Religious Literature List
A viewset for viewing and editing Religious Literatures.
GET /api/sc/religious-literatures/?format=api&page=11
{ "count": 561, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/religious-literatures/?format=api&page=12", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/religious-literatures/?format=api&page=10", "results": [ { "id": 502, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 503, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Crimea was a land of great diversity, illustrated, for example, by the variety of religions found on the peninsula. The presence of Muslims and Orthodox, Armenian,and Catholic Christians, as well as Rabbinic and non-Rabbinic Jews was reflected in all spheres of life, from urban space and architecture to art and literature.\"§REF§(Klein 2012, 4) Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§" }, { "id": 504, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 505, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 506, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 507, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "unknown", "comment": " <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E7KV5BEU\">[Ray_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 508, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Presence of Islam as dominant religion suggests concomitant presence of sacred texts and religious literature, but few have survived from before the nineteenth century. For example: \"The waters between eastern Africa, the Arabian peninsula and the Middle East have, since the introduction of Islam, been traversed by travellers who left their homes and went elsewhere in search of Islamic knowledge. This search was implicitly also a search for authority, as the traveller would return home not only with new skills (typically Arabic language and legal training), but also with newly acquired ijāzas (spiritual certificates, either linked to certain texts or to the recitation of certain prayers or Sufi dhikr). This type of travel, the riḥla, is also a literary genre whereby the traveller relates his encounters en route. The narratives of the encounters are hardly random, but rather structured to demonstrate that the narrator has learnt from the highest possible authorities. The genre itself is an old one in the Islamic world (Euben 2006: 34–45 and passim), often featuring the pilgrimage to Mecca as a ‘high point’ of the narrative. Clearly, this type of travel took place before the nineteenth century, and probably from the very early period of Islam on the Swahili coast. It is also very likely that individual travellers would write accounts of their journeys, if nothing else for their family and friends.\" (Bang 2017: 562)", "description": null }, { "id": 509, "polity": { "id": 429, "name": "mr_wagadu_1", "long_name": "Early Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "\"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TNTPK7C6\">[Bovill 1995, p. 51]</a> \"The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 13]</a> Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 44]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 510, "polity": { "id": 363, "name": "af_ghaznavid_emp", "long_name": "Ghaznavid Empire", "start_year": 998, "end_year": 1040 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The Sultan Mahmud (d. 421/1030) founded a university in Ghazna that held several collections of books. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7Q9RTPNC\">[Gianni 2016]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 511, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Under Idris II the Qarawiyin University was built and Fez became \"an important religious and cultural center.\" §REF§(Esposito 2003, 132) John L Esposito ed. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§ Fez became a great centre for Islamic scholarship, which was dominated by Sunnis of the Maliki school.§REF§(Pennell 2013) C R Pennell. 2013. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 512, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "The Panditaradhya-charitramu was \"a Telugu treatise written by the famous Saiva poet Palkuriki Somanatha, a contemporary of Prataparudra. It is a voluminous work in dvipada style in composition. Although the book is a biography of the Saiva preacher Panditaradhya, by way of establishing the greatness of Saivism the poet has criticized other religions of the period.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJ8CF927\">[Sastry 1978, p. 9]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 513, "polity": { "id": 406, "name": "in_kalachuri_emp", "long_name": "Kalachuris of Kalyani", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1184 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "During Virashaivism's brief moment in the limelight, devotees would compose short religious poems in Kannada, known as vacanas §REF§J.P. Schouten, Revolution of the Mystics (1995), p. 4§REF§." }, { "id": 514, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"But the most important Sanskrit work from historical and cultural viewpoint is the Kalika Purana composed in about the 10th century A.D. and possibly under the patronage of Dharmapala.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/58FRDM4B\">[Baruah 1985, p. 157]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 515, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 516, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 517, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Portuguese influence: \"missionary schools ... catered to the Kongo elite at Mbanza Kongo and the provincial capitals. Pupils were taught basic literacy, Christian doctrine, and Latin.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 31) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ Portuguese settlers became officials in Kongo.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 61) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 518, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Christian priests clergy with literary culture.§REF§(Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§ \"The earliest Georgian literature, the stories of saints and martyrs, established a pleiade of Christian heroines and heroes ... who provided examples of piety and sacrifice for the faithful to follow. In stone, in manuscripts, and in simple illustrations and carvings, artists and writers formulated a Georgian Christianity that was distinct...\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 38) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 519, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 520, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 521, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"al-Hira, became the great centre of Arab Christianity and of its transmission to the Arabs of the Peninsula. The city was adorned with churches and monasteries, was the seat of a bishopric, and the refuge for many a persecuted ecclesiastic.\"§REF§(Bosworth et al 1982, 634) C E Bosworth. E Van Donzel. B Lewis. Ch Pellat. eds. 1982. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Volume V. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 522, "polity": { "id": 772, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_2", "long_name": "Late East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following quote describes the indigenous inhabitants of 19th-century Tanganyika as \"pre-literate.\" \"We do not know what inland Tanganyikans believed in the early nineteenth century. They were pre-literate, and the religions of pre-literate peoples not only leave little historical evidence but are characteristically eclectic, mutable, and unsystematic.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, pp. 21-22]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 523, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 524, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Chinese monk Daoan (312-385) and the Kuchean monk Kumarajiva (Ch. Qiumoluoshen, c. 343-413), seminal figures in early Chinese Buddhism, were both associated with the Chang'an Buddhist community.\"§REF§(Wong 2004, 49) Dorothy C Wong. 2004. Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form. University of Hawaii Press.§REF§ At the court of the Later Qin Kumarajiva, \"with some eight hundred monks assisting him ... systemaically introduced the Madhyamika school (Ch. Zhongguan xue) of Buddhist philosophy, formulated by Nagarjuna in India, to China. In addition, he retranslated key Mahayana texts with accuracy and fluency. From then on Chinese Buddhism disengaged itself from its symbiotic relationship with Daoism and flourished independently.\"§REF§(Wong 2004, 49) Dorothy C Wong. 2004. Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form. University of Hawaii Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 525, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Chinese remained the written language: \"Despite the multiethnic and multilingual character of the era, and the fact that identifiably non-Chinese people were frequently the political and military rulers, Chinese remained (with minor exceptions) almost the only written language.\"§REF§(Holcombe 2011, 61) Charles Holcombe. 2011. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 526, "polity": { "id": 391, "name": "in_maitraka_dyn", "long_name": "Maitraka Dynasty", "start_year": 470, "end_year": 790 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The Maitraka period witnessed a number of exegetical contributions to the Jaina canonical literature.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BIAVMG4C\">[Sastri 2000, p. 11]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 527, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"Our perception of the prevalence of written material in Nubia is dramatically altered by the evidence from Qasr Ibrim. The ultra-dry conditions and the absence of termites on that site, which has contributed to the excellent preservation of organic materials, allows us to glimpse the wealth of written material on papyrus, parchment and paper. On the site are preserved thousands of documents in Meroitic, Latin, Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Arabic, and Turkish.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 241]</a> \"The conversion of Makuria is recorded by John of Biclar who, while in Constantinople in 568, notes that 'about this time, the people of the Maccurritae received the faith of Christ'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 33]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 528, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The literary texts that we do have are all religious in content. However, the Nubians certainly maintained archives although, apart from at Qasr Ibrim, little of this material survives.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 9]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 529, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The literary texts that we do have are all religious in content. However, the Nubians certainly maintained archives although, apart from at Qasr Ibrim, little of this material survives.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 9]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 530, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"in 1303, a community in the region of Terengganu on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula produced an inscription in Jawi, the Malay language written with the Arabic alphabet, devoted to a set of Islamic laws.\"§REF§(Riddell 2017, 5-6) Peter G Riddell. 2017. Malay Court Religion, Culture and Language: Interpreting the Qurʾan in 17th Century Aceh. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"The Sejarah Melayu carried within its lengthy account seven verses of the Qur'an in their Arabic original ... There is a passing reference by Ibn Batutah to Qur'an recitation sessions attended by the Sultan of Pasai in the mid-14th century, suggesting that 'the copying of Qur'ans had commenced in the region'.\"§REF§(Riddell 2017, 6) Peter G Riddell. 2017. Malay Court Religion, Culture and Language: Interpreting the Qurʾan in 17th Century Aceh. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ Wealth attracted Indian merchants, who brought teachers of Hindu theology\".§REF§(Matsuda 2012, 38) Matt K Matsuda. 2012. Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 531, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"mosques, inscriptions in Arabic and other remains stretch from the southern Wollo mountain fringe to Afar, with a significant concentration of sites in the heart of the former sultanate of Ifat, around the town of Shoa-Robit.\"§REF§(Insoll 2003, 69) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ In Ethiopia c1000 CE \"Ge'ez, the Classical Ethiopic language no longer spoken but remains a literary and liturgical language.\"§REF§(Witakowski 2012, 152) Witold Witakowski. Coptic and Ethiopic Historical Writing. Sarah Foot. Chase F Robinson. 2012. The Oxford History of Historical Writing. Volume 2. 400-1400. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 532, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 533, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ Juba II (educated in Italy) \"became a very learned scholar and was granted Roman citizenship.\"§REF§(Sayles 1998, 114-115) Wayne G Sayles. 1998. Ancient Coin Collecting IV. Roman Provincial Coins. Krause Publications. Iola.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ \"Ruling for over 40 years as a completely loyal client king, Juba did to some degree in Mauretania what Masinissa had done in Numidia. He was a man of largely peaceful interests, fully hellenized in culture, and the author of many books (now lost) written in Greek. There is no doubt that his capital Iol, renamed Caesarea (Oherchell), and probably also an alternative capital, Volubilis, became fully urbanized in his reign.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 534, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 535, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 536, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for this genre of text at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 537, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for this genre of text at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 538, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 539, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Christian.", "description": null }, { "id": 540, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Numidia was \"something of a centre of Punic literary culture.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"The Numidian court also adopted elements of Phoenician religion: for example, the occurrence in the Numidian royal family of the names Adherbal (a purely Phoenician name) and Mastanabal (a hybrid form, combining Numidian and Phoenician components) advertises its devotion to the Phoenician god Baal.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 541, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Scholars of Islamic law referred to biographical literature and legal manuals: 'For many centuries now, Ibb has supported an active community of Shafiʿi scholars. Despite their seemingly remote mountain valley location, town jurists were far from parochial. In terms of texts studied, theirs was not an unconventional local version of the shariʽa, Beginning with Ibn Samura and continuing to the present century, biographical histories provide views of the changing scholarly community in Ibb. A recently published work (Zabara 1979) devoted to noted individuals of the just-completed (fourteenth) Hegira century contains an entry on a distinguished Ibb scholar and prominent political figure who lived from 1876 to 1922, some seven and a half centuries after Faqih al-Nahi. Like al-Nahi, ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Haddad was an adherent of the Shafiʿi school of shariʽa jurisprudence. Both men were connected to the school through their relations with particular teachers and specific texts. In al-Haddad's case the teacher was his father, and the key text was a celebrated old manual known as Al-Minhaj. [...] Ibb scholars such as ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Haddad and, in the next generation, men such as his nephew and son-in-law, Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Haddad, whom I knew in the 1970s as an old man and a practicing court judge, commenced their higher studies with two standard Shafiʿi texts, the just-mentioned Al-Minhaj by Muhyi al-Din al-Nawawi, a Syrian who died in A.D. 1277,10 and a still more radically concise manual, known as Al-Mukhtasar (“the abridgment”) or simply as the matn, the “text,” of Abu Shuja, a resident of Basra active in the twelfth century.' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 20§REF§" }, { "id": 542, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 543, "polity": { "id": 412, "name": "in_sharqi_dyn", "long_name": "Sharqi", "start_year": 1394, "end_year": 1479 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The subjects which specially received the attention of Jaunpur scholars were Tafsir (commentary on the holy Quran), Hadis (traditions and sayings related to the Prophet Muhammad, his companions and successors) and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).\"§REF§(Saeed 1972, 170) Mian Muhammad Saeed. 1972. <i>The Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur</i>. Karachi: University of Karachi.§REF§" }, { "id": 544, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "al-Maghili (d. 1504) \"founder of an important tradition of Sudanic Muslim scholarship.\"§REF§(Lapidus 2012, 593)§REF§" }, { "id": 545, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Meng Jingyi, a native of P'ing Chang (in northeastern Sichuan), was a celebrated debator between Buddhism and Daoism in the Southern Qi dynasty: He once debated with Prince Jing Ling who headed a group of Buddhist months in a Buddho-Daoist debate. He composed the Zhengyi lun (Discourse on the Unity of Doctrines) for the purpose of reconciliation ...\"§REF§(Yu 2000, 423) David C Yu. 2000. History of Chinese Daoism, Volume 1. University Press of America.§REF§" }, { "id": 546, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"That first millennium CE Southeast Asians were also literate is suggested by Chinese emissaries who describe libraries of texts.\"§REF§(Stark 2015, 76) Miriam T Stark. Southeast Asian urbanism: from early city to Classical state. Norman Yoffee. ed. 2015. he Cambridge World History, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Monks in monasteries.§REF§(Mishra 2010, 38) Patit Paban Mishra. 2010. The History of Thailand. Greenwood. Santa Barbara.§REF§ \"Theravada Buddhism was also used as a political ideology to express the political unity of the state.\"§REF§(Shoocongdej 2007, 386) Rasmi Shoocongdej. The Impact of Colonialism and Nationalism in the Archaeology of Thailand. Philip L. Kohl. Mara Kozelsky. Nachman Ben-Yehuda. eds. 2007. Selective Remembrances. Archaeology in the Construction, Commemoration, and Consecration of National Pasts. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago.§REF§ \"in the 1300's Sukhothai kings petitioned for and received a delegation of Buddhist monks from Sri Lanka to rectify local practises and texts, thus strengthening the kingdom with merit and auspicious influences.\"§REF§(Hanks 1976, 1) L M Hanks. An Introduction to Land, Population and Structure: Three Guises of the Man-Land Ratio. James Brow ed. Contributions To Asian Studies. Volume 9. Population Land And Structural Change In Sri Lanka And Thailand. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 547, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ibāḍī literature. \"By virtue of his position the imam was an expert theologian, for life at Tahert was conducted in a permanent state of religious fever.\"§REF§(Julien and Tourneau 1970, 30) Charles André Julien. Roger Le Tourneau. 1970. Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord. Praeger.§REF§" }, { "id": 548, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "As far back as the 6th century BCE individuals within the Scythian urban agricultural population along the shores of the Black Sea who had mixed with the Greeks became literate and contributed works of literature within the Greek language. \"Anacharsis the Scythian had a Greek mother and spoke and wrote in Greek.\"§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 75) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ At this time the Greek city of Olbia was run directly by Scythian administrators.§REF§(Burstein 2010, 142) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§ It is not difficult to imagine that Scythian-Greeks and Greeks within the Scythian Kingdom at this time wrote religious works." }, { "id": 549, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ibn Khaldun wrote \"Here [in Tlemcen] science and arts developed with success; here were born scholars and outstanding men, whose glory penetrated into other countries.\"§REF§(Hrbek 1984, 95) I Hrbek. The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib. Djibril Tamsir Niane. ed. 1984. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 550, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ibn Ghazi (c. 1437-1513 CE) \"was one of the greatest scholars of the Wattasid period. ... renowned as a teacher and assumed the position of preacher and imam of the great mosque at the Qarawiyyin.\"§REF§(Boum and Park 2016, 243) Aomar Boum. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield.§REF§" }, { "id": 551, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Hymns.§REF§(Steele 2015, 245) Tracey Steele. Xi Xia. Steven L Danver. 2015. Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ Xixia tried to \"promote their own literary culture with translations of Chinese and Buddhist scriptures.\"§REF§(? 2010, 91) ?. The Imperial Age. Tim Cooke. ed. 2010. The New Cultural Atlas Of China. Marshall Cavendish. New York.§REF§" } ] }