Professional Soldier List
A viewset for viewing and editing Professional Soldiers.
GET /api/sc/professional-soldiers/?format=api&page=10
{ "count": 500, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/professional-soldiers/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": "Implied by the following: \"Not all of the men I am calling warriors would have been occupied full‐time with military activities, obviously.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R67IJ9XP\">[Talbot 2001, p. 69]</a> \"Leṅka is the most commonly found military title after nāyaka (see table 4). Explained as “soldier, servant” by Iswara Dutt (1967: 259), the leṅka was a special kind of soldier: one who fought in the king's personal forces and took an oath to serve his lord unto death (Venkataramanayya and Somasekhara Sarma 1960: 670). Some leṅkas in Karnataka are known to have taken this vow so seriously that they committed suicide upon their lord's death (Settar 1982: 197).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJ8CF927\">[Sastry 1978, p. 68]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"During the period of its apex, which coincided with the 'opening up' of the SR [Silk Road], the Kangju state had a population of about 600,000 and an army of 120,000.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§ Given the high proportion of the total population the army represented it is perhaps unlikely that all 120,000 were full-time specialists but probably some were." }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Palace guardsman.§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, Plate F) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ \"being a highly developed region with many towns and cities, the new, post-conquest Volga Bulgaria became a separate khanate in its own right, and could field urban militias that fought on foot.\"§REF§(Shpakovsky and Nicolle 2013, 41) Viacheslav Shpakovsky. David Nicolle. 2013. Armies of the Volga Bulgars & Khanate of Kazan. 9th-16th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "1700s CE \"power in the Kongo came to increasingly depend on enslaved armed guards.\"§REF§(Fromont 2014, 10) Cecile Fromont. 2014. The Art Of Conversion. Christian Visual Culture In The Kingdom Of Kongo. The University of North Carolina Press.§REF§ When the Portuguese Rui de Pina visited in 1491 CE the Kingdom of Kongo maintained a fleet.§REF§(Newitt 2010, 100) Malyn Newitt ed. 2010. The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670: A Documentary History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"At the end of the fifteenth century, the king of Kongo could field a powerful army of 80,000 men thanks to the loyalty of his provincial governors.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 28) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ \"Since most servants were not granted a regular salary, the king used gifts to retain as well as reward a sizable retinue of officials, soldiers, musicians, pages, and advisers at his court.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 30) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Commander in chief of the army called the amirspasalar. Second in command of the army was the protostratori. (later amirakhori).§REF§(Suny 1994, 35) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 458, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Founder of the dynasty Amr b. Adi \"made al-Hira the Lakhmid capital, whence he conquered far and wide in the Arabian Peninsula and, according to Arabic tradition, warred successfully against Queen Zenobia of Palmyra.\"§REF§(Bosworth et al 1982, 633) C E Bosworth. E Van Donzel. B Lewis. Ch Pellat. eds. 1982. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Volume V. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"the sources speak of five units in their army - al Shahba, al-Dawsar, al-Wada'i, al-Sana'i, and al-Raha'in, the first of which are said to have consisted of Persian troops\".§REF§(Bosworth et al 1982, 634) C E Bosworth. E Van Donzel. B Lewis. Ch Pellat. eds. 1982. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Volume V. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": "Spanish accounts refer to two longhouses, 'each 220 paces by 50 paces, built to shelter warriors' at the chiefly centre (bohío) of chief Tubanama (or Tumanama). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 9]</a> If these sources are accurate and if these large structures were permanent, this might indicate the presence of professional military officers and/or soldiers. According to Helms, 'warriors' of commoner status in Precolumbian Panama could achieve the elite rank of cabra by demonstrating 'outstanding bravery in battle'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 55]</a> However, she also tells us that commoners were expected to fight for their chiefs whenever necessary, in addition to providing labour for house-building and other tasks. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 57]</a> This seems to point towards a system in which warriors were called up by the chiefs only when hostilities broke out rather than constituting a standing army of professionals. More information is needed to be able to code this variable.", "description": null }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Garrison in Chang'an.§REF§Rachel Meakin. 2012? Annotated translation regarding the the Qiang state of the Later Qin. Jin Shu Chapter 116: Chronicles of Minor States, No. 16. Yao Yizhong, Yao Xiang, Yao Chang. www.qianghistory.co.uk.§REF§" }, { "id": 462, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Able to dispatch an expeditionary army against the Northern Wei.§REF§(Xiong 2009, 13) Xiong, V C. 2009. Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Scarecrow Press, Inc., Plymouth.§REF§" }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 815, "name": "es_castile_crown", "long_name": "Crown of Castile", "start_year": 1231, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": "Full-time specialists", "description": "" }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Nubian military was sent on expeditions.§REF§(Michalowski 1981, 334) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§ Garrisoned soldiers.§REF§(Welsby 2002, 94) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 465, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": "Garrisoned soldiers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 94]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"He conceded that since the days of the Melaka Sultanate 'no native ruler or chief in Malaya appeared to have maintained a force of trained Malay regulars' (except the Sultan of Johor who raised his own small regular army, Timbalan Setia Negeri [the country's loyal deputies], in 1885, based on a system of European organisation). Traditionally, however, when war occurred, 'the Sultan gave orders through the Bendahara (Chief Minister) to the various Malay rajah and chiefs to rally and lead their men - fuedal retainers - who assembled their own arms and equipment.'\"§REF§(Blackburn 2006, 289) Kevin Blackburn. Colonial forces as postcolonial memories: the commemoration and memory of the Malay Regiment in modern Malaysia and Singapore. Tobias Rettig. Karl Hack. ed. 2006. Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Ifat had an infantry of about 20,000 and cavalry of some 15,000.\"§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 225) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§" }, { "id": 468, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "absent", "comment": "\"What Pedro de Barreto de Rezende observed in the early seventeenth century could still be confirmed two centuries later by A. C. P. Garmitto: the Maravi polities had no standing army and no formal recruitment system. If and when armed men were needed, a chiefdom's war drum would be sounded to call them up, and in case of a more general alarm, the surrounding chiefdoms would do the same.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 469, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"A chieftain, Baga - the First Mauretanian known by name - was wealthy enough during the Second Punic War to give Massinissa [king of Numidia] an escort of 4,000 men across Mauretania to the Numidian border, when Massinissa was in the process of successfully seizing the throne of Numidia.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 46) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 345, "name": "ir_median_emp", "long_name": "Median Persian Empire", "start_year": -715, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Diakonoff, I.M. 1983. The Media. In Gershevitch, I. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 2. The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.93§REF§" }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Inferred present from the descriptions of military officers and armies in the Spanish relaciones.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1976). \"Formative Oaxaca and Zapotec Cosmos.\" American Scientist 64(4): 374-383. p376§REF§§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p217-8§REF§" }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "absent", "comment": "\"What Pedro de Barreto de Rezende observed in the early seventeenth century could still be confirmed two centuries later by A. C. P. Garmitto: the Maravi polities had no standing army and no formal recruitment system. If and when armed men were needed, a chiefdom's war drum would be sounded to call them up, and in case of a more general alarm, the surrounding chiefdoms would do the same.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "King Micipsa \"could raise a powerful army of infantry and cavalry, and a considerable force of war-elephants. There was even a small Numidian fleet, originally created by Masinissa.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Full-time specialists The Imams often had to rely on armed groups of tribesmen raised by supportive shaykhs, even after the departure of the Ottomans: 'The Zaidi Imamate could not build its power solely upon a union of non-agricultural specialists: it required the support of the militarily powerful northern landowning shaikhs and the groups of fighting men that they could muster, usually from the poorer village families. The development of shaikhly constellations of power, in the manner described by Montagne for the Moroccan Berbers, was curtailed by exporting shaikhly leaders to tax prebends in richer areas. In this way the tribe was sanctioned as a status group within the state. The Imamic state rested on an alliance of the farmer (the fighter) with the preacher (the judge) and on the symbolic and political suppression of mercantile and craft interests more generally. The union of religious leaders and martial farmers from agriculturally marginal areas formed a loose prebendal dominion over the more productive, largely Shafi'i, peasant areas of the west and south. Whether collected by regular employees of the government or by irregulars from the north, taxes were paid by those who produced most, by the peasants of the richer areas. For example, Goitein reports that the Jewish villagers of al-Gades in lower Yemen called the local landlord 'askari, \"soldier\", noting, however, that he and his like came from the eastern pastoral region and should be distinguished from the regular 'askari who accompanied the local government officer on his tax levies.' §REF§Mundy, Martha 1995. \"Domestic Government: Kinship, Community and Polity in North Yemen\", 14§REF§ 'To enforce this system, many tribesmen were posted elsewhere in Yemen, to the west or south, and stationed in groups of three or four with the local 'amil or district governor . A form of petty corruption grew up which has not altogether vanished nowadays. When these tribesmen were sent out on tanafidh ('executive duties'), to bring someone to court or to the presence of the Imam's officials, they would charge their prisoners a riyal a head for their trouble. The practic eof 'selling orders' (mabi' al-awamir) became widespread. The official would sell to the tribesman the job of bringing someone in, and the tribesman would turn a profit by charging the prisoner. Northern tribesmen began to attach them-selves to officials in the west and south without any appointment by the state but as khabitis, freelance policemen and bailiffs. Numerous men from the north drifted to the south and west in this way and stayed there permanently.' §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. \"Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen\", 229§REF§ The Imams later trained a force of regulars based on the Ottoman system and its remaining experts: 'In 1919, two thousand men were levied from tribes near Sanaa and trained \"according to the rules of the Turkish army\". (A good many Turks individually had elected to stay on.) A Yemeni historian does justice to the novelty: \"The army was divided into numbered taburs, or \"detachments\", so the first was called the first tabur, the second called the second tabur, and so one. Three taburs togethere were called a liwa', and three liwa's were called a firqah, and the whole together was called the Victorious Regular Army. Every tabur was made up of four blocs...and each of them had its number, the first and the second and so forth.\" Unlike tribal levies, this army had a fixed pay scale. The officers were mainly Turkish -indeed, instruction remained in Turkish until the 1930s; some, though, were Yemenis who had been to Turkish schools and command was given to 'Abdullah Dumayn, a sayyid from the Jawf who had served with the Turks in the rank of bekbashi. \"The Imam expended the utmost effort on this and showed enormous interest\", and in the next year four taburs more were raised around Ta'izz. The number of regulars rose to 15-20,000. A school for telegraphists was opened, allowing the Imam's care for detail to reach everywhere.' §REF§Dresch, Paul 2002. \"A History of Modern Yemen\", 30§REF§ Ottoman and British armed forces were stationed in Yemen during the colonial period: 'Yemen resisted foreign rule, but two occupations by the Ottoman Turks occurred?between the mid-sixteenth to early seventeenth centuries and from the 1870s to 1918. The imams then sought to reassert their political authority over the tribes of Yemen and against Saudi Arabia. The assassination of Iman Yahya in 1948 was eventually followed by a successful revolt of dissident army officers, intellectuals, and businessmen in 1962. Civil warfare lasted into the 1970s and reerupted in the 1990s.' §REF§Walters, Dolores M.: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Yemenis§REF§ 'Developments in the 19th century were fateful for Yemen. The determination of various European powers to establish a presence in the Middle East elicited an equally firm determination in other powers to thwart such efforts. For Yemen, the most important participants in the drama were the British, who took over Aden in 1839, and the Ottoman Empire, which at mid-century moved back into North Yemen, from which it had been driven by the Yemenis two centuries earlier. The interests and activities of these two powers in the Red Sea basin and Yemen were substantially intensified by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the reemergence of the Red Sea route as the preferred passage between Europe and East Asia. As the Ottomans expanded inland and established themselves in Sanaa and Taʿizz, the British expanded north and east from Aden, eventually establishing protectorates over more than a dozen of the many local statelets; this was done more in the interest of protecting Aden’s hinterland from the Ottomans and their Yemeni adversaries than out of any desire to add the territory and people there to the British Empire. By the early 20th century the growing clashes between the British and the Ottomans along the undemarcated border posed a serious problem; in 1904 a joint commission surveyed the border, and a treaty was concluded, establishing the frontier between Ottoman North Yemen and the British possessions in South Yemen. Later, of course, both Yemens considered the treaty an egregious instance of non-Yemeni interference in domestic affairs. The north became independent at the end of World War I in 1918, with the departure of the Ottoman forces; the imam of the Zaydīs, Yaḥyā Maḥmūd al-Mutawwakil, became the de facto ruler in the north by virtue of his lengthy campaign against the Ottoman presence in Yemen. In the 1920s Imam Yaḥyā sought to consolidate his hold on the country by working to bring the Shāfiʿī areas under his administrative jurisdiction and by suppressing much of the intertribal feuding and tribal opposition to the imamate. In an effort to enhance the effectiveness of his campaigns against the tribes and other fractious elements, the imam sent a group of Yemeni youth to Iraq in the mid-1930s to learn modern military techniques and weaponry. These students would eventually become the kernel of domestic opposition to Yaḥyā and his policies.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen/History#toc45273\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen/History#toc45273</a>§REF§ Turkish garrisons were established: ‘Al-Mansur suffered a stroke, and in September 1904 he died (ibid. 393-403). His son Yahya took the Imamate, which he was to hold until his death in 1948. As a number of authors have noted […], the success of his claim was very probably due to the support of Nasir Mabkhut al-Ahmar, who had (at least most of the time) supported al-Mansur. With al-Ahmar’s backing, Yahya took binding agreements (qawa’id wa-dawabit) from the shaykhs about the conduct of the jihad, stipulating that the weak be protected, looting be controlled, and any artillery captured be surrendered to the public treasury (Zabahrah 1956: ii. 8). Almost immediately after his accession he dispatched forces to the west and south, the outlying Turkish garrisons fell, and San’a’ was again besieged […]. In the midst of an atrocious famine the Turkish garrison withdrew under safe conduct in April 1905. ‘San’a’ after the surrender was a ruin. Its markets were destroyed, its houses empty, and only a few of its inhabitants were left’, but when the tribes saw the victory that had been won ‘every tribe wanted to control some province or another of Yemen as a fief…’ (al-Wasi’I 928: 203).’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 221p§REF§" }, { "id": 475, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"bodyguard (mechnik)\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 435) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"Originally, the prince was a military leader with his own band of warriors, his druzhina. Later on, towns usually needed a prince to lead their armed forces.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 426-427) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 476, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 477, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "absent", "comment": "Askia Muhammed Toure (r.1493-1529 CE) \"created a professional full-time army\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 66]</a> ---- i.e. did not exist in this period Since 1464 (Sonni Ali's accession) the army became a standing army, and it distinguished itself from the population, forming its own corps. \"Mais depuis 1464 (avènement de Sonni Ali) l'armée s'est transformée en armée de métier et elle se distingue du peuple et forme désormais un corps à part.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HWWEX34G\">[Niane 1975, p. 182]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 478, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": "Full-time specialists", "description": null }, { "id": 479, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"From the viewpoint of administrative theory, the early Thai administration at Sukhothai was far from centralized. The administrative system gives us a clear picture of strong and powerful provincial governors who ruled their provinces more or less like feudal lords, raising their armies, controlling their own finances, and managing their own internal affairs.\"§REF§(Meksawan 1962, 63) Arsa Meksawan. 1962. The Role of the Provincial Governor in Thailand. Institute of Public Administration. Thammasat University.§REF§" }, { "id": 480, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"A governor (amil) was elected locally and confirmed by the Imam. As representative of the Imam, the amil sent taxes and troops.\" §REF§Savage E., 1997, A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise: The North African Response to the Arab Conquest, Darwin Press. pp.56§REF§" }, { "id": 481, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"their sociopolitical infrastructure ... was built around the person of the ruler and his comitatus, or oath-sworn guard corps, whose members numbered in the thousands.\"§REF§(Beckwith 2009, 59) Christopher I Beckwith. 2009. Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>\"It is difficult to determine the exact political structure of the Scythians. At best they represented a confederacy of tribes united culturally rather than politically. Division within the Scythian domain followed not only tribal but also social lines. It is quite clear that Scythian society was organized on a tripartite basis: priests, warriors, agriculturalists. This is the ancient Indo-Iranian if not Indo-European division of human society and it places the Scythians firmly in the Indo-Iranian world.\"§REF§(Sinor 1969, 82)Denis Sinor. 1969 [1997]. Uralic and Altaic Series. Volume 96. Inner Asia. History-Civilization-Languages. RoutledgeCurzon. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 482, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Weak military.§REF§(Bourn and Park 2016, 20) Aomar Bourn. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. Lantham.§REF§ \"A Catalan militia was created in the 1250s at Tlemcen, paralleling that at Tunis. Its commander was named by Jaume I and enjoyed authority over all the Catalans in the kingdom. In 1271-2, if not before, Jaume received a tribute in exchange for Tlemcen's right to recruit this militia and to trade with Jaume's subjects. This tribute consisted largely in returning part of the custom dues paid by Catalan merchants to the ruler of Catalonia.\"§REF§(Hillgarth 2003, 43) J N Hillgarth. 2003. Spain and the Mediterranean in the Later Middle Ages: Studies in Political and Intellectual History. Ashgate Variorum.§REF§" }, { "id": 483, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "As nomadic warriors the lifestyle was dedicated full time to the military.<br>\"The Tribe of Tuyuhun were a nomadic people. Although they had built cities, they did not live in houses in the cities. They lived in tents. They had the meat of the cattle they raised and cheese made from the milk of their cattle for food.\"§REF§(Hung 2013, 155) Hing Ming Hung. 2013. Li Shi Min, Founding the Tang Dynasty: The Strategies that Made China the Greatest Empire in Asia. Algora Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 484, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Generic Baiyue reference: The Baiyue cultures subsisted on wet rice agriculture. This \"allowed for the raising of an army, class differentiation, and occupational specialization.\"§REF§(West 2009, 81) Barbara A. West. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Facts On File. New York.§REF§<br>Generic Baiyue reference: \"The earliest exposition of Chinese martial arts theory appears in the historical novel Spring and Autumn of Wu and Yue (ca. 100 CE). A short passage describes the sword fighting skills of the Maiden of Yue, who was said to have been selected by the King of Yue (497-465 BCE) to train his army against the Kingdom of Wu. In the passage the Maiden of Yue describes the interaction of yin and yang, and of internal and external attributes, as being amoung the key principles of all hand-to-hand combat, and these ideas have continued to be central to martial arts practice in general down to the present day.\"§REF§(Henning 89, 2013) Stanley E Henning. Chinese Martial Arts. Naomi Standen. ed. 2013. Demystifying China: New understandings of Chinese history. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Lanham.§REF§" }, { "id": 485, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "For the last three centuries of Berber rule in Morocco \"the main development was a centralized administrative system - the Makhzen - maintained without tribal support by standing armies of Arab and Christian mercenaries.\"§REF§(Ellingham et al 2010, 570) Mark Ellingham. Daniel Jacobs. Hamish Brown. Shaun McVeigh. 2010. The Rough Guide to Morocco. Dorling Kindersley Ltd.§REF§ \"The battle of Ma'mura, in which the Portuguese naval and land forces were dealt a severe defeat, indicated that the Moroccan state was modernizing its military forces.\"§REF§(Ilahiane 2006, 139) Hsain Ilahiane. 2006. Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen). Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§" }, { "id": 486, "polity": { "id": 247, "name": "cn_wu_confederacy", "long_name": "Wu Confederacy", "start_year": -585, "end_year": -477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Western Zhou inscriptions describe campaign booty won from a people who were likely the precursors of the Wu - the Eastern Yi and the Huai Yi. The hauls included 135 different weapons including spearheads, dagger-axes, quivers, arrows, armour, and helmets. Metals used were bronze and copper.\"§REF§(Wagner 1996, 99) Donald B Wagner. 1996. Iron and Steel in Ancient China. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 487, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Xixia was prosperous, a powerful military force\".§REF§(? 2006, 178) ? 2006. China Tibetology. Issues 6-11. Office for the Journal China Tibetology.§REF§" }, { "id": 488, "polity": { "id": 408, "name": "in_yadava_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava Dynasty", "start_year": 1190, "end_year": 1318 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Soldiers serving in the standing army were directly recruited and paid by the central government §REF§A.S. Altekar, The Seunas of Devagiri, in G. Yazdan (ed), The Early History of the Deccan (1960), p. 562§REF§." }, { "id": 489, "polity": { "id": 248, "name": "cn_yue_dyn", "long_name": "Yue Kingdom", "start_year": -510, "end_year": -334 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Generic Baiyue reference: \"The earliest exposition of Chinese martial arts theory appears in the historical novel Spring and Autumn of Wu and Yue (ca. 100 CE). A short passage describes the sword fighting skills of the Maiden of Yue, who was said to have been selected by the King of Yue (497-465 BCE) to train his army against the Kingdom of Wu. In the passage the Maiden of Yue describes the interaction of yin and yang, and of internal and external attributes, as being amoung the key principles of all hand-to-hand combat, and these ideas have continued to be central to martial arts practice in general down to the present day.\"§REF§(Henning 89, 2013) Stanley E Henning. Chinese Martial Arts. Naomi Standen. ed. 2013. Demystifying China: New understandings of Chinese history. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Lanham.§REF§" }, { "id": 490, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 491, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 492, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The dynastic founder, Buluggin, relied heavily on black soldiers from sub-Saharan Africa; after his death, in 984, these troops supported first one then another contender to the throne.\"§REF§(O'Connell and Dursteler 2016, 50) Monique O'Connell. Eric R Dursteler. 2016. The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon. John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.§REF§" }, { "id": 493, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "absent", "comment": "Knightly Class:\r\nThe Normans relied heavily on knights, Knights were landholders who owed military service in exchange for their fiefs. While knights were trained in warfare and served as elite warriors, their service was often limited to the feudal 40-day obligation, and their primary livelihood came from landholding. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/47EV6NEI\">[R_Morillo 0]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 494, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "absent", "comment": "The military was composed of feudal levies, knights, and peasant conscripts, none of whom served as full-time military professionals. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SHDPVIS\">[Reuter 1991]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 495, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": "The Nizam troops constituted a professional army. They were not\r\nrecruited on the basis of universal conscription, but rather in a fashion\r\nwhich is reminiscent of the system introduced by Peter the Great in Russia\r\nor the Bunichah system in Persia.2 Governors and notables in Anatolia (not\r\nin the Balkans or the Arab provinces) were required to send contingents of\r\npeasant boys to Istanbul for training. Those enrolled in the corps remained\r\nunder arms for an unspecified period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H7G362WN\">[Zürcher 1998, p. 437]</a> The new army, which was modelled entirely on the earlier Nizam-i-Cedid\r\ncorps, quickly grew from 1,500 to 27,000 men. The army was organized\r\nalong European lines, with the basic units being the regiment (tertip, later\r\nalay), consisting of three battalions (tabur). Once again, this was a professional army manned by volunteers and peasants recruited by the Sultan’s\r\nofficials in the provinces <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H7G362WN\">[Zürcher 1998, p. 438]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 496, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "present", "comment": "Members of the King’s Guard <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QT8DN5BS\">[Daws 1997]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 497, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": "Iconography may indicate professional officers or soldiers of some kind. People that look like they are wielding weapons with head scalps attached to belts. Depictions of people who look like they are going to and from battle.", "description": null }, { "id": 498, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": "Iconography may indicate professional officers or soldiers of some kind. People that look like they are wielding weapons with head scalps attached to belts. Depictions of people who look like they are going to and from battle.", "description": null }, { "id": 499, "polity": { "id": 28, "name": "us_cahokia_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie", "start_year": 1275, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": "Iconography may indicate professional officers or soldiers of some kind. People that look like they are wielding weapons with head scalps attached to belts. Depictions of people who look like they are going to and from battle.", "description": null }, { "id": 500, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": "Most likely the \"small group of military professionals\" had relatively high status (because they were few, and because they owned land), so probably occupied relatively high positions in the military hierarchy. \"In the Kassite period, Babylonia also experienced the influence of new military techniques (chariots and horses). The latter benefited a small group of military professionals, who received generous land grants from the king.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7DRZQS5Q\">[Liverani_Tabatabai 2014, p. 367]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 501, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 502, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Professional_soldier", "professional_soldier": "uncoded", "comment": "Present for the New Kingdom Hatti which preceded the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: \"the core of the defence force was a full-time, professional standing army. ... They lived together in military barracks, so that they could be mobilized at a moment's notice.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/38EMV897\">[Bryce 2007, p. 11]</a>", "description": null } ] }