Phonetic Alphabetic Writing List
A viewset for viewing and editing Phonetic Alphabetic Writings.
GET /api/sc/phonetic-alphabetic-writings/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 496, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/phonetic-alphabetic-writings/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/phonetic-alphabetic-writings/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sanskrit is phonetic - the spoken and the written always match. (<a href=\"http://www.sanskritsounds.com/about-sanskrit/46/index.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://www.sanskritsounds.com/about-sanskrit/46/index.html </a>)" }, { "id": 102, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sanskrit is phonetic - the spoken and the written always match. (<a href=\"http://www.sanskritsounds.com/about-sanskrit/46/index.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://www.sanskritsounds.com/about-sanskrit/46/index.html </a>)" }, { "id": 103, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 104, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sanskrit is phonetic - the spoken and the written always match. (<a href=\"http://www.sanskritsounds.com/about-sanskrit/46/index.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://www.sanskritsounds.com/about-sanskrit/46/index.html </a>)" }, { "id": 105, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": -2000, "year_to": -1801, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The alphabet seems to have been invented in Egypt by Semites living there (Hamilton 2006). Some suggest it reached the southern Levant during the Middle Bronze Age (Hamilton 2006); others think this only occurred in the Late Bronze Age (Sass 2005). The exact period is of little importance to this discussion, since very few (if any) alphabetic inscriptions can be dated to this period. Again, this suggests that writing was not common during this period. Even if alphabetic script appears in the Middle Bronze Age, it is only at the end of this period, and does not represent an integral part of the culture.\"§REF§Shai/Uziel (2010:73).§REF§" }, { "id": 106, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": -1800, "year_to": -1550, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The alphabet seems to have been invented in Egypt by Semites living there (Hamilton 2006). Some suggest it reached the southern Levant during the Middle Bronze Age (Hamilton 2006); others think this only occurred in the Late Bronze Age (Sass 2005). The exact period is of little importance to this discussion, since very few (if any) alphabetic inscriptions can be dated to this period. Again, this suggests that writing was not common during this period. Even if alphabetic script appears in the Middle Bronze Age, it is only at the end of this period, and does not represent an integral part of the culture.\"§REF§Shai/Uziel (2010:73).§REF§" }, { "id": 107, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": -1800, "year_to": -1550, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The alphabet seems to have been invented in Egypt by Semites living there (Hamilton 2006). Some suggest it reached the southern Levant during the Middle Bronze Age (Hamilton 2006); others think this only occurred in the Late Bronze Age (Sass 2005). The exact period is of little importance to this discussion, since very few (if any) alphabetic inscriptions can be dated to this period. Again, this suggests that writing was not common during this period. Even if alphabetic script appears in the Middle Bronze Age, it is only at the end of this period, and does not represent an integral part of the culture.\"§REF§Shai/Uziel (2010:73).§REF§" }, { "id": 108, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": -1550, "year_to": -1175, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The alphabet seems to have been invented in Egypt by Semites living there (Hamilton 2006). Some suggest it reached the southern Levant during the Middle Bronze Age (Hamilton 2006); others think this only occurred in the Late Bronze Age (Sass 2005). The exact period is of little importance to this discussion, since very few (if any) alphabetic inscriptions can be dated to this period. Again, this suggests that writing was not common during this period. Even if alphabetic script appears in the Middle Bronze Age, it is only at the end of this period, and does not represent an integral part of the culture.\"§REF§Shai/Uziel (2010:73).§REF§" }, { "id": 109, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Both the \"square script\" (also called <i>ashurit</i>, \"Assyrian\") and the older Phoenician-style scripts of Hebrew." }, { "id": 110, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " For example, \"An ostracon from Izbet Sartah was found in a silo of Stratum II, dating to the end of the eleventh century BCE. The 22-letter alphabet was incised in five rows in proto-Canaanite script. Although it is apparently earlier than the tenth century BCE, it is included here since, from a paleographic point of view, it is similar to the inscription from Khirbet Qeiyafa and apparently belongs to the transition between Iron I and Iron II.\"§REF§Ahituv/Mazar (2014:54). For a general overview of literacy in ancient Israel, see Rollston (2010).§REF§ \"A hoard found at Eshtemoa included five jugs full of silver scrap; the word חמש, “five”, is written in red or black ink on three of them. Based on ceramic and paleographic typology, the jugs date to the tenth or ninth centuries BCE.\"§REF§Ahituv/Mazar (2014:57)§REF§ Additional examples listed in the cited article." }, { "id": 111, "polity": { "id": 416, "name": "in_ayodhya_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Ayodhya", "start_year": -64, "end_year": 34 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 112, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 113, "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 114, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " i.e.Persian, Sanskrit §REF§Habibullah, A. B. M. (1961). The foundation of Muslim rule in India. Central Book Depot, pp 245.§REF§" }, { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " SCCS variable 149 'Writing and Records' lists no mnemonic devices or nonwritten records or 'True writing, no writing' See above." }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sanskrit." }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Prakrit and Sanskrit were official, court languages, while Kannada was probably the \"colloquial\" language §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 40§REF§" }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sanskrit is an Indo-European language§REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sanskrit.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sanskrit.htm</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 417, "name": "in_kannauj_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Kannauj - Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 780 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 390, "name": "in_magadha_k", "long_name": "Magadha", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sanskrit." }, { "id": 124, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Although Sanskrit would be the text of the Rig Veda when written down after this period. §REF§Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2008), p.187§REF§" }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Brāhmī is an abugida language,as each letter represents a consonant, while vowels are written with obligatory diacritics called mātrās, excluding when a vowel begins a word.§REF§Daniels, Peter T., \"Fundamentals of Grammatology\", Journal of the American Oriental Society 119 (4): 727-731 (1990)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Persian, Sanskrit. §REF§Habibullah, A. B. M. (1961). The foundation of Muslim rule in India. Central Book Depot, pp 245.§REF§" }, { "id": 127, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Brāhmī is an abugida language,as each letter represents a consonant, while vowels are written with obligatory diacritics called mātrās, excluding when a vowel begins a word.§REF§Daniels, Peter T., \"Fundamentals of Grammatology\", Journal of the American Oriental Society 119 (4): 727-731 (1990)§REF§" }, { "id": 128, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 129, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Works in Sanskrit, Telugu §REF§R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychaudhuri, Kalikinkar Datta, An Advanced History of India (1974), p. 371§REF§." }, { "id": 130, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Classical Arabic. §REF§Cook, Michael. The Koran: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press, 2000.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 131, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 132, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 133, "polity": { "id": 481, "name": "iq_bazi_dyn", "long_name": "Bazi Dynasty", "start_year": -1005, "end_year": -986 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 134, "polity": { "id": 482, "name": "iq_dynasty_e", "long_name": "Dynasty of E", "start_year": -979, "end_year": -732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 135, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 136, "polity": { "id": 480, "name": "iq_isin_dynasty2", "long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin", "start_year": -1153, "end_year": -1027 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 137, "polity": { "id": 478, "name": "iq_isin_larsa", "long_name": "Isin-Larsa", "start_year": -2004, "end_year": -1763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Syllabaries were adapted to accommodate the characteristics of [Akkadian] (the voiced-unvoiced-emphatic triad, the use of long vowels and double consonants and so on).\"§REF§(Liverani 2014, 202) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. <i>The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy</i>. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 138, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 139, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Huehnergard, J. and Woods, C. 2008. Akkadian and Eblaite in Woodard, R.D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.84§REF§" }, { "id": 140, "polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There are no evidences suggesting that the writing system has been already invented." }, { "id": 141, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 142, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic (semisyllabic) cuneiform script that was the primary script for Old Persian. Texts written in this cuneiform have been found in Persepolis, Susa, Hamadan, Armenia, Romania (Gherla) and emerged around 515 BCE during the reign of Darius I and continuing on through the reign of his son, Xerxes I. Later kings down to Artaxerxes III used more recent forms of the language classified as \"pre-Middle Persian\". §REF§Kuhrt, Amélie. 2013. The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period: Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 143, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"cultural discourse was Persian.\"§REF§(Newman 2009) Newman, Andrew J. 2009. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B. Tauris. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 144, "polity": { "id": 487, "name": "ir_susiana_archaic", "long_name": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The great organisations of the first phase of urbanisation rose to prominence without writing. The latter developed relatively quickly as a response to these institutions' needs.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 73) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ Liverani says the so-called \"urban revolution\" of the Uruk phase occurred 3800-3000 BCE.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 69-70) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 145, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 146, "polity": { "id": 502, "name": "ir_elam_8", "long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period", "start_year": -1100, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 147, "polity": { "id": 507, "name": "ir_elymais_2", "long_name": "Elymais II", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Greek alphabet." }, { "id": 148, "polity": { "id": 486, "name": "ir_susiana_formative", "long_name": "Formative Period", "start_year": -7200, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The great organisations of the first phase of urbanisation rose to prominence without writing. The latter developed relatively quickly as a response to these institutions' needs.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 73) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ Liverani says the so-called \"urban revolution\" of the Uruk phase occurred 3800-3000 BCE.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 69-70) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 149, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 150, "polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Phonetic_alphabetic_writing", "phonetic_alphabetic_writing": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The great organisations of the first phase of urbanisation rose to prominence without writing. The latter developed relatively quickly as a response to these institutions' needs.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 73) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ Liverani says the so-called \"urban revolution\" of the Uruk phase occurred 3800-3000 BCE.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 69-70) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" } ] }