Phonetic Alphabetic Writing List
A viewset for viewing and editing Phonetic Alphabetic Writings.
GET /api/sc/phonetic-alphabetic-writings/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 496, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/phonetic-alphabetic-writings/?format=api&page=10", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/phonetic-alphabetic-writings/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 608, "name": "gm_kaabu_emp", "long_name": "Kaabu", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": 1550, "year_to": 1699, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The following quote suggests that Ajami script (see second quote) was used by a high-ranking minority; being derived from Arabic, Ajami is alphabetic. \"In southern Senegambia, where non-Manding populations predominated, Manding was a prestigious language of the pagan aristocracy and, on the other hand, the language of the Muslim merchant network of Jakhanke. The existence of Manding Ajami in that area was already attested in the first half of the 18th century (Labat 1728; cited by Giesing & Costa-Dias 2007: 63), long before the pagan rule of the ñàncoo elite of the Kaabu was definitely smashed by Muslim Fulbe troops from Fuuta Jalon. In any case, the emergence of Ajami is not related to the establishment of a Muslim political power in this area: the main holders of Islamic writing in the area, the Jakhanke merchants, were for centuries integrated into the social system of the Kaabu confederation and often served as advisers and intermediates for the political elites.\"§REF§(Vydrin 2014: 201-202) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/E8Z57DNC/collection.§REF§ \"A number of terms have been used in this volume to refer to the usage of Arabic script for languages other than Arabic. Crosslinguistically, such writing systems are often termed ‘Arabic literature’, ‘Islamic literature’ or ‘Islamic writings’, and locally they are known by a large number of names, such as Wolofal, or Kiarabu. The term Ajami in particular (or variations, such as Äjam, Ajamiya, etc.), derived from the Arabic word ʿaǧam ‘non-Arab; Persian’, has gained some degree of popularity in academic literature and is also encountered as a self-denomination for these writing systems in some languages, such as Hausa.\"§REF§(Mumin and Verstegh 2014: 1) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/PVIK4HGV/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 608, "name": "gm_kaabu_emp", "long_name": "Kaabu", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1867, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The following quote suggests that Ajami script (see second quote) was used by a high-ranking minority; being derived from Arabic, Ajami is alphabetic. \"In southern Senegambia, where non-Manding populations predominated, Manding was a prestigious language of the pagan aristocracy and, on the other hand, the language of the Muslim merchant network of Jakhanke. The existence of Manding Ajami in that area was already attested in the first half of the 18th century (Labat 1728; cited by Giesing & Costa-Dias 2007: 63), long before the pagan rule of the ñàncoo elite of the Kaabu was definitely smashed by Muslim Fulbe troops from Fuuta Jalon. In any case, the emergence of Ajami is not related to the establishment of a Muslim political power in this area: the main holders of Islamic writing in the area, the Jakhanke merchants, were for centuries integrated into the social system of the Kaabu confederation and often served as advisers and intermediates for the political elites.\"§REF§(Vydrin 2014: 201-202) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/E8Z57DNC/collection.§REF§ \"A number of terms have been used in this volume to refer to the usage of Arabic script for languages other than Arabic. Crosslinguistically, such writing systems are often termed ‘Arabic literature’, ‘Islamic literature’ or ‘Islamic writings’, and locally they are known by a large number of names, such as Wolofal, or Kiarabu. The term Ajami in particular (or variations, such as Äjam, Ajamiya, etc.), derived from the Arabic word ʿaǧam ‘non-Arab; Persian’, has gained some degree of popularity in academic literature and is also encountered as a self-denomination for these writing systems in some languages, such as Hausa.\"§REF§(Mumin and Verstegh 2014: 1) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/PVIK4HGV/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 683, "name": "ug_buganda_k_2", "long_name": "Buganda II", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1859, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \"§REF§(Pawliková-Vilhanová 2014: 145) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ.§REF§" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 683, "name": "ug_buganda_k_2", "long_name": "Buganda II", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1860, "year_to": 1894, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \"§REF§(Pawliková-Vilhanová 2014: 145) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ.§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 695, "name": "ug_nkore_k_2", "long_name": "Nkore", "start_year": 1750, "end_year": 1901 }, "year_from": 1750, "year_to": 1859, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \"§REF§(Pawliková-Vilhanová 2014: 145) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ.§REF§ Based on the literature consulted, it remains unclear whether literacy spread from Buganda to Nkore at this time. Note that both Arabic an Kiswahili feature phonetic alphabets." }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 695, "name": "ug_nkore_k_2", "long_name": "Nkore", "start_year": 1750, "end_year": 1901 }, "year_from": 1860, "year_to": 1901, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \"§REF§(Pawliková-Vilhanová 2014: 145) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ.§REF§ Based on the literature consulted, it remains unclear whether literacy spread from Buganda to Nkore at this time. Note that both Arabic an Kiswahili feature phonetic alphabets." }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The English and Latin alphabets." }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 568, "name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Czech-Roman alphabet. “Czech is a Slavic language and uses the Roman alphabet. To represent sounds in their language that the Romans did not have, the Czechs eventually adopted diacritical marks placed above standard Latin letters. The language is entirely phonetic; each letter has only one sound, unlike English. Stress in Czech is always on the first syllable, and even though some diacritical marks placed above vowels look like accents, they do not alter this stress pattern.”§REF§(Agnew 2004: xxxvii) Agnew, Hugh LeCaine. 2004. The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. California: Hoover Institution Press. http://archive.org/details/czechslandsofboh0000agne. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6LBQ5ARI§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 575, "name": "us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction", "long_name": "Us Reconstruction-Progressive", "start_year": 1866, "end_year": 1933 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The English alphabet." }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 576, "name": "us_chaco_bonito_3", "long_name": "Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1140 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "“Although the ancient people of the Southwest didn't have a written language, they had effective ways to communicate. Cultures worldwide have used rock art to transmit ideas and beliefs. There are two types of rock art, petroglyphs and pictographs.”§REF§(“Chaco Culture - Communication”) “Chaco Culture” NPS Museum Collections, accessed May 8, 2023, https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/chcu/index6.html. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMRVDA5I§REF§" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 563, "name": "us_antebellum", "long_name": "Antebellum US", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The English alphabet." }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Arabic alphabet. The Khwarazmian dialect specifically meant that diacritical marks were added to allow the expression of sounds specific to Khwarazmian.§REF§Boyle 1968: 141. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CFW8EE6Q§REF§" }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "There were no written records left by the Sonoran Desert People.§REF§”History & Culture - Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (U.S. National Park Service),”. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HJU2S97P§REF§" }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 578, "name": "mo_alawi_dyn_1", "long_name": "Alaouite Dynasty I", "start_year": 1631, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Arabic alphabet." }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 351, "name": "am_artaxiad_dyn", "long_name": "Armenian Kingdom", "start_year": -188, "end_year": 6 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Armenian alphabet. §REF§Canepa 2016: 102. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GKPTWF4F§REF§" }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The English alphabet." }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "French alphabet." }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": 1867, "year_to": 1918, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Parts of the empire used the Cyrillic alphabet such as Serb-speaking areas in Croatia. §REF§Judson 2016: 467. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BN5TQZBW.§REF§" }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The English alphabet." }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 548, "name": "it_italy_k", "long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity", "start_year": 476, "end_year": 489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 409, "name": "bd_bengal_sultanate", "long_name": "Bengal Sultanate", "start_year": 1338, "end_year": 1538 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "English.", "description": null }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "Ancient Chinese language.", "description": null }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 711, "name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1", "long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat", "start_year": 1749, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "NB Kufic is an Arabic script. \"Around 1100 the East African mosque assumes a standard shape and dimension, which seems to be associated with these “Shirazi” towns. [...] The clearest example of this type is the mosque at Kizimkazi (Figure 10.5), with its famous mihrab and inscription dating to 500 (1107) (Flury 1922; Horton forthcoming). Kizimkazi may well have been the legacy of a community that moved there from Unguja Ukuu, the major Zanzibar trade site only 15 km away. [...] The mihrab uses extensive panels and roundels of cut porites and inscriptions in a floriated and foliated plaited Kufic style. [...] The Kizimkazi mihrab stood alone, until the excavation of the central mosque at Tumbatu, which while dating to the fourteenth century had a rebuilt mihrab from an earlier structure (probably an unlocated “Shirazi” mosque somewhere in the town), which was found in fragments on the floor (Horton forthcoming). Like Kizimkazi, it too had a trefoil arch, Kufic inscriptions, engaged columns, arcading, and fluted apse.\" (Horton 2017b: 562-563)", "description": null }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1859, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1860, "year_to": 1894, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a> We are inferring presence for the kingdom of Bunyoro due to likely spread of literacy from the Buganda polity. Note that both Arabic an Kiswahili feature phonetic alphabets.", "description": null }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 772, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_2", "long_name": "Late East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 451, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null } ] }