the written form of a language known as Old Nubian to distinguish it from the living language of Nubian still spoken, but not written, in northern Sudan and Southern Egypt today. Old Nubian as a spoken language may have been of considerable antiquity and has been thought to have been the language of at least some dwellers of along the Middle Nile in the second millennium BC. In the medieval period it was the spoken language in Nubia and was used in a wide range of written correspondence of both a private and an official nature.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, pp. 236-237]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 545, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "Written sources for the Nubian Kingdoms include graffiti on pottery and walls and inscriptions such as funerary stelae. At Qasr Ibrim \"legal texts, documents and correspondence\" was discovered but mostly unpublished as of 2002. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 9]</a> Writing fragments found at the Cathedral at Ibrim \"ecclesiastical works in Coptic mainly written on papyrus and probably all pre-dating the tenth century\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 75]</a> \"as late as the end of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth century Meroitic was still a written language although how many people by that date could read it is uncertain. In northern Nubia Greek was well established and it took over from Meroitic as the language of official inscriptions during the fifth century, as well as later for religious, administrative and commercial matters, was Coptic, a language derived directly from the ancient Egyptian vernacular language, Demotic. Greek and Coptic were used during the medieval period throughout Nubia for inscriptions of all types from royal tombstones to graffiti on walls and on pottery and must have been widely understood. From the eighth century onwards they were joined by the written form of a language known as Old Nubian to distinguish it from the living language of Nubian still spoken, but not written, in northern Sudan and Southern Egypt today. Old Nubian as a spoken language may have been of considerable antiquity and has been thought to have been the language of at least some dwellers of along the Middle Nile in the second millennium BC. In the medieval period it was the spoken language in Nubia and was used in a wide range of written correspondence of both a private and an official nature.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, pp. 236-237]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 546, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "The original Malay Annals were written in old Jawi script.", "description": null }, { "id": 547, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"mosques, inscriptions in Arabic and other remains stretch from the southern Wollo mountain fringe to Afar, with a significant concentration of sites in the heart of the former sultanate of Ifat, around the town of Shoa-Robit.\"§REF§(Insoll 2003, 69) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 548, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 549, "polity": { "id": 393, "name": "in_maukhari_dyn", "long_name": "Maukhari Dynasty", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": "\"Three rulers, Yajnavarman, his son Shandulavarman, and grandson Anantavarman, are known from the Barabar and Nagarjuni hill cave inscriptions (in the Gaya district). [...] All three inscriptions are dated to the reign of Anantavarman.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PP6JDR93\">[Ghosh_et_al 2016]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 550, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Volubilitan traders \"left their names and hometowns as graffiti\" at Magdalensberg in Austria.§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ Written Libyan and Neo-Punic \"gave way to Latin in the Roman period\" but \"a spoken form of Punic\" was still widely used in late Roman times. The extent of spoken Libyan is unknown but its script is similar to the Libyan script used by the modern Touareg.§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"to a certain degree there was a superficial cultural unity throughout the Maghrib at this time ... attested by the mysterious Libyan script. Developing, it seems, in the second century before our era when it was used on two inscriptions at Dougga, it was later used in the Roman period on stelae (probably in imitation of Punic custom), of which a number have been found in Morocco, on the Algerian/Tunisian border and in Libya.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"the use of Neo-Punic on inscriptions lasted into the second century of our era\".§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 551, "polity": { "id": 345, "name": "ir_median_emp", "long_name": "Median Persian Empire", "start_year": -715, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Script", "script": "present", "comment": null, "description": "cuneiform §REF§Diakonoff, I.M. 1985. Media. In Gershevitch, I. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 2 The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. p.139.§REF§ §REF§Dandamaev, M. A. and Lukonin, V.G. 1989. The Culture and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.273§REF§" } ] }