Religious Literature List
A viewset for viewing and editing Religious Literatures.
GET /api/sc/religious-literatures/?format=api&page=10
{ "count": 561, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/religious-literatures/?format=api&page=11", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/religious-literatures/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 451, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Manuals on heresy, such as the al-Milal wa’l-nihal written by scholars al-Shahrastani and Talbis Iblis (The Tricks of Satan) by the author Ibn al-Jauzi were popular. al-Shahrastani also wrote commentaries on the Qua’ran.§REF§Boyle 1968: 287. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CFW8EE6Q§REF§" }, { "id": 452, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There were no written records left by the Sonoran Desert People.§REF§”History & Culture - Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (U.S. National Park Service),”. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HJU2S97P§REF§" }, { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 578, "name": "mo_alawi_dyn_1", "long_name": "Alaouite Dynasty I", "start_year": 1631, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “He [Mawlày Ismà'il] bought slaves from their masters, and even reduced to bondage black residents in Morocco who had already been freed. They were all confirmed as the sultan's slaves. The sultan wanted these slaves to be personally attached to him by religious ties, and made them swear allegiance on al-Bukhàri's Sahib, a collection of the Prophet's traditions, hence their name 'abid al-Bukhdri.”§REF§(Fage and Oliver 1975: 149) Fage, J. D. and Oliver, Roland Anthony. 1975. eds., The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 4, from c. 1600 to c. 1790. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6BCU87M§REF§" }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Prior to the twelfth century, religious texts and commentaries were the primary form of written documents in the HRE.§REF§Wilson 2016: 320, 506. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N5M9R9XA§REF§" }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sermons were printed in some newspapers. There were also anti-Catholic books printed which were banned and burned along with Lutheran texts in 1521.§REF§(Hillgärtner 2021: 70, 143) Hillgärtner, Jan. 2021. ‘Newspapers and Authorities in Seventeenth-Century Germany’, in Print and Power in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), ed. Nina Lamal, Jamie Cumby, and Helmer J. Helmers. Brill. 134–47, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv1v7zbf2.11. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/57ZGSTKK§REF§ §REF§(Curtis 2013: 80) Curtis, Benjamin. 2013. The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty. London; New York: Bloomsbury. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TRKUBP92§REF§" }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Religious guidance and sermons were often published throughout the period. Most notably Sacheverell’s The Perils of False Brethren (1709). Issac Newton also wrote commentaries on the bible in the seventeenth century. §REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 375) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chicester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§The Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, founded in 1698, circulated religious literature to the colonies and for at-home learning.§REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 385) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chicester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§§REF§(Marshall 2006: 130) Marshall, P. J. ed. 2006. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II The Eighteenth Century. Vol. 2, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HGG2PPQQ§REF§Half the books published in the late seventeenth century were philosophical or religious. §REF§(Canny 1998: 100) Canny, Nicholas. ed. 1998. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I The Origins of Empire, vol. 1, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RTDR3NCN§REF§" }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " As well as literature on religious matters there was a great deal of anti-clerical literature written during this period. §REF§Crook 2002: 76. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/29D9EQQE§REF§" }, { "id": 458, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 297, "name": "kz_oirat", "long_name": "Oirats", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": " “It seems that Buddhism was introduced around the beginning of the 17th century and there was nearly no evidence of Buddhism in Oirat before that time. Therefore, Oirat Buddhism was written from the first half of the 17th century.”§REF§(Dorj 2020: 30) Dorj, Lkhagvasuren. 2020. “History and Contemporary Situation of Oirat Buddhist Monasteries in Western Mongolia”. Doctoral Dissertation, Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AH2RCMNY§REF§" }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": " With the departure of the Romans, written records went out of use and would not re-emerge until the seventh century. §REF§(Hills 1990: 47) Hills, Catherine. ‘Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England’, History Today, 1 October 1990, https://www.proquest.com/docview/1299029206/abstract/974AE2C925154DEBPQ/1. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9P2MJSYJ/§REF§ The church created many of the earlier documents such as ‘historical’ records of saints and annals. The Venerable Bede created many works including verse and prose on the life and St. Cuthbert, and the Martyrology, a list of saints. §REF§(Yorke 1990: 20, 22) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ Under Alfred the Great, religious works in Latin were translated into English, including Pope Gregory’s two works, Pastoral Care, on the duties of a bishop, and Dialogues, about the tales of St. Benedict.§REF§(Roberts et al 2014: 29) Roberts, Clayton, Roberts, F. David, and Bisson, Douglas. 2014. ‘Anglo-Saxon England: 450–1066’, in A History of England, Volume 1, 6th ed. Routledge. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P2IHD9U3§REF§" }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": " It is very likely that there was religious literature in but it has not been discussed directly in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 462, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "P~A", "comment": null, "description": " During the plague year of 1358 an Islamic-Turkic religious work was produced called, The Clear Path to Heaven.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 684. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§ However, there seems to have been a disruption of literary works in the Turkic languages following the Black Death. After 1360 there appear to be no literary or religious works written in the Golden Horde language until the fifteenth century in Central Asia.§REF§ Schamiloglu 2017: 337. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YI8W94QB§REF§.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 684. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§" }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 465, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Russian Orthodox Religious Literature:\r\n\r\nPatristic Texts: These are writings by the Church Fathers, which hold significant theological and spiritual value in the Orthodox tradition. They include works by early Christian theologians such as St. John Chrysostom and St. Basil the Great.\r\n\r\nHagiographies: Lives of saints, known as hagiographies, were popular in the Russian Orthodox Church. These texts, which detail the lives and miracles of saints, played a vital role in religious education and devotion.\r\n\r\nLiturgical Texts: These include various service books like the Euchologion (trebnyk), Octoechos, and the Horologion, containing prayers, hymns, and liturgical instructions.\r\nPaterikon: A collection of stories and sayings from the Desert Fathers and other monastic figures, the Paterikon was widely read for spiritual edification.§REF§Neil Kent, A Concise History of the Russian Orthodox Church (Washington: Academica Press, 2021).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YC6JFSXF\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: YC6JFSXF</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Russian Orthodox Religious Literature:\r\n\r\nPatristic Texts: These are writings by the Church Fathers, which hold significant theological and spiritual value in the Orthodox tradition. They include works by early Christian theologians such as St. John Chrysostom and St. Basil the Great.\r\n\r\nHagiographies: Lives of saints, known as hagiographies, were popular in the Russian Orthodox Church. These texts, which detail the lives and miracles of saints, played a vital role in religious education and devotion.\r\n\r\nLiturgical Texts: These include various service books like the Euchologion (trebnyk), Octoechos, and the Horologion, containing prayers, hymns, and liturgical instructions.\r\nPaterikon: A collection of stories and sayings from the Desert Fathers and other monastic figures, the Paterikon was widely read for spiritual edification.§REF§Neil Kent, A Concise History of the Russian Orthodox Church (Washington: Academica Press, 2021).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YC6JFSXF\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: YC6JFSXF</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 409, "name": "bd_bengal_sultanate", "long_name": "Bengal Sultanate", "start_year": 1338, "end_year": 1538 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"Baru Chandidas's Sri Krishna-Kirtan (Songs in Praise of Lord Krishna), written sometime in the fifteenth century, ended a hiatus of 300 years in Bengali literature: after Charyapadas, short songs by Buddhist teachers--which are the earliest extant literary works--from the twelfth century, there was no known literary activity in Bengali until the fifteenth century, when several works were written on both Hindu and Muslim themes.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RBQ75QDX\">[Hasan 2007, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 468, "polity": { "id": 782, "name": "bd_twelve_bhuyans", "long_name": "Twelve Bhuyans", "start_year": 1538, "end_year": 1612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Risalas (Muslim tales) were religious pamphlets that covered topics such as instructions on religious duties and obligations, the usefulness of prayer, manuals on feasting, almsgiving and prayer, and works on Islamic prescriptions and prohibitions. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SH8XIZBQ\">[Uddin 2006]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 469, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Images and inscriptions of Buddhist creeds and writing has been discovered from the period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K5PPMPG6\">[Harunur_Rashid_Haque 2001]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Risalas (Muslim tales) were religious pamphlet that covered topics such as instructions on religious duties and obligations, the usefulness of prayer, manuals on feating, almsgiving and prayer, and works on Islamic prescriptions and prohibitions. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SH8XIZBQ\">[Uddin 2006]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Divination. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 38)§REF§" }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "E.g. Buddhist canon <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WN3JCFXA\">[Gernet 1962, p. 229]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 711, "name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1", "long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat", "start_year": 1749, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"[S]ome of the greatest Ibadi scholars of Oman, from the late eighteenth through the early twentieth centuries, wrote books and poetry with a distinctly Sufi bent.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/73CNA5KV\">[Hoffman 2015]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 475, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The first known printing press in Portugal, introduced during the same king’s reign, was operating by 1487. Initially Portuguese printing was confined to brief official documents; but soon more ambitious works were produced – religious and legal texts, then the Latin classics, commentaries, grammars, historical chronicles and Portuguese poetry and drama.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 476, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"The first known printing press in Portugal, introduced during the same king’s reign, was operating by 1487. Initially Portuguese printing was confined to brief official documents; but soon more ambitious works were produced – religious and legal texts, then the Latin classics, commentaries, grammars, historical chronicles and Portuguese poetry and drama. [...] Some 60 per cent ofbooks published in Portugal between 1715 and 1750 were on religious themes, while only4 per cent were on scientific subjects. [...] Although religious publications always predominated, there was a robust market for poetry and history, followed by philosophy, ethics and works of self-instruction and self-improvement.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a> Although religious publications always predominated, there was a robust market for poetry and history, followed by philosophy, ethics and works of self-instruction and self-improvement.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 477, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 478, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Presence of Islam as dominant religion suggests concomitant presence of sacred texts and religious literature, but few have survived from before the nineteenth century. For example: \"The waters between eastern Africa, the Arabian peninsula and the Middle East have, since the introduction of Islam, been traversed by travellers who left their homes and went elsewhere in search of Islamic knowledge. This search was implicitly also a search for authority, as the traveller would return home not only with new skills (typically Arabic language and legal training), but also with newly acquired ijāzas (spiritual certificates, either linked to certain texts or to the recitation of certain prayers or Sufi dhikr). This type of travel, the riḥla, is also a literary genre whereby the traveller relates his encounters en route. The narratives of the encounters are hardly random, but rather structured to demonstrate that the narrator has learnt from the highest possible authorities. The genre itself is an old one in the Islamic world (Euben 2006: 34–45 and passim), often featuring the pilgrimage to Mecca as a ‘high point’ of the narrative. Clearly, this type of travel took place before the nineteenth century, and probably from the very early period of Islam on the Swahili coast. It is also very likely that individual travellers would write accounts of their journeys, if nothing else for their family and friends.\" (Bang 2017: 562)", "description": null }, { "id": 479, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Christian literature.", "description": null }, { "id": 480, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1859, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 481, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1860, "year_to": 1894, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a> We are inferring presence for the kingdom of Bunyoro due to likely spread of literacy from the Buganda polity.", "description": null }, { "id": 482, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 483, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 484, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 485, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 487, "polity": { "id": 772, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_2", "long_name": "Late East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 488, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 489, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 490, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Saido 1984, 24)§REF§" }, { "id": 491, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "unknown", "comment": "no data.", "description": null }, { "id": 492, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"Thousands of Aksumite documents have been preserved, including theological tracts\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 493, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "\"Thousands of Aksumite documents have been preserved, including theological tracts\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 494, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"a place where at one time resided and moved about thousands of monks ... reciting the sacred texts or delivering sermons...\"§REF§(Soni 1991, xxvii) Sujata Soni. 1991. Evolution of Stupas in Burma. Pagan Period: 11th to 13th centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.§REF§ \"According to tradition, in 1057, Aniruddha ... conquered the southern Mon center of Thaton and brought back with him the Pali scriptures of Theravada Buddhism\".§REF§(Wicks 1992, 121-122) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 495, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "No specific information, however we know the Banu Ghaniya had a \"military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaeric Islands.§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ They were an Almoravid family who had fled the Almohad conquest of the Almoravids.§REF§(Ruiz 2012, 69) Ana Ruiz. 2012. Medina Mayrit. The Origins of Madrid. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ The Almoravids had libraries§REF§Celeste, Gianni. 2016. History of Libraries in the Islamic World: A Visual Guide. Gimiano Editore. Fano. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.academia.edu/23227008/History_of_Libraries_in_the_Islamic_World_A_Visual_Guide\">https://www.academia.edu/23227008/History_of_Libraries_in_the_Islamic_World_A_Visual_Guide</a>§REF§. Religious schools are a possibility." }, { "id": 496, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"The country played a central role in South Slavic culture, in part because it was the first in which the Slavic language was written, beginning in the ninth century, when the missionaries Cyril and Methodius created the alphabet for Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic).\"§REF§(Waldman and Mason 2006, 104) Carl Waldman. Catherine Mason. 2006. Encyclopedia of European Peoples, Volume 2. Facts On File, Inc. New York.§REF§ \"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§ \"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 497, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The country played a central role in South Slavic culture, in part because it was the first in which the Slavic language was written, beginning in the ninth century, when the missionaries Cyril and Methodius created the alphabet for Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic).\"§REF§(Waldman and Mason 2006, 104) Carl Waldman. Catherine Mason. 2006. Encyclopedia of European Peoples, Volume 2. Facts On File, Inc. New York.§REF§ \"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§ \"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 498, "polity": { "id": 400, "name": "in_chandela_k", "long_name": "Chandela Kingdom", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1308 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 499, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Jaina proselitising literature <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, pp. 252-258]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 500, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": "Hindu and Jain religious literature.", "description": null }, { "id": 501, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Religious_literature", "religious_literature": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Chu wrote on perishable materials such as silk§REF§(Cook and Major 1999, viii) Cook, Constance A. Major, John S. eds. 1999. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. University of Hawai'i Press. Honolulu.§REF§, so evidence less likely to be preserved. Later find: \"bamboo divination text from fourth-century BCE tombs in the Jiangling region list three divine ancestors\"§REF§(Cook and Blakeley 1999, 3) Cook, Constance A. and Blakeley, Barry B. in Cook, Constance A. Major, John S. 1999. eds. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. University of Hawai'i Press. Honolulu.§REF§ Religious and political philosophy, esp. Confucianism, developed in this period§REF§(Hsu 1999, 545)§REF§" } ] }