Paper Currency List
A viewset for viewing and editing Paper Currencies.
GET /api/sc/paper-currencies/?format=api&page=8
{ "count": 459, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/paper-currencies/?format=api&page=9", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/paper-currencies/?format=api&page=7", "results": [ { "id": 351, "polity": { "id": 670, "name": "ni_bornu_emp", "long_name": "Kanem-Borno", "start_year": 1380, "end_year": 1893 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Scholarship mentions several other types of money, but nothing about paper currency." }, { "id": 352, "polity": { "id": 672, "name": "ni_benin_emp", "long_name": "Benin Empire", "start_year": 1140, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The following quote suggests that the main form of currency was cowrie shells. “The reign of Oba Esigie witnessed the increasing monetisation of the enclave economy (cowries), and provided the opportunity for the development of \"institutionalized mechanisms of exploitation\" (Belasco 1980, 81-82). The palace control of cowries and the elite domination of commercial development in the administrative and economic enclaves provided the final element in the emergence of the dual economy. The capital and commercial centres had developed highly sophisticated and well-organised monetary exchange systems. However, the vassal villages in the empire remained relatively static, with little circulation of either commercial consumer goods or currency forms (cowries or manillas).” §REF§Sargent, R. A. (1986). From A Redistribution to an Imperial Social Formation: Benin c.1293-1536. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, 20(3), 402–427: 421. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/AUEZSTBR/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 353, "polity": { "id": 686, "name": "tz_karagwe_k", "long_name": "Karagwe", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1916 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The literature suggests that culturally related and geographically adjacent polities in the Great Lakes region did not use paper currency: barter was a common form of exchange, as was the use of tokens (e.g. ivory discs, cowrie shells) and articles (e.g. iron objects). In the case of Rwanda: \"Neighbors exchanged goods by barter. Hunters, farmers, and herders exchanged game, leather goods, honey, sorghum, beans, milk, and butter, among other things. Iron objects and hoes above all were preferably exchanged for goats and if possible cattle, but sometimes also for the goods we have just enumerated. Indeed, the hoe was probably already the standard of value as it was in the nineteenth century.\"§REF§(Vansina 2004: 30) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/5J4MRHUB/collection.§REF§ In the case of Buganda: \"As we have noted, pre-colonial Buganda never developed a purely monetary economy, and even during the later nineteenth century barter was an important method of exchange, existing alongside a cowry currency. Nevertheless, the information we have on nineteenth-century prices suggests that virtually everything had at least a nominal cowry value. Moreover, other currencies existed alongside cowries, and some undoubtedly pre-dated the latter. Roscoe mentions a \"small ivory disc\" which he terms 'sanga', ssanga being the Luganda term for either a tusk or ivory in general. This, Roscoe claimed, was one of the earliest forms of money in Buganda; although clearly indigenous and probably much older than the cowry shell, it also had a cowry value. [...] A third pre-cowry currency has already been mentioned, namely the blue bead, and as we have also already noted, examples of beads have been excavated at Ntusi. From such archaeological evidence, it is possible to suggest that beads may be the oldest currency in the region.\"§REF§(Reid 2010: 122, 126-127) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2H64W34U/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 354, "polity": { "id": 570, "name": "es_spanish_emp_2", "long_name": "Spanish Empire II", "start_year": 1716, "end_year": 1814 }, "year_from": 1716, "year_to": 1814, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "“The strongbox of the new bank was kept in the sacristy of the cathedral, and when in 1628 the clergy protested against keeping it so close to the relics of the saints it was shifted just a short distance away to a special chamber upstairs. Neither it nor its equivalent of the same name in Barcelona were supposed to do anything with the treasure other than keep it under lock and key, issuing the depositor with an albarà—a certificate of his holding. In time the albarans began to circulate as a kind of currency, transferring deposits from one citizen to another to whom he owed money. But this nascent paper currency was largely aborted in the seventeenth century, as the Taula began to spend more money than it had in reserve. The successive bankruptcies of 1614, 1634 and 1649 in Valencia led to the conversion of the promissory notes (the albarans) into non-redeemable bonds on the municipal treasury.”<ref>(Casey 2002: 70) Casey, James. 2002. Early Modern Spain: A Social History. New York: Routledge. https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT</ref>" }, { "id": 355, "polity": { "id": 620, "name": "bf_mossi_k_1", "long_name": "Mossi", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1750, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The following information strictly applies to the period immediately preceding colonisation--however, given global trends in the history of currency, it seems very unlikely for paper currency to have existed in this region prior to the 18th century. \"Cowries and cotton bands were used as currency.\"§REF§(Englebert 2018: 15) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/52JWRCUI/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 356, "polity": { "id": 620, "name": "bf_mossi_k_1", "long_name": "Mossi", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": 1751, "year_to": 1897, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The following information strictly applies to the period immediately preceding colonisation--however, given global trends in the history of currency, it seems very unlikely for paper currency to have existed in this region prior to the 18th century. \"Cowries and cotton bands were used as currency.\"§REF§(Englebert 2018: 15) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/52JWRCUI/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 357, "polity": { "id": 569, "name": "mx_mexico_1", "long_name": "Early United Mexican States", "start_year": 1810, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “As soon as the most turbulent stages of the revolution were over, the economy began to recover. The recovery was preceded by the end of hyperinflation. A return to the gold standard in 1916 provided the basis for rapid stabilization of prices. Two factors were behind the monetary stabilization. Cárdenas and Manns (1987), following Kemmerer (1940), argue that, as notes in circulation progressively lost the functions of money, a reversion of Gresham’s law took place with notes (“bad money”) being replaced by gold and silver (“good money”)… In any case, the government’s decision meant that notes would not function as a means of payment, thus acting as a monetary reform that stabilized prices in terms of the newly circulating coins. Paper money would not circulate again in large amounts until the end of 1931.”§REF§(Moreno-Brid and Ros 2009: 74-75) Moreno-Brid, Juan Carlos and Ros, Jaime. 2009. Development and Growth in the Mexican Economy: A Historical Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PZXKGTTV§REF§" }, { "id": 358, "polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no paper currency during this time. §REF§(Prestwich 2005: xxiii) Prestwich, Michael. 2005. Plantagenet England 1225-1360. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTBKFDCI§REF§" }, { "id": 359, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Only metal coins were present." }, { "id": 360, "polity": { "id": 575, "name": "us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction", "long_name": "Us Reconstruction-Progressive", "start_year": 1866, "end_year": 1933 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Paper currency in the form of Treasury Notes, began to be issued in order to fund the War of 1812. §REF§https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar§REF§" }, { "id": 361, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Bonds and bills of exchange were issued on paper but it was not currency.§REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 328) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§" }, { "id": 362, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Dinar was a coin-based currency.§REF§Buniyatov 2015: 90-92. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SAEVEJFH§REF§" }, { "id": 363, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There was no currency but trade was based on an exchange system with their neighbours and other peoples who lived on the coast of North America.§REF§“The Ancestral Sonoran Desert People - Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (U.S. National Park Service),”. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HZ95455H§REF§" }, { "id": 364, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Paper currency was not issued in Europe until 1761 by Austria. §REF§Wilson 2016: 467. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N5M9R9XA§REF§" }, { "id": 365, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Dirhams and dinars were issued as coins only. §REF§Frye 2007: 118. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7XE9P8HB§REF§" }, { "id": 366, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 367, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": 1762, "year_to": 1918, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“Gulden banknotes issued by the Bank were printed in German on one side, Hungarian (as Forints) on the other.”§REF§(Boyer 2022: 176, footnote) Boyer, John W. 2022. Austria, 1867–1955. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CG3P4KKD§REF§ “By 1918 tax and non-tax income covered less than 20% of current war expenditures. The war was financed in two main ways: war loans in the form of eight public bond drives covered 53%, and direct credits (with newly printed money) provided via the Austro-Hungarian National Bank and other bank consortia financed another 42% of war costs, imposing a huge burden of hyperinflation on the postwar economy.”§REF§(Boyer 2022: 536) Boyer, John W. 2022. Austria, 1867–1955. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CG3P4KKD§REF§. The Wiener Stadtbank was an austrian municipal bank which in 1762 became the first note-issuing bank of the Habsburg monarchy. §REF§(Walter, 1937)https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJT7QIS2§REF§" }, { "id": 368, "polity": { "id": 563, "name": "us_antebellum", "long_name": "Antebellum US", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": " Paper currency in the form of Treasury Notes, began to be issued in order to fund the War of 1812. §REF§https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar§REF§" }, { "id": 369, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": 1649, "year_to": 1761, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The Wiener Stadtbank's assets were mainly Habsburg government debt, while its reserves of precious metal were always limited. It financed itself by collecting deposits and issuing fixed term debt instruments.§REF§(Walter, 1937)https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJT7QIS2§REF§" }, { "id": 370, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": " From 1339 onwards the Golden Horde khans received payments from the Yuan dynasty in paper currency (ding). §REF§Atwood 2004: 206. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJXN6MZD.§REF§" }, { "id": 371, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": " The Bank of England began issuing fixed denomination paper currency in the early eighteenth century and partially printed notes from 1725.§REF§( Bank of England) Bank of England. ‘History’. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/history. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PYMZXS4N§REF§" }, { "id": 372, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence of paper currency referred to in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence of paper currency referred to in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 374, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Bank of England had been issuing fixed denomination paper currency and partially printed notes from 1725.§REF§( Bank of England. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PYMZXS4N.§REF§" }, { "id": 375, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The origins of the Russian ruble as a designation of silver weight can be traced to the 13th century. In 1704 Tsar Peter I (the Great) introduced the first regular minting of the ruble in silver. During the 18th century it was debased, and, after the middle of the 19th century, the rapidly depreciating paper money predominated in Russia’s circulation. In 1897 a gold ruble was substituted for the silver one, marking the change to a gold standard. Early in World War I, gold coins disappeared from circulation, and notes became inconvertible. During the period of the Russian Revolution and civil war, an inflation of astronomical dimensions made the ruble virtually worthless. A reform carried out during 1922–23 reestablished an orderly monetary system. The chervonets was introduced as the standard unit and the basis of the state bank’s note issue; the chervonets ruble, corresponding to one-tenth of a chervonets, was made a unit of reckoning. The ruble remained a term of denomination for treasury notes and silver coins. In the post-World War II reform of 1947, the chervonets was abandoned as the monetary standard and the ruble restored.§REF§“Ruble | Russian Currency, Exchange Rate, History & Value Definition | Britannica Money.” Accessed November 26, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/money/ruble.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2HBX67H7\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 2HBX67H7</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 376, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 377, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": 1615, "year_to": 1769, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The first instance of paper currency in Russia was introduced during the reign of Peter the Great. The Assignation Ruble was the first paper currency of the Russian Empire, introduced in 1769.§REF§Pick, Albert. Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. 2: General Issues: 1368-1960 / George S. Cuhaj, Editor. Edited by George S. Cuhaj. 13. ed. Iola, Wisc: Krause, 2010.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4QMQVGF7\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 4QMQVGF7</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 378, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": 1769, "year_to": 1775, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "“The history of paper money in France is usually associated with the figure of John Law who, with the support of the Regent, Philippe, duc d’Orléans, between 1716 and 1720, carried out financial experiments to sustain the French currency on the international money market, boost economic activity and restructure the war debt accumulated in the course of Louis XIV’s wars. However, as John Law acknowledged, France had already used paper money, and the dire memory of this earlier monetary experience featured high among the arguments of those, in government, who initially opposed the Scot’s proposal to establish a bank and issue notes. ‘The public’, John Law observed in December 1715, ‘is against the bank because of the billets de monnoye [mint bills], of the caisse des emprunts, etc., which have brought great prejudice to commerce and individuals’ (Harsin 1934, II, p. 274).\r\n\r\n“That first introduction of fiat money in the kingdom took place on the initiative of Michel Chamillart (1652-1721) who held both the posts of contrôleur général des finances (1699- 1708) and secrétaire d’État de la guerre (1701-1709). The decision to issue paper money as legal tender is certainly Chamillart’s most original and dramatic (if largely forgotten) contribution to the history of France, as it led to the first experience of fiat money inflation.”§REF§(Felix 2018: 43) Felix, J. 2018. ‘The most difficult financial matter that has ever presented itself’: paper money and the financing of warfare under Louis XIV. Financial History Review 25(1): 43-70. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URTP9U5H/library§REF§" }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 544, "name": "it_venetian_rep_3", "long_name": "Republic of Venice III", "start_year": 1204, "end_year": 1563 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Paper currency not mentioned in histories/descriptions of the Venetian currency system, which appears to be relatively well studied. For example: \r\n\r\n\"From its origins in the early Middle Ages,Venice relied on different coins for different monetary roles. As the medieval centuries progressed, the Venetian state introduced separate denominations with distinctive appearances in terms of size, color, and imagery to fill the various monetary niches. The different metals used for these issues, and divergent rates of seignorage applied to their minting, resulted in inequities in the coinages used by different sectors of the economy. Venetian authorities made no mention of the effects of monetary changes on various social groups, but they could not have been ignorant of the disparities in outcome.\"§REF§(Stahl 2007, 195) Stahl, A. 2007. Coins for Trade and for Wages: The Development of Coinage Systems in Medieval Venice. In Lucassen, J. (ed) Wages and currency. Global comparisons from antiquity to the twentieth century pp. 193-209. Peter Lang. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZWWBS2BC/library§REF§" }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 545, "name": "it_venetian_rep_4", "long_name": "Republic of Venice IV", "start_year": 1564, "end_year": 1797 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Paper currency not mentioned in histories/descriptions of the Venetian currency system, which appears to be relatively well studied. For example: \r\n\r\n\"From its origins in the early Middle Ages,Venice relied on different coins for different monetary roles. As the medieval centuries progressed, the Venetian state introduced separate denominations with distinctive appearances in terms of size, color, and imagery to fill the various monetary niches. The different metals used for these issues, and divergent rates of seignorage applied to their minting, resulted in inequities in the coinages used by different sectors of the economy. Venetian authorities made no mention of the effects of monetary changes on various social groups, but they could not have been ignorant of the disparities in outcome.\"§REF§(Stahl 2007, 195) Stahl, A. 2007. Coins for Trade and for Wages: The Development of Coinage Systems in Medieval Venice. In Lucassen, J. (ed) Wages and currency. Global comparisons from antiquity to the twentieth century pp. 193-209. Peter Lang. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZWWBS2BC/library§REF§" }, { "id": 382, "polity": { "id": 539, "name": "ye_qatabanian_commonwealth", "long_name": "Qatabanian Commonwealth", "start_year": -450, "end_year": -111 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“The guifang was concurrent with another notable Tang monetary innovation: ‘flying cash’ (feiqian 飛錢), introduced during the emperor Xianzong’s (憲 r. 806–820 CE) reign. Flying cash comprised a public-order mechanism whereby merchants received from the imperial treasury against liquid deposits a paper scrip that could be carried into other provinces easily and cashed in local flying cash depots as the need arose. Guifang and flying cash depots dotted the Tang capital of Chang’an and other urban centers. They became the most visible sign of an increasingly sophisticated credit economy. But, while private-order counting houses were gradually falling from grace, variants of flying cash continued to be used throughout the subsequent Five Dynasties era (907–960 CE), laying the groundwork for the dissemination of the world’s first full-fledged fiduciary paper money during the Northern Song (960–1127 CE).” §REF§(Horesh 2013: 375) Horesh, N. 2013. ‘CANNOT BE FED ON WHEN STARVING’: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC THOUGHT SURROUNDING CHINA’S EARLIER USE OF PAPER MONEY. Journal of the History of Economic Thought 35(3): 373-395. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6PGHSGRX/library§REF§" }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 547, "name": "cn_wei_k", "long_name": "Wei Kingdom", "start_year": 220, "end_year": 265 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Song dynasty introduced paper money in 1024 because China did not have enough silver or copper for its growing commercial economy.\" §REF§(Headrick 2009, 85)§REF§" }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 409, "name": "bd_bengal_sultanate", "long_name": "Bengal Sultanate", "start_year": 1338, "end_year": 1538 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 387, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": "The Bank of Hindostan, set up by the agency house, Alexander & Co., was the first bank to issue paper money in 1770. The notes ranged from Rs.4 - Rs.1000. However, these were only circulated within Calcutta. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B6SV7ZQW\">[Ray_Bhattacharya 0]</a> The Bengal Bank later issued paper money in denominations of Rs. 50, 100 and 500. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B6SV7ZQW\">[Ray_Bhattacharya 0]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": "\"It was from the end of the ninth century that the practice which lies at the origin of the use of banknots in China began to make its appearance among the big wholesalers. [...] The notes in circulation at Hangchow in the thirteenth century were of varying values, probably ranging ranging from one string of cash to one hundred at the most.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WN3JCFXA\">[Gernet 1962, p. 80]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 711, "name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1", "long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat", "start_year": 1749, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "Inferred from the fact that these are not mentioned in Pallaver's <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C62TFXBJ\">[Pallaver_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a> comprehensive account of currency used on the Swahili Coast between the eighth and nineteenth centuries CE.", "description": null }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "\"Notes were first issued in Portugal in 1797 because of poor economic conditions brought about by the war between Spain and France.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DHRCPXPP\">[Cuhaj 2014]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": 1640, "year_to": 1796, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": 1797, "year_to": 1806, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "present", "comment": "\"Notes were first issued in Portugal in 1797 because of poor economic conditions brought about by the war between Spain and France.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DHRCPXPP\">[Cuhaj 2014]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "Not mentioned in Karin Pallaver's <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C62TFXBJ\">[Pallaver_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a> comprehensive account of currency used along the Swahili coast between the eighth and nineteenth centuries CE.", "description": null }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "\"The medium of exchange was barter\", though cowrie shells were also used, at least in the 19th century <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, pp. 447-450]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "In the 19th century CE, \"[t]he medium of exchange was barter\", though cowrie shells were also used, at least in the 19th century <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, pp. 447-450]</a> . Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionaty social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Paper_currency", "paper_currency": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null } ] }