Precious Metal List
A viewset for viewing and editing Precious Metals.
GET /api/sc/precious-metals/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 398, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/precious-metals/?format=api&page=8", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/precious-metals/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "unknown", "description": " Gold and silver was used for coins, jewellery, military and dress adornments, and other elite items.§REF§Christie 1998: 100, 127. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/975BEGKF§REF§" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 575, "name": "us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction", "long_name": "Us Reconstruction-Progressive", "start_year": 1866, "end_year": 1933 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold, silver, copper." }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 560, "name": "bo_tiwanaku_2", "long_name": "Late Tiwanaku", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1149 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold; copper. Two large residential structures at the Putuni platform held artefacts with precious metals: “These included chert and obsidian projectile points and elaborate items of adornment, including beads of lapis lazuli, bone, sodalite, and obsidian, copper pins and labrettes, carved shell, gold lamina, and a wrought silver tube filled with blue pigment. The abundance of exotic prestige goods mirrored the remarkable array of elaborate goods included as offerings in six human dedications placed under the edifice upon its construction. One of them (Feature 38), an adult female, yielded a necklace of bone, shell, and a variety of exotic minerals, a copper disc mirror, a lead flask, abundant obsidian flakes, and a hammered gold pectoral depicting an impassive deity face.”§REF§(Janusek 2004: 209) Janusek, John Wayne. 2004. Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes: Tiwanaku Cities Through Time. New York: Routledge. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SDDCMA8P§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 563, "name": "us_antebellum", "long_name": "Antebellum US", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold, silver, copper." }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold; silver. “As their parliamentary influence implies, the Merchant Adventurers were fabulously wealthy and powerful, the greatest of them rivaling important nobles in these respects. No government could afford to offend or ignore them, for their loans, their ships, and their ability to move goods might come in very handy in time of war. They dominated the corporation and city government of big port cities: between 1550 and 1580 nearly every lord mayor of London was a Merchant Adventurer. These men lived in great multi-story, multi-chimneyed houses, their rooms decorated with molded plaster ceilings, expensive tapestries, and ornate carved furniture, their presses brimming with gold and silver plate, their closets bulging with expensive gowns lined with velvet and fur.”§REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 201) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§" }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold, silver, iron, from Roman-Britain and then imported by the Anglo-Saxon immigrants were present. Gold, silver, and semi-precious stones have been found in wealthy male burials from the sixth century onwards. §REF§Yorke 1990: 9§REF§" }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Silver; copper. “One reason Tyrol was so valuable to the house was that the ruler’s regalian rights over the mines supplied a substantial income with no need to get the estates’ consent. The actual income from those mines was still never enough to pay all of Maximilian’s expenses. Though his revenues compared favorably with those of the French and Castilian monarchs, he was always short of funds. The mines, therefore, became even more valuable as collateral for loans. Maximilian began the dynasty’s long relationship with the Fugger family of bankers, who attached themselves to the Habsburgs like a parasite to a host. Maximilian essentially gave the Fuggers control over Tyrol’s copper and silver mines. Of revenues from those mines, 50 percent would go to the Fuggers, 18 percent to Maximilian, and 32 percent to the mining contractor.”§REF§(Curtis 2013: 71) Curtis, Benjamin. 2013. The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty. London; New York: Bloomsbury. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TRKUBP92§REF§" }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold and silver.§REF§Barthold 1968: 327. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2CHVZMEB§REF§" }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Copper and copper bells are commonly found throughout the region.§REF§McGuire 2018: 25. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C9FB2IXT§REF§" }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 578, "name": "mo_alawi_dyn_1", "long_name": "Alaouite Dynasty I", "start_year": 1631, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold; silver; copper. “Significantly, the two great rulers of the Sharifian dynasties, Mawlay Ahmad al-Mansur the Sa'di and Mawlay Isma'il the 'Alawi, were both passionately interested in the Sahara and the Sudan. Both imported gold and slaves from the Sudan. But, whereas Mawlay Ahmad was closely associated with the quest for gold, Mawlay Isma'il was concerned mainly with slaves. Their exploits illustrate the economic and political significance of trans-Saharan contacts for Morocco… Moroccan officials who returned from the Sudan brought many camel loads of gold with them. An English merchant, resident in Marrakesh, commented on the arrival of thirty mules laden with gold in 1594 : ' The king of Morocco is like to be the greatest prince in the world for money, if he keeps this country [the Sudan].'2 Yet, in 1638 another English observer remarked: 'The ancient supply [of gold] from Gago [Gao] which was brought in by cafells [caravans] in Ahmad's days, grandfather of this king, is now lost by the troubles of the state’.”§REF§(Fage and Oliver 1975: 150-151) Fage, J. D. and Oliver, Roland Anthony. 1975. eds., The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 4, from c. 1600 to c. 1790. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6BCU87M§REF§ “Immediately after acceding to power, Mulay Ismacil had given the king’s representative an undertaking to require the corsairs to respect French vessels, to grant ‘the faculty of exporting from his country local merchandise of every kind, which his late brother had forbidden, notably copper and brass’…”§REF§(Julien 1970: 255) Julien, Charles-Andre. 1970. History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, From the Arab Conquest to 1830, ed. R Le Tourneau and C.C. Stewart, trans. John Petrie. New York; Washington: Praeger Publishers. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZJVWWN24§REF§ “Historian ‘Abd al-Karim ar-Rifi (fl. 1740–1786) reported that in 1645, this emerging ‘Alawi leader attacked key areas across the southern trade routes such as Tikurarin and Tuwat and required their inhabitants to pay tribute. In this way he amassed a fortune in gold, silver, and slaves.”§REF§(El Hamel 2014: 157) El Hamel, Chouki. 2014. Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T9JFH8AS§REF§" }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Gold and silver were used as currency and for decorative objects.§REF§Wilson 2016: 49, 214, 354. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N5M9R9XA§REF§" }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 351, "name": "am_artaxiad_dyn", "long_name": "Armenian Kingdom", "start_year": -188, "end_year": 6 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There is evidence of gold, silver and copper works at the capital of Artaxiasata.§REF§Redgate 2000: 85. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4RQ68NKA§REF§. Silver vases have been found in graves.§REF§Hovannisian 2004: 52. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B4DBDFU§REF§ Copper coins were minted in copper.§REF§Hovannisian 2004: 54. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8B4DBDFU§REF§" }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 297, "name": "kz_oirat", "long_name": "Oirats", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold; silver. “The Ming made overtures to Arugtai Taish, bestowing on him the title of ‘Obedient Prince’ (henani van), and ‘Prince of Khar-Khorin’ in 1413, along with a golden helmet, a horse with saddle and bridle, silk, various precious things and 3,000 dan (hundredweight) of grain.”§REF§(Jamsran 2010: 500) Jamsran, L. 2010. “The Crisis of the Forty and the Four,” in The History of Mongolia: Volume II, Yuan and Late Medieval Period, ed. David Sneath, vol. 2, 3 vols. Kent: Global Oriental. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D8IE2XAD§REF§ “Taisun Khaan and Esen Taish increased the number of annual envoys to the Ming to one thousand. Good horses were presented to the Ming emperor, and a quantity of gold, silver, silk and cloth of equal value was received in return.”§REF§(Jamsran 2010: 506) Jamsran, L. 2010. “The Crisis of the Forty and the Four,” in The History of Mongolia: Volume II, Yuan and Late Medieval Period, ed. David Sneath, vol. 2, 3 vols. Kent: Global Oriental. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D8IE2XAD§REF§" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold and silver were common in the Golden Horde. §REF§Halperin 1987: 27. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VCPWVNM.§REF§" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Silver mines. “Only under the Saffarids of Sistan was real headway made by the Muslims. Thus Ya’qub b. Layth’s expedition of 256/870 via Balkh to Bamiyan, Kabul and the silver mines of Panjhir brought about the first lengthy Muslim occupation of Kabul.”§REF§(Bosworth [ed] 2007, 257) Bosworth, C. E. 2007. Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Brill. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HGHDXVAC §REF§" }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold had been used widely in the preceding polities for hundreds of years and began to be mined throughout the Empire, particularly the Americas and Africa. §REF§(Colquhoun 1811: 130) Colquhoun, Patrik. 1814. Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire in Every Quarter of the World Etc. Jos. Mawman. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3SNZA6FJ§REF§" }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold, silver, iron, from Roman-Britain and then imported by the Anglo-Saxon immigrants were present. Gold, silver, and semi-precious stones have been found in wealthy male burials from the sixth century. The ship burial found at Sutton Hoo, possibly that of King Raedwald (died c. 625 CE), is the largest ever discovered. §REF§(Yorke 1990: 9) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ “Kent seems to have taken the lead in the production of coin in England and, as its first issues and subsequent adaptations are in line with what happened in Francia, it is likely that exchange with Francia was a main function of the coinage. The first Kentish coins were probably struck in the late sixth century and imitated Merovingian gold tremisses… The Kentish gold coins are rare until the second quarter of the seventh century when some seem to have been struck in London as well as in Kent itself and one of the London issues apparently carries the name of King Eadbald. It was not normal in this period for the monarch’s name to appear on coins and consequently it has been questioned whether kings enjoyed a monopoly on the production of coin before the introduction of the named penny coinages of the late eighth century.”§REF§(Yorke 1990: 40-41) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ “While the number and range of furnishings vary, many contain a minority of burials with significant numbers of accompanying artefacts, while some contain exceptionally wealthy graves. The latter date predominantly to the last three decades of the sixth century and the first three of the seventh,84 but silver brooches, semi-precious stones and weapon sets are a feature of a significant minority of graves even of an earlier period, and some examples are generally read as indicators of high status.85 While some raw materials clearly derived from long-distance communication and exchange, which stretched across the continent, others may well have come from Britain. Iron was mined in the Weald and elsewhere, but silver deposits were virtually absent from that part of Britain in which either furnished inhumations or cremations occur before the mid-sixth century. It was, however, extracted in significant quantities in later Roman Britain (as a by-product of lead), in the Mendips, in north-eastern Wales and the Derbyshire Peaks. It could also have been obtained by melting down existing bullion, such as plate or coin. If the early cemetery users obtained much of their silver from Britain, this was necessarily from the Britons Ultimately, and certainly by the eighth century, powerful English kings established direct control of silver producing locales, such as Wirksworth in Derbyshire and the Mendips, both of which fell to the Mercians.”§REF§(Higham 2004: 14-15) Higham, Nick. ‘From Sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages’, History Compass 2, no. 1 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00085.x. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XZT7A79K§REF§" }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold. Silver. §REF§Clapham 1955: 124. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2QKQJQM3.§REF§" }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold; silver; copper. “Important for the financial structure of all Habsburg lands was the mining of ores, primarily silver and copper. The mines of the Erzgebirge in northwestern Bohemia, in Central and southern Bohemia, in the High and Low Tatra of Hungary in present-day Slovakia, and at an earlier time in Tyrol played an important role. Gold-mining, as for instance in Rauris (Salzburg), was never of major significance.”§REF§(Kann 1974: 120) Kann, Robert A. 1974. A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918. Los Angeles: University of California Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RP3JD4UV §REF§ “Finally, in early March 1878, a deal was reached and the Abgeordnetenhaus passed the new tariff rates with 145 to 60 votes. The final tariff provisions included modest increases in thirty-seven industrial categories, along with across-the-board increases in the rates for textiles, and payments were now required on the basis of gold rather than silver, which had the effect of increasing the value of the rates by 15%.”§REF§(Boyer 2022: 176) Boyer, John W. 2022. Austria, 1867–1955. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CG3P4KKD§REF§" }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold had been used widely in the preceding polities for hundreds of years and began to be mined throughout the Empire, particularly the Americas and Africa. §REF§(Colquhoun 1811: 130) Colquhoun, Patrik. 1814. Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire in Every Quarter of the World Etc. Jos. Mawman. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3SNZA6FJ§REF§" }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "“[T]he Five Dynasties[…] period saw extensive internecine warfare that brought copper mining to a near standstill in the north. Because copper was becoming more and more scarce, almost all the contending warlords of the time attempted to prevent bronze coinage from flowing into their rivals’ hands as a result of cross-border trade. Their respective kingdoms—Southern Han, Min, Wu Yue, Southern Tang, Chu, Later Tang, Later Shu—cast heavily debased or token coinage from lead, iron, or even clay so that it could be used domestically, for example, to pay soldiers’ salaries. These coins were, of course, of very little intrinsic value, and ipso facto constitute the first step toward ridding Chinese currency of its metallic anchorage.” §REF§(Horesh 2013: 375-376) Horesh, N. 2013. ‘CANNOT BE FED ON WHEN STARVING’: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC THOUGHT SURROUNDING CHINA’S EARLIER USE OF PAPER MONEY. Journal of the History of Economic Thought 35(3): 373-395. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6PGHSGRX/library§REF§" }, { "id": 323, "polity": { "id": 547, "name": "cn_wei_k", "long_name": "Wei Kingdom", "start_year": 220, "end_year": 265 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“Even after the advent of coin money, commodity currency consisting mainly of gems and jewels and gold and silver would not be worth special mention, for gold ores, for example, would well be considered to be commodity currency. But, special mention may be warranted of the fact that even cereals and cloths were classed as commodity currency, and, as such, this should be listed as one of the outstanding features of Chinese money. […] In the era of Emperor Wen of Wei dynasty during the turbulent period of Three Kingdoms, it was decreed that the ‘masses should cease to handle money and instead barter in cereals and cloth’.”§REF§(Hozumi 1954: 21) Hozumi, F. 1954. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HISTORY OF CHINESE MONEY. Kyoto University Economic Review 24(2): 18-38. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BGDN5V7V/library§REF§" }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 782, "name": "bd_twelve_bhuyans", "long_name": "Twelve Bhuyans", "start_year": 1538, "end_year": 1612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "“In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Chinese traders brought gold, silver, porcelain, satin and silks, and Burmese merchants were said to bring only ‘silver and gold, and no other merchandise’ to Bengal.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "Gold and silver was abundant in the region. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "“...by the early 1700s about two-fifths of the total Dutch exports from Asia to Europe were procured in Bengal. What the Europeans brought to Bengal was overwhelmingly precious metals – gold from Japan, Sumatra and Timor, silver from Japan, Burma and Persia and silver coins from Mexico and Spain...” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a> However in 1768 the minting of gold coins was banned due to the scarcity of gold. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G88NTW2D\">[Ray_Sreemani 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "“...by the early 1700s about two-fifths of the total Dutch exports from Asia to Europe were procured in Bengal. What the Europeans brought to Bengal was overwhelmingly precious metals – gold from Japan, Sumatra and Timor, silver from Japan, Burma and Persia and silver coins from Mexico and Spain – but also copper, tin and a variety of spices such as pepper, cloves, nutmeg and cinnamon.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“bronze imitations of spades or knives, or as small discs, also in bronze; small golden ingots”§REF§(Loewe 1999, 1023)§REF§" }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "some silver, tin especially, likely gold as well§REF§(Bodde 1986, 60)§REF§" }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 711, "name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1", "long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat", "start_year": 1749, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": "Inferred from the fact that these are not mentioned in Pallaver's <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C62TFXBJ\">[Pallaver_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a> comprehensive account of currency used on the Swahili Coast between the eighth and nineteenth centuries CE.", "description": null }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": "Not mentioned in Karin Pallaver's <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C62TFXBJ\">[Pallaver_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a> comprehensive account of currency used along the Swahili coast between the eighth and nineteenth centuries CE.", "description": null }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In the pre-Kievan era cattle and furs had served as mediums of exchange and foreign coins had also been used. In the Kievan centuries metallic money came into general use. Coins were minted from the first half of the eleventh century on into the first quarter of the next century. Small silver bars were also used, and foreign coins had wide circulation.\"§REF§(Blum 1971, 15) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": "\"The medium of exchange was barter\", though cowrie shells were also used, at least in the 19th century <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, pp. 447-450]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": "In the 19th century CE, \"[t]he medium of exchange was barter\", though cowrie shells were also used, at least in the 19th century <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, pp. 447-450]</a> . Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionaty social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 791, "name": "bd_khadga_dyn", "long_name": "Khadga Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "“...the queen-consort of king Devakhadga, caused the image of the goddess to be plated with gold out of devotion.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HQNUI6KX\">[Basak 1934]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "Gold and silver was abundant in the region. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a> Gold: “The Barrackpur grant of Vijayasena refers to the kanakatulāpuruṣamahādāna, distribution among brāhmaṇas of gold which is weighed against a person…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a> Silver: Silver is reported as being widespread in the towns. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 339, "polity": { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "Gold and silver was abundant in the region. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 340, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 341, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": "no data.", "description": null }, { "id": 342, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "\"Sent oxen, salt and iron to trade with Sasu (south-west Ethiopia) for gold. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 387]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 343, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": "\"Sent oxen, salt and iron to trade with Sasu (south-west Ethiopia) for gold. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 387]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 344, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": 1044, "year_to": 1174, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"By the end of the twelfth century, perhaps as a consequence of the discovery of a major source of local silver, the Pagan economy shows the first signs of monetization. From the middle of the thirteenth century, silver klyap, copper khwak, and paddy were used extensively to fulfill fiscal and other obligations. Although gold, silver, and copper frequently appear in the inscriptions of later Pagan, the metals were not minted into coin but remained in ingot form, being 'weighed and given' at the conclusion of each transaction.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 111) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ \"One term occasionally found in Pagan inscriptions is nuy pyan or 'bar silver,' suggesting that the form of the metal was most often in bars or ingots. That Pagan did not possess true coins is indicated as well by the phrase khin piy e, 'weighed and given,' commonly used in inscriptions relating to payments of silver and copper.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 132) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 345, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": 1175, "year_to": 1287, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"By the end of the twelfth century, perhaps as a consequence of the discovery of a major source of local silver, the Pagan economy shows the first signs of monetization. From the middle of the thirteenth century, silver klyap, copper khwak, and paddy were used extensively to fulfill fiscal and other obligations. Although gold, silver, and copper frequently appear in the inscriptions of later Pagan, the metals were not minted into coin but remained in ingot form, being 'weighed and given' at the conclusion of each transaction.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 111) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ \"One term occasionally found in Pagan inscriptions is nuy pyan or 'bar silver,' suggesting that the form of the metal was most often in bars or ingots. That Pagan did not possess true coins is indicated as well by the phrase khin piy e, 'weighed and given,' commonly used in inscriptions relating to payments of silver and copper.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 132) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 346, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Banu Ghaniya had a \"commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaeric Islands.§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§" }, { "id": 347, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": "\"[W]ith the exception to two gold and six silver coins recently discovered, and ascribed to Siddharaja, no other coins of the Chaulukyas have yet been found. [...] The following facts therefore must be considered [...]. In the Chaulukya records coins are frequently mentioned. [...] Not a single reference to barter is found in the literature of the period which contains many instances of payment in cash. [...] Two gold coins with the legend of Siddharaja have been discovered in the Uttara Pradesa and these two have been assigned to Jayasimha. Since then four silver coins of Jayasimha have been found. [...] Lastly coins are known to have been in use in Gujarat from very early times. [...] [W]e shall have to assume that money in the shape of coins was habitually and extensively used during the Chaulukya period in Gujarat as the normal medium of exchange, and that at least part of the coins in use were issued by the Chaulukya kings.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KXBH3VEF\">[Majumdar 1956, pp. 268-270]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 348, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": " <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PQ6X7MWZ\">[Hsu_Loewe_Shaughnessy 1999, p. 581]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 349, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "some silver, tin especially, likely gold as well§REF§(Bodde 1986, 60)§REF§" }, { "id": 350, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "uncoded", "comment": "Precious metals (gold and tumbaga, an alloy of copper and gold) were used to create elaborate ornaments, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 103]</a> but did these objects serve as a medium of exchange? I have left this variable uncoded for now.", "description": null }, { "id": 351, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": "In the 19th century, \"[t]he medium of exchange was barter\", though cowrie shells were also used. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, pp. 447-450]</a> Given general pattern of increasing complexity through time in the region <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ITEA4NM\">[Taylor_Robertshaw 2000, pp. 17-19]</a> , it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null } ] }