Nonwritten Record List
A viewset for viewing and editing Nonwritten Records.
GET /api/sc/nonwritten-records/?format=api&page=5
{ "count": 339, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/nonwritten-records/?format=api&page=6", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/nonwritten-records/?format=api&page=4", "results": [ { "id": 201, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Roughly 350 inscribed stones have been found at Monte Albán (including 310 danzantes) assigned to MA I and II.§REF§Spencer, C. S. and E. M. Redmond (2003). \"Militarism, resistance, and early state development in Oaxaca, Mexico.\" Social Evolution & History 2: 25-70, p27§REF§ Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, Mixtec and Zapotec all possessed \"a true form of writing: a series of hieroglyphs arranged in vertical columns and in many instances combined with numerals. The glyphs were at least indirectly related to a spoken language.\" Zapotec inscriptions are considered true writing, since the inscriptions had verbs.§REF§Joyce Marcus. February 1980. Zapotec Writing. Scientific American. Vol 242. No 2. Scientific American, Nature America, Inc. pp.50-67. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 202, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Roughly 350 inscribed stones have been found at Monte Albán (including 310 danzantes) assigned to MA I and II.§REF§Spencer, C. S. and E. M. Redmond (2003). \"Militarism, resistance, and early state development in Oaxaca, Mexico.\" Social Evolution & History 2: 25-70, p27§REF§ Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, Mixtec and Zapotec all possessed \"a true form of writing: a series of hieroglyphs arranged in vertical columns and in many instances combined with numerals. The glyphs were at least indirectly related to a spoken language.\" Zapotec inscriptions are considered true writing, since the inscriptions had verbs.§REF§Joyce Marcus. February 1980. Zapotec Writing. Scientific American. Vol 242. No 2. Scientific American, Nature America, Inc. pp.50-67. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 203, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Roughly 350 inscribed stones have been found at Monte Albán (including 310 danzantes) assigned to MA I and II.§REF§Spencer, C. S. and E. M. Redmond (2003). \"Militarism, resistance, and early state development in Oaxaca, Mexico.\" Social Evolution & History 2: 25-70, p27§REF§ Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, Mixtec and Zapotec all possessed \"a true form of writing: a series of hieroglyphs arranged in vertical columns and in many instances combined with numerals. The glyphs were at least indirectly related to a spoken language.\" Zapotec inscriptions are considered true writing, since the inscriptions had verbs.§REF§Joyce Marcus. February 1980. Zapotec Writing. Scientific American. Vol 242. No 2. Scientific American, Nature America, Inc. pp.50-67. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 204, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Roughly 350 inscribed stones have been found at Monte Albán (including 310 danzantes) assigned to MA I and II.§REF§Spencer, C. S. and E. M. Redmond (2003). \"Militarism, resistance, and early state development in Oaxaca, Mexico.\" Social Evolution & History 2: 25-70, p27§REF§ Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, Mixtec and Zapotec all possessed \"a true form of writing: a series of hieroglyphs arranged in vertical columns and in many instances combined with numerals. The glyphs were at least indirectly related to a spoken language.\" Zapotec inscriptions are considered true writing, since the inscriptions had verbs.§REF§Joyce Marcus. February 1980. Zapotec Writing. Scientific American. Vol 242. No 2. Scientific American, Nature America, Inc. pp.50-67. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 205, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Genealogical registers of noble ancestry (including important marriages, and sometimes important life events of individuals) were recorded in stone during this period. Some examples have been found in tombs.§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p184§REF§ Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, Mixtec and Zapotec all possessed \"a true form of writing: a series of hieroglyphs arranged in vertical columns and in many instances combined with numerals. The glyphs were at least indirectly related to a spoken language.\" Zapotec inscriptions are considered true writing, since the inscriptions had verbs.§REF§Joyce Marcus. February 1980. Zapotec Writing. Scientific American. Vol 242. No 2. Scientific American, Nature America, Inc. pp.50-67. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 206, "polity": { "id": 6, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_1", "long_name": "Archaic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -2001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 207, "polity": { "id": 16, "name": "mx_aztec_emp", "long_name": "Aztec Empire", "start_year": 1427, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 208, "polity": { "id": 13, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_8", "long_name": "Epiclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 209, "polity": { "id": 8, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_3", "long_name": "Early Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 210, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 211, "polity": { "id": 9, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_4", "long_name": "Middle Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -401 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 212, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 213, "polity": { "id": 7, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_2", "long_name": "Initial Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 214, "polity": { "id": 15, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_10", "long_name": "Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1426 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 215, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Glyphs on a stone slab (Monument 3) may refer to the name of the captive depicted there and calendric dates.§REF§Spencer, C. S. and E. M. Redmond (2004). \"Primary state formation in Mesoamerica.\" Annual Review of Anthropology: 173-199, p179§REF§§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London, p130§REF§ Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, Mixtec and Zapotec all possessed \"a true form of writing: a series of hieroglyphs arranged in vertical columns and in many instances combined with numerals. The glyphs were at least indirectly related to a spoken language.\" Zapotec and Mixtec belong to the Otomanguean language family while the Aztec and and Maya belong to the Utoaztecan and Macro-Mayan, respectively. Zapotec writing system is considered the oldest (from c600 BCE). Zapotec inscriptions are considered true writing, since the inscriptions had verbs.§REF§Joyce Marcus. February 1980. Zapotec Writing. Scientific American. Vol 242. No 2. Scientific American, Nature America, Inc. pp.50-67. URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.rg/stable/24966257</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 216, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The first written records in the Valley of Oaxaca are from the Rosario phase (700-500 BCE).§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York.§REF§§REF§Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London.§REF§ Written records are therefore coded as absent for this period." }, { "id": 217, "polity": { "id": 14, "name": "mx_toltec", "long_name": "Toltecs", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " First evidence in the Early Formative period (1500-1000 BCE).§REF§(Carballo, David. Personal Communication to Jill Levine and Peter Turchin. Email. April 23, 2020)§REF§" }, { "id": 218, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Medieval Icelanders composed narrative poetry: 'After the disappearance of the scaldic drápur about 1300 a new kind of narrative poems, the rímur, began to appear in the fourteenth century. Alliteration and scaldic figures of speech were still used; but the rímur were written in rhymed verse, clearly an imitation of Latin hymns and religious songs. These poems are really ballads, based for the most part on mythological sagas and romantic foreign traditions, though a few also deal with persons from Norwegian and Icelandic history. The rímur were recited for the entertainment of the people in the home; but they were also sung, and were then usually accompanied by dance. As a form of entertainment the rímur became very popular and continued to flourish even into modern times.' §REF§Gjerset, Knut [1924]. \"History of Iceland\", 256§REF§" }, { "id": 219, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No khipus have been found in the archaeological record dating to this period." }, { "id": 220, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"There was no true writing system in the Andes prior to the arrival of the Spanish, notwithstanding recent interpretations of the quipu (see Quilter and Urton 2002) and the tocapu pictograms.\" §REF§(Hiltunen and McEwan 2004, 236)§REF§" }, { "id": 221, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The khipu is most often associated with Inca accounting, but it was borrowed from Andean traditions that were developed at least a thousand years before the Incas. Some scholars think that the earliest systematic use of the khipu as a recording tool occurred in Wari or other expansionist states. It may owe its genesis to institutional demands, such as keeping track of supplies (Quilter and Urton 2002; Brokaw 2010). If they are right, then the Incas elaborated a package of administrative techniques developed by their imperial predecessors. It is certainly the case that the tool was well established across the Andes before the Inca empire came along, as different societies reportedly used a variety of knot-tying conventions. The chronicler Murua wrote that, “each province, as it had its own language, also had a different form and logic [razón] of quipo” (translation from Platt 2002: 229). In short, the Incas’ challenge most likely lay in systematizing recording for state institutions and in bringing many thousands of knot-masters up to speed in the preferred format, not in developing a specific inscription technique for state interests from scratch.\" §REF§(D'Altroy 2014, 150)§REF§ According to Alan Covey: \"We should not assume that Wari used khipus, as none have been found. The “Wari” khipus that Urton reports from the AMNH are from poorly known coastal provenances, and Wari never really ruled over the coast. The Middle Horizon dates suggest that someone on the coast was using a khipu-like device, but it is a stretch to say that this was an imperial accounting device invented or used by Wari, and there is no evidence for Wari khipus in excavations of well-preserved Wari sites that have yielded abundant textile remains. I would also not infer their use in the LIP (AD 1000-1400)\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 222, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"The khipu is most often associated with Inca accounting, but it was borrowed from Andean traditions that were developed at least a thousand years before the Incas. Some scholars think that the earliest systematic use of the khipu as a recording tool occurred in Wari or other expansionist states. It may owe its genesis to institutional demands, such as keeping track of supplies (Quilter and Urton 2002; Brokaw 2010). If they are right, then the Incas elaborated a package of administrative techniques developed by their imperial predecessors. It is certainly the case that the tool was well established across the Andes before the Inca empire came along, as different societies reportedly used a variety of knot-tying conventions. The chronicler Murua wrote that, “each province, as it had its own language, also had a different form and logic [razón] of quipo” (translation from Platt 2002: 229). In short, the Incas’ challenge most likely lay in systematizing recording for state institutions and in bringing many thousands of knot-masters up to speed in the preferred format, not in developing a specific inscription technique for state interests from scratch.\" §REF§(D'Altroy 2014, 150)§REF§ However, Alan Covey, commenting on the lack of evidence for quipus among the Wari, told us that 'I would also not infer their [quipus'] use in the LIP (AD 1000-1400)'.§REF§Alan Covey 2015, personal communication.§REF§ He seems to mean that we shouldn't automatically assume the Inca were using quipus before the period of imperial expansion began in earnest." }, { "id": 223, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Writing was not developed until the arrival of the Spanish. \"There was no true writing system in the Andes prior to the arrival of the Spanish., notwithstanding recent interpretations of the quipu (see Quilter and Urton 2002) and the tocapu pictograms.\" §REF§(Hiltunen and McEwan 2004, 236)§REF§" }, { "id": 224, "polity": { "id": 83, "name": "pe_inca_emp", "long_name": "Inca Empire", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1532 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Covey 2003, 333)§REF§ Garcilaso (1539-1616 CE) \"described two types of keepers of oral tradition, the amautas who transformed historical events into short stories, and the harauicus who recorded these events in poems and songs §REF§(Andrushko 2007, 20-21)§REF§ Alan Covey: The references to amautas don’t appear in the early Colonial chronicles. Those sources do refer to praise songs and oral histories, which Inca women and men participated in. According to Sarmiento de Gamboa's Historia de los Incas (1572 CE) \"in lieu of writing, historical events were recorded on quipus (knotted cords) and passed down from father to son.\" §REF§(Andrushko 2007, 21)§REF§ Alan Covey: This is completely unfounded, and offers an incorrectly gendered vision of Inca history. Most Inca khipu specialists interviewed by Spanish. were men (although men were almost exclusively represented in early Colonial documents and legal proceedings), but it is clear that Inca women composed and performed praise songs and the dance performances of oral history. After these public performances were suppressed, women were largely excluded from the collection of historical information. §REF§(Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§ \"Imperial overseers and specialized record keepers produced tribute levies, population counts, and assessments of provincial development potential, using a system of knotted cords (a khipu) as their principal device.\" §REF§(Covey 2006, 169)§REF§ The quipa accounting method was \"based on strings and knots; various colors, lengths, and thicknesses were knotted to represent numbers or as an aide-memoir.\" §REF§(Kaufmann and Kaufmann 2012)§REF§" }, { "id": 225, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Alan Covey: \"We should not assume that Wari used khipus, as none have been found. The “Wari” khipus that Urton reports from the AMNH are from poorly known coastal provenances, and Wari never really ruled over the coast. The Middle Horizon dates suggest that someone on the coast was using a khipu-like device, but it is a stretch to say that this was an imperial accounting device invented or used by Wari, and there is no evidence for Wari khipus in excavations of well-preserved Wari sites that have yielded abundant textile remains.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§ The Wari \"employed a system of recording and accounting based on the use of khipus (fiber recording devices).§REF§(Lumbreras in Bergh 2012, 3)§REF§ A device of knotted strings. Archaeological evidence exists for these \"in Middle Horizon contexts.\"§REF§(Schreiber in Bergh 2012, 43)§REF§§REF§(Bergh in Bergh 2012, 189)§REF§ \"An intriguing class of stone artifact also found at Hatun Cotuyoc is referred to as \"counting stones\" for lack of a better term [...] these stones may have been used for accounting purposes, particularly for keeping track of foodstuffs and goods produced in Hatun Cotuyoc.\" §REF§(Glowacki 2002, 281)§REF§" }, { "id": 226, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to Alan Covey: \"We should not assume that Wari used khipus, as none have been found. The “Wari” khipus that Urton reports from the AMNH are from poorly known coastal provenances, and Wari never really ruled over the coast. The Middle Horizon dates suggest that someone on the coast was using a khipu-like device, but it is a stretch to say that this was an imperial accounting device invented or used by Wari, and there is no evidence for Wari khipus in excavations of well-preserved Wari sites that have yielded abundant textile remains.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§ The Wari \"employed a system of recording and accounting based on the use of khipus (fiber recording devices).§REF§(Lumbreras in Bergh 2012, 3)§REF§ A device of knotted strings. Archaeological evidence exists for these \"in Middle Horizon contexts.\"§REF§(Schreiber in Bergh 2012, 43)§REF§§REF§(Bergh in Bergh 2012, 189)§REF§ \"An intriguing class of stone artifact also found at Hatun Cotuyoc is referred to as \"counting stones\" for lack of a better term [...] these stones may have been used for accounting purposes, particularly for keeping track of foodstuffs and goods produced in Hatun Cotuyoc.\" §REF§(Glowacki 2002, 281)§REF§" }, { "id": 227, "polity": { "id": 445, "name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1883 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " SCCS variable 149 'Writing and Records' is coded as ‘1’ or ‘None’, not ‘Mnemonic devices’, or ‘Nonwritten records’, or 'True writing, no records', or ‘True writing; records’ The Orokaiva had nonwritten mythical traditions: 'Hunting figures prominently in a widely-known Orokaivan myth concerning the origin of marriage. To become fully married the single men had to become the meat-givers to the single girls who swept, harvested and cooked for them. Brothers showed lineage solidarity and co-operation, and husbands and wives ideally established a balanced exchange of services. Themes such as these reassert themselves in the fishing and hunting activities of the Koropatans today.' §REF§Newton, Janice 1985. “Orokaiva Production And Change”, 99§REF§ 'As in many parts of Melanesia, pigs in Koropata are extremely important for feasts and in some senses they represent or sybmolize human beings. Speaking of the Orokaivan Sivepe people, Schwimmer has noted that a gift of pig meat restores relations after a quarrel, and establishes new social relations. He suggests that pig sacrifice can be seen as communion with primeval ancestral beings (Schwimmer 1973:138-9, 145, 148, 153). In Koropata too the gift of pig meat can be used to emphasize the strength and importance of a particular social relationship. The creation myth told by Koropatans is centred on Totoima, a pig-man figure with long teeth (cf. Schwimmer 1973:55). His death and subsequent division into pieces represents the origin of the different language groups around the Orokaiva area. There are examples of pig-man association in myth, ritual and exchange throughout Melanesia. Societies project humanity on to pigs in contexts as varied as myths and compensation payments (see Modjeska 1977; Meggitt 1974) and in the household situation of raising pigs.' §REF§Newton, Janice 1985. “Orokaiva Production And Change”, 105§REF§" }, { "id": 228, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " SCCS variable 149 'Writing and Records' is coded as ‘1’ or ‘None’, not ‘Mnemonic devices’, or ‘Nonwritten records’, or 'True writing, no records', or ‘True writing; records’ The Orokaive had nonwritten mythical traditions: 'Hunting figures prominently in a widely-known Orokaivan myth concerning the origin of marriage. To become fully married the single men had to become the meat-givers to the single girls who swept, harvested and cooked for them. Brothers showed lineage solidarity and co-operation, and husbands and wives ideally established a balanced exchange of services. Themes such as these reassert themselves in the fishing and hunting activities of the Koropatans today.' §REF§Newton, Janice 1985. “Orokaiva Production And Change”, 99§REF§ 'As in many parts of Melanesia, pigs in Koropata are extremely important for feasts and in some senses they represent or sybmolize human beings. Speaking of the Orokaivan Sivepe people, Schwimmer has noted that a gift of pig meat restores relations after a quarrel, and establishes new social relations. He suggests that pig sacrifice can be seen as communion with primeval ancestral beings (Schwimmer 1973:138-9, 145, 148, 153). In Koropata too the gift of pig meat can be used to emphasize the strength and importance of a particular social relationship. The creation myth told by Koropatans is centred on Totoima, a pig-man figure with long teeth (cf. Schwimmer 1973:55). His death and subsequent division into pieces represents the origin of the different language groups around the Orokaiva area. There are examples of pig-man association in myth, ritual and exchange throughout Melanesia. Societies project humanity on to pigs in contexts as varied as myths and compensation payments (see Modjeska 1977; Meggitt 1974) and in the household situation of raising pigs.' §REF§Newton, Janice 1985. “Orokaiva Production And Change”, 105§REF§" }, { "id": 229, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Possehl states that there was no writing before the urban phase in the Indus valley §REF§Gregory L. Possehl. The Indus Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, Altamira, 2002, p. 51.§REF§, and it is unclear whether nonwritten records were in use instead." }, { "id": 230, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Possehl states that there was no writing before the urban phase in the Indus valley. §REF§Gregory L. Possehl. The Indus Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, Altamira, 2002, p. 51.§REF§" }, { "id": 231, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Possehl states that there was no writing before the urban phase in the Indus valley. §REF§Gregory L. Possehl. The Indus Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, Altamira, 2002, p. 51.§REF§ While seals have been found in Mehrgarh III layers, these show no evidence of script or writing.§REF§, C. A. (in press) Chapter 11, Case Study: Mehrgarh. In, Barker, G and Goucher, C (eds.) Cambridge World History, Volume 2: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE - 500 CE. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 232, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Indo-Greeks straddled a crossroads of writing systems and written language traditions. Inscriptions written with the Greek alphabet, use of cuneiform in legal documents and exposure to records in Prakrit are all recorded. Further evidence is found in the Kharosthi inscriptions and the Asokan edicts. Further evidence exist of a transmissions of writing systems to other groups in the North Indian area. §REF§Neelis, Jason. Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. Vol. 2. Brill, 2010, pp. 98-107§REF§" }, { "id": 233, "polity": { "id": 123, "name": "pk_kachi_post_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In the wider context of the concurrent Early Vedic, the <i>Rig Veda</i> had not yet been written down§REF§Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2008) p.184.§REF§ and was composed and transmitted orally.§REF§Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2008) p.184.§REF§ §REF§Avari, B. (2007) India: The Ancient Past: A history of the India sub-continent from c. 7,000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge: London and New York. p76§REF§" }, { "id": 234, "polity": { "id": 120, "name": "pk_kachi_pre_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Possehl states that there was no writing before the urban phase in the Indus valley. §REF§Gregory L. Possehl. The Indus Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, Altamira, 2002, p. 51.§REF§" }, { "id": 235, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Terracotta seals.§REF§(Jarrige & Enault 1976, 33-36) Jarrige, Jean-François, and Jean-François Enault. 1976. “Fouilles de Pirak - Baluchistan.” Arts Asiatiques 32 (1):29-70. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Q32UJUPX\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Q32UJUPX</a>.§REF§§REF§Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to E. Cioni, February 2017.§REF§" }, { "id": 236, "polity": { "id": 133, "name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid", "long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period", "start_year": 854, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Examples of Arabic, Ard Nagri, Malwari, Sandhavav script found. §REF§Panhwar, M.H, An illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of the Sindh pp.173§REF§" }, { "id": 237, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " E.g. religious, practical and scientific texts. §REF§Panhwar, M.H, An illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of the Sindh pp.173§REF§" }, { "id": 238, "polity": { "id": 194, "name": "ru_sakha_early", "long_name": "Sakha - Early", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1632 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sakha oral histories included sagas and other epic tales: 'Yakut oral histories begin well before first contact with Russians in the seventeenth century. For example, OLONKHO (epics) date at least to the tenth century, a period of interethnic mixing, tensions, and upheaval that may have been a formative period in defining Yakut tribal affiliations. Ethnographic and archaeological data suggest that the ancestors of the Yakut, identified in some theories with the Kuriakon people, lived in an area near Lake Baikal and may have been part of the Uighur state bordering China.' §REF§Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam and Skoggard, Ian: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Yakut§REF§ 'Tradition has preserved the names of some of them. They list the following as living contemporaneously with the coming of the Russians: Tygyn of the Kangalas Ulus, Chorbokha (of the clan of Chaky) of the Namsk Ulus, Bert-Khara of the Borogon Ulus, Bata batyra of the Bayagantaysk Ulus, and many others of secondary importance. The Yakut are glad to relate long sagas of their activities, of their warfare with each other, and of their resistance to the Russians. According to them all these leaders were noted for their unusual strength, cleverness, and military capacity.' §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research”, 738§REF§" }, { "id": 239, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sakha oral histories included sagas and other epic tales: 'Yakut oral histories begin well before first contact with Russians in the seventeenth century. For example, OLONKHO (epics) date at least to the tenth century, a period of interethnic mixing, tensions, and upheaval that may have been a formative period in defining Yakut tribal affiliations. Ethnographic and archaeological data suggest that the ancestors of the Yakut, identified in some theories with the Kuriakon people, lived in an area near Lake Baikal and may have been part of the Uighur state bordering China.' §REF§Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam and Skoggard, Ian: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Yakut§REF§ 'Tradition has preserved the names of some of them. They list the following as living contemporaneously with the coming of the Russians: Tygyn of the Kangalas Ulus, Chorbokha (of the clan of Chaky) of the Namsk Ulus, Bert-Khara of the Borogon Ulus, Bata batyra of the Bayagantaysk Ulus, and many others of secondary importance. The Yakut are glad to relate long sagas of their activities, of their warfare with each other, and of their resistance to the Russians. According to them all these leaders were noted for their unusual strength, cleverness, and military capacity.' §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research”, 738§REF§" }, { "id": 240, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Stele texts. §REF§(Mokhtar ed. 1981)§REF§Sanam Historical Inscription of Taharqo.§REF§Edwards, David N. University of Leicester. Jeremy Pope. The Double Kingdom under Taharqo: Studies in the History of Kush and Egypt, c. 690 - 664 BC (Leiden: Brill, 2014).§REF§" }, { "id": 241, "polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. those found in archives built by the Caliphate. §REF§(Beeston 1983, 1-22§REF§ §REF§(Bloom and Blair, eds. 2009ii, 429.§REF§" }, { "id": 242, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The murals of the capital's <i>wat</i> increasingly portrayed the city itself, capturing the busyness of daily life as the background of scenes from the Buddha's life, and occasionally including views of the city, landmarks such as the river, characteristic architecture such as the Chinese shophouse, and even records of historical events\" §REF§(Baker and Phongpaichit 2009, p. 37)§REF§." }, { "id": 243, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Arabic was the main language. Persian, Turkic, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin also \"spoken and studied\". §REF§(Qutbuddin 2011, 39) Qutbuddin, Tahera. Fatimids. Ramsamy, Edward. ed. 2011. Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Volume 2. Africa. Sage. Los Angeles.§REF§" }, { "id": 244, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " A clay stamp-seal was found in a sealed deposit of late Early Brone Age in Beycesultan §REF§Mellart J., \"The End of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean\", In: \"American Journal of Archaeology\", Vol. 62, No. 1 (Jan., 1958).§REF§, and button seals in Royal Tombs at Alaca Höyük site §REF§Joukowsky M. S., \"Early Turkey. And Introduction to the Archeology of Anatolia from Prehistory through the Lydian Period\", USA 1996, p. 169.§REF§." }, { "id": 245, "polity": { "id": 163, "name": "tr_konya_lba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " (1) The relief carvings: the Hittites also expressed some messages through relief carvings that were characteristic during the New Kingdom. Usually represent a single character (king or deity) or cult scene involving a ruler. Among some of the reliefs, especially those located at the communication routes, symbols of royal power were represented - e. g. Yazılıkaya, Sirkeli, Firaktin§REF§Makowski M. (2009) Świat późnej epoki brązu. pp.162 [In:] A. Smogorzewska (ed.) <i>Archeologia starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu</i>, Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii UW, pp. 151-187§REF§. (2) Hittite royal seals - seals of punching are a distinctive type for Hittites. After period of medium bronze, cylinder seals were used sporadically. Royal seals can be clearly distinguished, showing the image of the monarch. In the Suppiluliumma, a distinctive cartouche appears, which also has the name of the ruler and his titulary. Sometimes the ruler is shown in the arms of one of the most important deities in the country or its tutelary deity. There are also royal seals with representations of the king dressed as a priest or a warrior, or together with the queen §REF§Makowski M. (2009) Świat późnej epoki brązu. pp.164 [In:] A. Smogorzewska (ed.) <i>Archeologia starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu</i>, Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii UW, pp. 151-187§REF§. (3) Sculpture and bas-relief - Stone sculptures date primarily from the New Kingdom, and are represented by statues of lions and sphinxes made in sculpture semi-double, and partly in relief. They were part of the city gates (Gates of Lions at Hattusa, Gates of Sphinxes at Alaca Höyük) and temples' entrances. Submit lions served as apotropaic and sphinxes emphasized a symbolic move from a profane zone to a sacred zone. §REF§Makowski M. (2009) Świat późnej epoki brązu. pp.164 [In:] A. Smogorzewska (ed.) <i>Archeologia starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu</i>, Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii UW, pp. 151-187§REF§ Eflatun Pınar Orthostates, quadrilateral stone slabs set vertically along the wall monumental buildings, usually decorated with reliefs. Orthostates are characteristic of Hittite art and decorated with temples, palaces, gates(Hattusa and Alaca Höyük).(4) Vessels relief - Vase from the vicinity of Inandik depicting a festival celebration." }, { "id": 246, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Dercksen J. G. 2004. Some Elements of Old Anatolian Sofiety in Kaniš. [in:] J. G. Dercksen (ed.) <i>Assyria and beyond: studies presented to Mogens Trolle Larsen</i>. Leiden: NINO, pg. 137-139§REF§ <br><br>All texts are written in Old Assyrian dialect of Akkadian and they refer mostly to economic transactions and resemble private correspondence§REF§Dercksen J. G. 2004. Some Elements of Old Anatolian Sofiety in Kaniš. [in:] J. G. Dercksen (ed.) <i>Assyria and beyond: studies presented to Mogens Trolle Larsen</i>. Leiden: NINO, pg. 137-139§REF§." }, { "id": 247, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Archaeological evidence provides us with insights into many key aspects of medieval life: dwellings, fortifications, diet, clothing, tools, and items of daily existence, as well as providing information on the production and distribution of luxury goods.\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 26) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ Pictures and artifacts are nonwritten records." }, { "id": 248, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Archaeological evidence provides us with insights into many key aspects of medieval life: dwellings, fortifications, diet, clothing, tools, and items of daily existence, as well as providing information on the production and distribution of luxury goods.\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 26) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ E.g. pictures and artefacts." }, { "id": 249, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Archaeological evidence provides us with insights into many key aspects of medieval life: dwellings, fortifications, diet, clothing, tools, and items of daily existence, as well as providing information on the production and distribution of luxury goods.\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 26) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ E.g. pictures and artefacts." }, { "id": 250, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Nonwritten_record", "nonwritten_record": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The only surviving written records about Cappadocia are from the historians writing from outside Cappadocia either at the time of the kingdom or later.§REF§Bowder, D. (ed.) (1982) Who was Who in the Greek World, 776 BC - 30 BC. Phaidon: Oxford. p171-172, 196§REF§ Detailed information about the written records of Cappadocia cannot, therefore, be given." } ] }