Paper Currency List
A viewset for viewing and editing Paper Currencies.
GET /api/sc/paper-currencies/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 459, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/paper-currencies/?format=api&page=10", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/paper-currencies/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 400, "name": "in_chandela_k", "long_name": "Chandela Kingdom", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1308 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 399, "name": "in_chaulukya_dyn", "long_name": "Chaulukya Dynasty", "start_year": 941, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "\"[W]ith the exception to two gold and six silver coins recently discovered, and ascribed to Siddharaja, no other coins of the Chaulukyas have yet been found. [...] The following facts therefore must be considered [...]. In the Chaulukya records coins are frequently mentioned. [...] Not a single reference to barter is found in the literature of the period which contains many instances of payment in cash. [...] Two gold coins with the legend of Siddharaja have been discovered in the Uttara Pradesa and these two have been assigned to Jayasimha. Since then four silver coins of Jayasimha have been found. [...] Lastly coins are known to have been in use in Gujarat from very early times. [...] [W]e shall have to assume that money in the shape of coins was habitually and extensively used during the Chaulukya period in Gujarat as the normal medium of exchange, and that at least part of the coins in use were issued by the Chaulukya kings.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KXBH3VEF\">[Majumdar 1956, pp. 268-270]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "Would not be invented for another couple thousand years.", "description": null }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "The sources I have consulted do not mention paper currency in Precolumbian Panama.", "description": null }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "In the 19th century, \"[t]he medium of exchange was barter\", though cowrie shells were also used. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, pp. 447-450]</a> Given general pattern of increasing complexity through time in the region <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ITEA4NM\">[Taylor_Robertshaw 2000, pp. 17-19]</a> , it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "Not mentioned in Karin Pallaver's <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C62TFXBJ\">[Pallaver_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a> comprehensive account of currency used along the Swahili coast between the eighth and nineteenth centuries CE.", "description": null }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "The sources I have consulted do not mention paper currency in Precolumbian Panama.", "description": null }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "The sources I have consulted do not mention paper currency in Precolumbian Panama.", "description": null }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"As north China plunged into chaos during the fourth century, perhaps an eighth of the entire northern Chinese population may have fled to the relative shelter and stability of the south. ... Those people who remained in the north, and who survived, meanwhile huddled behind thousands of improvised local fortifications. Trade and commerce ground to a virtual halt in the north during this period. No new coins were issued in north China for almost two hundred years.\"§REF§(Holcombe 2011, 58-59) Charles Holcombe. 2011. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"As north China plunged into chaos during the fourth century, perhaps an eighth of the entire northern Chinese population may have fled to the relative shelter and stability of the south. ... Those people who remained in the north, and who survived, meanwhile huddled behind thousands of improvised local fortifications. Trade and commerce ground to a virtual halt in the north during this period. No new coins were issued in north China for almost two hundred years.\"§REF§(Holcombe 2011, 58-59) Charles Holcombe. 2011. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 815, "name": "es_castile_crown", "long_name": "Crown of Castile", "start_year": 1231, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": "" }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "In 1411 CE the King of Malacca and his entire court (his wife, son, ministers who totaled 540 persons) visited China and were entertained by the Chinese Emperor. The King was given presents including 100oz of gold, 500 oz silver, 400,000 kwan paper-money, 2,600 strings of copper cash, and silk.§REF§(Wilkinson 1935, 24) R J Wilkinson. 1935. The Malacca Sultanate. Malacca Papers. Journal Malayan Branch. Vol. XIII. Part II.§REF§" }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 393, "name": "in_maukhari_dyn", "long_name": "Maukhari Dynasty", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "The sources I have consulted do not mention paper currency in Precolumbian Panama.", "description": null }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest that monetary items have been found dating to this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest that monetary items have been found dating to this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "So far, only mention of coins has been made.", "description": null }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 402, "name": "in_paramara_dyn", "long_name": "Paramara Dynasty", "start_year": 974, "end_year": 1235 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 447, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null } ] }