Precious Metal List
A viewset for viewing and editing Precious Metals.
GET /api/sc/precious-metals/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 398, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/precious-metals/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/precious-metals/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 187, "name": "it_ravenna_exarchate", "long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " gold was used as a store of wealth (cf J.-M. Carrié 2003 \"Solidus et Credit\") and conceivably was used for payment." }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 184, "name": "it_roman_rep_3", "long_name": "Late Roman Republic", "start_year": -133, "end_year": -31 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " gold was used as a store of wealth (cf J.-M. Carrié 2003 \"Solidus et Credit\") and conceivably was used for payment." }, { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 183, "name": "it_roman_rep_2", "long_name": "Middle Roman Republic", "start_year": -264, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " gold was used as a store of wealth (cf J.-M. Carrié 2003 \"Solidus et Credit\") and conceivably was used for payment." }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " gold was used as a store of wealth (cf J.-M. Carrié 2003 \"Solidus et Credit\") and conceivably was used for payment." }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 185, "name": "it_western_roman_emp", "long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 476 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 149, "name": "jp_ashikaga", "long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1467 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 151, "name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama", "long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1603 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The rapid increase in the production of gold and particularly silver involved Japan perforce in world commerce and transformed the structure of trade in East Asia.'§REF§Hall, John Whitney (ed.). 1991.The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.p.62§REF§" }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'When coins stopped being minted in Nara and early Heian, gold and silver came to be employed quite widely by Heian nobles. Both were used to purchase goods from Chinese trading vessels at Dazaifu. When gold and silver production dropped, and these metals no longer functioned as substitutes for minted coins.' §REF§Shively, Donald H. and McCullough, William H. 2008. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 2: Heian Japan. Cambridge Histories Online Cambridge University Press.p.637§REF§ 'The coins were legally valued at more than the worth of their metallic content.' §REF§Shively, Donald H. and McCullough, William H. 2008. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 2: Heian Japan. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press.p.164§REF§" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 148, "name": "jp_kamakura", "long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate", "start_year": 1185, "end_year": 1333 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'others provided gold, horses, copper verdigris, iron, sea bream, and incense. This tax system reflected the special goods produced in the various regions of Japan.' §REF§Yamamura, Kozo (ed). 2008. The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 3. Cambridge Histories Online Cambridge University Press [sixth edition].p.99§REF§" }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 263, "name": "jp_nara", "long_name": "Nara Kingdom", "start_year": 710, "end_year": 794 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The coins were legally valued at more than the worth of their metallic content.' §REF§Shively, Donald H. and McCullough, William H. 2008. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 2: Heian Japan. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press.p.164§REF§" }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 152, "name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate", "long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate", "start_year": 1603, "end_year": 1868 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ‘Ieyasu also used precious metals in trade, gift giving, and decoration. But he went farther than his predecessors in establishing the credibility of money by suppressing inferior coins, setting up regulated mints, and issuing currency and bullion of reliable weight and fineness. In 1601 he commissioned trusted merchants to establish silver, gold, and copper mints (giza, kinza, and doza) in Fushimi and Sunpu (later moved to Kyoto and Edo) and to mint bullion from this mines into coins with specified values based on their metallic content.’§REF§Totman, Conrad. 1993. Early Modern Japan. University of California Press. Berkeley; London.p.71.§REF§" }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 144, "name": "jp_yayoi", "long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"The earliest coins from Japan date to the Yayoi period (300 B.C.E.-300 C.E.), but these were Chinese imports and were probably regarded as ornaments of no monetary value.\"§REF§(Higham 2009, 84) Higham, Charles. 2009. Encylopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Great trading region." }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 282, "name": "kg_western_turk_khaganate", "long_name": "Western Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 582, "end_year": 630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 41, "name": "kh_angkor_2", "long_name": "Classical Angkor", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Khmer empire never developed a standardized currency, instead using exchange equivalents in gold, silver, rice, cloth, cattle, butter and slaves (Sedov 1978:125), and remained a marginal player in the China-Southeast Asia trade network.'§REF§(Stark, Miriam 2010, p. 161)§REF§" }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 40, "name": "kh_angkor_1", "long_name": "Early Angkor", "start_year": 802, "end_year": 1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Khmer empire never developed a standardized currency, instead using exchange equivalents in gold, silver, rice, cloth, cattle, butter and slaves (Sedov 1978:125), and remained a marginal player in the China-Southeast Asia trade network.'§REF§(Stark, Miriam 2010, p. 161)§REF§" }, { "id": 169, "polity": { "id": 42, "name": "kh_angkor_3", "long_name": "Late Angkor", "start_year": 1220, "end_year": 1432 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “In small transactions barter is carried on with rice, cereals, and Chinese objects; fabrics are next employed, and finally, in big deals, gold or silver is used.” §REF§(Zhou Daguan 1992, 43)§REF§" }, { "id": 170, "polity": { "id": 43, "name": "kh_khmer_k", "long_name": "Khmer Kingdom", "start_year": 1432, "end_year": 1594 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Khmer empire never developed a standardized currency, instead using exchange equivalents in gold, silver, rice, cloth, cattle, butter and slaves (Sedov 1978:125), and remained a marginal player in the China-Southeast Asia trade network.'§REF§(Stark, Miriam 2010, p. 161)§REF§" }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 39, "name": "kh_chenla", "long_name": "Chenla", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 825 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'Strong evidence against the importance of trade or markets is the absence of money in post-6th-century Cambodia in contrast to Funan which had coinage'§REF§(Vickery 1998, 314)§REF§ 'Neither is there reference to coinage, although precious metals are mentioned as objects of exchanges among donors and temples. The lack of coinage seems confirmed by the inability of archaeologists or architects excavating and restoring temples to discover any coins which may be dated between the end of the Funan and the post-Angkor period.'§REF§(Vickery 1998, 275)§REF§ 'Stored assets were also a form of tradable wealth. Surviving texts suggest that rice, cloth, or ironware could be traded, thus allowing pon to indulge in trade not only for basic food and cloth, but also for bankable assets, such as gold and silver.'§REF§(Higham 2004, 76)§REF§" }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 37, "name": "kh_funan_1", "long_name": "Funan I", "start_year": 225, "end_year": 540 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The city [near the modern Vietnamese village of Oc-Eco in the Mekong Delta] probably provided warehousing for goods in transit between India and China and was an outlet for products collected from the forested interior of Cambodia and Vietnam. Until the twentieth century, forest products and precious metals made up the bulk of Cambodia's export trade. These included gold, elephants, ivory, rhinoceros horn, kingfisher feathers, wild spices like cardamom, and forest products such as lacquer, hides, and aromatic wood.'§REF§(Chandler 2008, p. 19)§REF§ 'They described a country to the south ruled by a king who resided in a palace in a walled settlement.'§REF§(Higham 2012b, p. 590)§REF§ \"Taxes are paid in gold, silver, pearls and perfumes. They have books and repositories of archives and other things. Their writing characters resemble those of the Hu (i.e. the Indians)\". (Pelliot, ibid, p. 254)§REF§(Jacques and Lafond 2007, p. 51)§REF§ Chinese sources from the 5th century CE estate that \"In Funan, they always use gold in their transactions\". §REF§(Wicks 1992, p. 184)§REF§" }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 38, "name": "kh_funan_2", "long_name": "Funan II", "start_year": 540, "end_year": 640 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 'The city [near the modern Vietnamese village of Oc-Eco in the Mekong Delta] probably provided warehousing for goods in transit between India and China and was an outlet for products collected from the forested interior of Cambodia and Vietnam. Until the twentieth century, forest products and precious metals made up the bulk of Cambodia's export trade. These included gold, elephants, ivory, rhinoceros horn, kingfisher feathers, wild spices like cardamom, and forest products such as lacquer, hides, and aromatic wood.'§REF§(Chandler 2008, p. 19)§REF§ 'They described a country to the south ruled by a king who resided in a palace in a walled settlement.'§REF§(Higham 2012b, p. 590)§REF§ 'Taxes are paid in gold, silver, pearls and perfumes. They have books and repositories of archives and other things. Their writing characters resemble those of the Hu (i.e. the Indians)\". (Pelliot, ibid, p. 254)§REF§(Jacques and Lafond 2007, p. 51)§REF§ 'The 1st to 5th century site of Oc Eo on Vietnam’s coast, then on the east-west maritime trade route, has produced, among other artefacts, a Vishnuite silver coin and a Roman gold medallion (Malleret 1959-62; Coe 2003; 66-67), but there is no evidence that Funan minted its own coinage (Sahai 1971: 94; Wicks 1992: 186). Indeed, the Chinese reported that taxes in Funan were paid in gold, silver, pearls and perfumes (Pelliot 1903: 252).'§REF§(Lustig 2009, p. 82)§REF§'" }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 104, "name": "lb_phoenician_emp", "long_name": "Phoenician Empire", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -332 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold, silver and copper were commonly traded by Phoenician merchant ships back as far as the Bronze Age.§REF§Wachsmann (1998:39-40).§REF§" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 432, "name": "ma_saadi_sultanate", "long_name": "Saadi Sultanate", "start_year": 1554, "end_year": 1659 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " After the conquest of Sudan, Elmansour decided to pay his administrators in metal (inferred gold) and dinars. Golden coins were minted everyday in front of his palace.§REF§(Muhammad Sagir al-Ifrani, translated by Houdas 1889, 167)§REF§" }, { "id": 176, "polity": { "id": 434, "name": "ml_bamana_k", "long_name": "Bamana kingdom", "start_year": 1712, "end_year": 1861 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold." }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 428, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_2", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno II", "start_year": 50, "end_year": 399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 430, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_3", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno III", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 229, "name": "ml_mali_emp", "long_name": "Mali Empire", "start_year": 1230, "end_year": 1410 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold." }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold." }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 283, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_1", "long_name": "Eastern Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 583, "end_year": 630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to personal communication with N. Kradin. §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold and silver dinars minted. " }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 442, "name": "mn_mongol_early", "long_name": "Early Mongols", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1206 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " non-coined silver, gold, platinum" }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 443, "name": "mn_mongol_late", "long_name": "Late Mongols", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1690 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 278, "name": "mn_rouran_khaganate", "long_name": "Rouran Khaganate", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 555 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to personal communication with N. Kradin. §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 439, "name": "mn_shiwei", "long_name": "Shiwei", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 189, "polity": { "id": 440, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2", "long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 682, "end_year": 744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"With time, the problem of the currency circulation unification was acute in the empire. Allsen (1987: 180182) believes that a role of the universal currency has been played by the silver bar (Mong. süke, Chinese - ting, Persian - balīsh, Uigur - yastug, Russ. slitok).\" §REF§(Kradin 2013, 173)§REF§" }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 438, "name": "mn_xianbei", "long_name": "Xianbei Confederation", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to personal communication with N. Kradin. §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 192, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§ Later Xiongnu Imperial Confederation coded absent." }, { "id": 193, "polity": { "id": 274, "name": "mn_hunnu_late", "long_name": "Late Xiongnu", "start_year": -60, "end_year": 100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to personal communication with N. Kradin. §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 272, "name": "mn_hunnu_emp", "long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation", "start_year": -209, "end_year": -60 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to personal communication with N. Kradin. §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 195, "polity": { "id": 444, "name": "mn_zungharian_emp", "long_name": "Zungharian Empire", "start_year": 1670, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Devisse (1988) commissioned an exact translation of Al Bakri's famous passages concerning gold which \"brings a new solution to the to the interpretation of the pair tibr-dhahab.\" Ghali, the translator, found that tibr meant gold in rough state, compared to dhabab, which was gold in a worked state (refined gold). What do we make of Al Bakri's claim \"the sovereign regulated the circulation of gold by keeping the nuggets, so that the metal did not depreciate through overabundance? ... The traditional distinction between nuggets and dust does not hold water. The real distinction is a different one: 'pure' gold, which by definition the ruler set aside for himself and which was intended for coinage, was dhabab.\" §REF§(Devisse 1988, 385)§REF§ However, gold not used for coinage: \"no trace of a die or mint has been found south of the desert.\"§REF§(Devisse 1988, 387)§REF§" }, { "id": 197, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Devisse (1988) commissioned an exact translation of Al Bakri's famous passages concerning gold which \"brings a new solution to the to the interpretation of the pair tibr-dhahab.\" Ghali, the translator, found that tibr meant gold in rough state, compared to dhabab, which was gold in a worked state (refined gold). What do we make of Al Bakri's claim \"the sovereign regulated the circulation of gold by keeping the nuggets, so that the metal did not depreciate through overabundance? ... The traditional distinction between nuggets and dust does not hold water. The real distinction is a different one: 'pure' gold, which by definition the ruler set aside for himself and which was intended for coinage, was dhabab.\" §REF§(Devisse 1988, 385)§REF§ However, gold not used for coinage: \"no trace of a die or mint has been found south of the desert.\"§REF§(Devisse 1988, 387)§REF§" }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources do not suggest that monetary items have been found dating to this period.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources do not suggest that monetary items have been found dating to this period.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 200, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Precious_metal", "precious_metal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources do not suggest that monetary items have been found dating to this period.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" } ] }