Mines Or Quarry List
A viewset for viewing and editing Mines or Quarries.
GET /api/sc/mines-or-quarries/?format=api&page=5
{ "count": 366, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/mines-or-quarries/?format=api&page=6", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/mines-or-quarries/?format=api&page=4", "results": [ { "id": 201, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " With the exception of Suchilquitongo,§REF§Spencer, C. S. (1982) The Cuicatlán Cañada and Monte Albán: A study of primary state formation. Studies in Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. p246-7§REF§ sources only describe residential sites.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 202, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources only describe residential sites.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 203, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources only describe residential sites.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 204, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Settlements were primarily residential.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 205, "polity": { "id": 8, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_3", "long_name": "Early Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Abundant stone and obsidian craft production indicates that raw materials were mined away from settlements.§REF§Stoner, Wesley D., Deborah L. Nichols, Bridget A. Alex, and Destiny L. Crider. (2015)\"The emergence of Early-Middle Formative exchange patterns in Mesoamerica: A view from Altica in the Teotihuacan Valley.\" <i>Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</i> 39: 19-35.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul (1971). \"Utilitarian Artifacts of Central Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 270-296.§REF§§REF§Piña Chan, Román. (1971). \"Preclassic or Formative Pottery and Minor Arts of the Valley of Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp.157-178.§REF§§REF§Charlton, Thomas H. (1984). \"Production and Exchange: Variables in the Evolution of a Civilization.\" In Kenneth G. Hirth (Ed.) <i>Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp.17-42.§REF§§REF§Biskowski, Martin. (2008) \"Maize-Grinding Tools in Prehispanic Central Mexico.\" In <i>New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts</i>, edited by Yorke M. Rowan and Jennie R. Ebeling. London: Equinox Publishing, pp. 144-155.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul, Suzanne K. Fish, Martin W. Boksenbaum, Kathryn Blair Vaughn and C. Earle Smith. (1977). \"Early Sedentary Communities of the Basin of Mexico.\" <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>, 4(1): 91-106.§REF§" }, { "id": 206, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In addition to a Terminal Formative quarry located in the Teo Valley (TE-TF-264),§REF§Sanders, William T., Michael West, Charles Fletcher, and Joseph Marino. (1975). <i>The Teotihuacan Valley Project Final Report, Volume 2: The Formative Period Occupation of the Valley, Part 1 -- Texts and Tables</i>. The Pennsylvania State University Department of Anthropology, Occasional Papers in Anthropology.§REF§ abundant stone and obsidian craft production indicates that raw materials were mined away from settlements.§REF§Piña Chan, Román. (1971). \"Preclassic or Formative Pottery and Minor Arts of the Valley of Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp.157-178.§REF§§REF§Charlton, Thomas H. (1984). \"Production and Exchange: Variables in the Evolution of a Civilization.\" In Kenneth G. Hirth (Ed.) <i>Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp.17-42.§REF§§REF§Biskowski, Martin. (2008) \"Maize-Grinding Tools in Prehispanic Central Mexico.\" In <i>New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts</i>, edited by Yorke M. Rowan and Jennie R. Ebeling. London: Equinox Publishing, pp. 144-155.§REF§" }, { "id": 207, "polity": { "id": 9, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_4", "long_name": "Middle Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -401 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Abundant stone and obsidian craft production indicates that raw materials were mined away from settlements.§REF§Stoner, Wesley D., Deborah L. Nichols, Bridget A. Alex, and Destiny L. Crider. (2015)\"The emergence of Early-Middle Formative exchange patterns in Mesoamerica: A view from Altica in the Teotihuacan Valley.\" <i>Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</i> 39: 19-35.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul (1971). \"Utilitarian Artifacts of Central Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 270-296.§REF§§REF§Piña Chan, Román. (1971). \"Preclassic or Formative Pottery and Minor Arts of the Valley of Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp.157-178.§REF§§REF§Charlton, Thomas H. (1984). \"Production and Exchange: Variables in the Evolution of a Civilization.\" In Kenneth G. Hirth (Ed.) <i>Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp.17-42.§REF§§REF§Biskowski, Martin. (2008) \"Maize-Grinding Tools in Prehispanic Central Mexico.\" In <i>New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts</i>, edited by Yorke M. Rowan and Jennie R. Ebeling. London: Equinox Publishing, pp. 144-155.§REF§§REF§Tolstoy, Paul, Suzanne K. Fish, Martin W. Boksenbaum, Kathryn Blair Vaughn and C. Earle Smith. (1977). \"Early Sedentary Communities of the Basin of Mexico.\" <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>, 4(1): 91-106.§REF§" }, { "id": 208, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In addition to a Terminal Formative quarry located in the Teo Valley (TE-TF-264),§REF§Sanders, William T., Michael West, Charles Fletcher, and Joseph Marino. (1975). <i>The Teotihuacan Valley Project Final Report, Volume 2: The Formative Period Occupation of the Valley, Part 1 -- Texts and Tables</i>. The Pennsylvania State University Department of Anthropology, Occasional Papers in Anthropology.§REF§ abundant stone and obsidian craft production indicates that raw materials were mined away from settlements.§REF§Piña Chan, Román. (1971). \"Preclassic or Formative Pottery and Minor Arts of the Valley of Mexico.\" In <i>The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10</i>, ed. G. F. Ekholm, and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp.157-178.§REF§§REF§Charlton, Thomas H. (1984). \"Production and Exchange: Variables in the Evolution of a Civilization.\" In Kenneth G. Hirth (Ed.) <i>Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp.17-42.§REF§§REF§Biskowski, Martin. (2008) \"Maize-Grinding Tools in Prehispanic Central Mexico.\" In <i>New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts</i>, edited by Yorke M. Rowan and Jennie R. Ebeling. London: Equinox Publishing, pp. 144-155.§REF§" }, { "id": 209, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources only describe residential sites.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 210, "polity": { "id": 523, "name": "mx_san_jose", "long_name": "Oaxaca - San Jose", "start_year": -1150, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources only describe residential sites.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 211, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Sources only describe residential sites.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 212, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " So far, no mention of publicly organized mining has been made in the sources reviewed." }, { "id": 213, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"For more than a thousand years, the peoples of the Cuzco region had obtained their obsidian from sources located in the Alca region. During the Wari Period, when Wari occupied parts of the Cuzco region, the obsidian flow from this source stopped.\" §REF§(Bauer 2004, 68)§REF§ This suggests that the Cuzco people did not have their own obsidian quarries." }, { "id": 214, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"For more than a thousand years, the peoples of the Cuzco region had obtained their obsidian from sources located in the Alca region. During the Wari Period, when Wari occupied parts of the Cuzco region, the obsidian flow from this source stopped.\" §REF§(Bauer 2004, 68)§REF§ This suggests that the Cuzco people did not have their own obsidian quarries." }, { "id": 215, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Alan Covey: \"See Dennis Ogburn and Ian Farrington’s work. There are local diorite and limestone quarries near Cuzco, as well as the Huaccoto andesite quarry. Keep in mind that we still don’t know a lot about pre-imperial architecture in Cuzco.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 216, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Alan Covey: \"See Dennis Ogburn and Ian Farrington’s work. There are local diorite and limestone quarries near Cuzco, as well as the Huaccoto andesite quarry. Keep in mind that we still don’t know a lot about pre-imperial architecture in Cuzco.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 217, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"For more than a thousand years, the peoples of the Cuzco region had obtained their obsidian from sources located in the Alca region. During the Wari Period, when Wari occupied parts of the Cuzco region, the obsidian flow from this source stopped.\" §REF§(Bauer 2004, 68)§REF§ This suggests that the Cuzco people did not have their own obsidian quarries." }, { "id": 218, "polity": { "id": 83, "name": "pe_inca_emp", "long_name": "Inca Empire", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1532 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Incas’ mines were distributed throughout their domain; copper deposits are distributed in bands along the length of the Andes, but gold and silver occur in more restricted deposits. Tin, which was used widely in the empire to make bronze, was concentrated in southern Bolivia and northern Chile.\" §REF§(D'Altroy 2014, 440)§REF§" }, { "id": 219, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Wari may have controlled a number of major sources of important raw materials, including Quispisisa, the largest obsidian (volcanic glass) quarry in the Andes. Obsidian was one of the best materials available for making sharp knives and points for spears and arrows. In the Middle Horizon, the distribution of this distinctive type of obsidian was suddenly restricted to sites with Wari associations. The sources of other minerals, precious metals, and some imported shells may also have been under Wari’s exclusive control. For example, Wari sites contain bronze artifacts made of an alloy of copper and arsenic, derived from smelting an ore called enargite.30 There are a number of enargite sources in Wari territory, and Wari may have controlled one or more of them.\" §REF§(Schreiber in Bergh 2012, 42)§REF§" }, { "id": 220, "polity": { "id": 445, "name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1883 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 221, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The colonial authorities organized mining operations with a focus on precious metals: 'In response to Australian pressure, the British government annexed Papua in 1888. Gold was discovered shortly thereafter, resulting in a major movement of prospectors and miners to what was then the Northern District. Relations with the Papuans were bad from the start, and there were numerous killings on both sides. The Protectorate of British New Guinea became Australian territory by the passing of the Papua Act of 1905 by the Commonwealth Government of Australia. The new administration adopted a policy of peaceful penetration, and many measures of social and economic national development were introduced. Local control was in the hands of village constables, paid servants of the Crown. Chosen by European officers, they were intermediaries between the government and the people. In 1951 an eruption occurred on Mount Lamington, completely devastating a large part of the area occupied by the Orokaiva.' §REF§Latham, Christopher S.: eHRAf Cultural Summary for the Orokaiva§REF§ Orokaiva men were recruited for labour in the mines: 'None of the cash crop or natural resource industries developed in the Division had fulfilled expectations. Nevertheless, the mining industry had survived, the number of plantations continued to grow and the resident European population increased. All of these factors influenced the working habits of the Orokaivans, in spite of the fact that they still controlled the bulk of their village land. A considerable number of Orokaivan men went to work on plantations, in mines and in European houses. In 1924 a Resident Magistrate commented that a large number of the male population had already worked on plantations or in stores, or had been members of the police force (see Table 2.4 and Flint 1926:44).' §REF§Newton, Janice 1985. “Orokaiva Production And Change”, 38§REF§" }, { "id": 222, "polity": { "id": 117, "name": "pk_kachi_enl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7500, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Stone quarries in the hills near the site of Nal (Naal). Period I and II at Damb Sadaat. §REF§(Singh 2008, 107-108)§REF§ Nal is just outside this NGA region but we can infer that the inhabitants of Mehrgarh also quarried stone e.g. for tools." }, { "id": 223, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Stone quarries in the hills near the site of Nal (Naal). Period I and II at Damb Sadaat. Period IV at Anjira and Siah Damb. §REF§(Singh 2008, 107-108)§REF§ Nal is just outside this NGA region but we can infer that the inhabitants of Mehrgarh also quarried stone e.g. for tools." }, { "id": 224, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Stone quarries in the hills near the site of Nal (Naal). Period I and II at Damb Sadaat. Period IV at Anjira and Siah Damb. §REF§(Singh 2008, 107-108)§REF§ Nal is just outside this NGA region but we can infer that the inhabitants of Mehrgarh also quarried stone e.g. for tools." }, { "id": 225, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 226, "polity": { "id": 120, "name": "pk_kachi_pre_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 227, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Clay for ceramics would have been extracted from quarries." }, { "id": 228, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 229, "polity": { "id": 121, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_1", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The great majority of the Harappan population must have been primary producers: farmers, pastoralists, fishers, or hunter-gatherers. Many, however, probably also engaged in other occupations during the periods in the year when there was time to spare from subsistence activities. [...] In addition hunter-gatherers, and perhaps pastoralists, could include in their seasonal round visits to places where other resources could be obtained, so they may have been largely responsible for mining gemstones and for quarrying flint in the Rohri Hills.\"§REF§(McIntosh 2008, 255) Jane McIntosh. 2008. <i>The Ancient Indus Valley</i>. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO.§REF§ Shortugai for lapis-lazuli." }, { "id": 230, "polity": { "id": 122, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_2", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period II", "start_year": -2100, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The great majority of the Harappan population must have been primary producers: farmers, pastoralists, fishers, or hunter-gatherers. Many, however, probably also engaged in other occupations during the periods in the year when there was time to spare from subsistence activities. [...] In addition hunter-gatherers, and perhaps pastoralists, could include in their seasonal round visits to places where other resources could be obtained, so they may have been largely responsible for mining gemstones and for quarrying flint in the Rohri Hills.\"§REF§(McIntosh 2008, 255) Jane McIntosh. 2008. <i>The Ancient Indus Valley</i>. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO.§REF§ Shortugai for lapis-lazuli." }, { "id": 231, "polity": { "id": 194, "name": "ru_sakha_early", "long_name": "Sakha - Early", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1632 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 232, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " During the Russian period, mining companies entered Sakha territory and traded with the natives: 'The tribe as a whole, while engaged in horse and cattle breeding as their chief occupation, began to increase the number of their horned cattle at the expense of their number of horses. Of cow’s milk they could make, for use during the long winter, butter, a kind of cheese, and some other milk products which cannot, as we shall see later, be made from mare’s milk. The Russian gold-mining companies on the rivers Olekma and Vitim proved profitable buyers of these cattle, and this gave an impetus to the raising of them. Finally, the cultivation of cereal plants, borrowed from the Russians in the southern parts of the Yakut Province, where the climate allows of it, has made such progress in the last twenty years, that at present agriculture is the chief occupation, and bread the staple food, of many Yakut families of the District of Yakutsk, and particularly of that of Olekminsk. Nowadays large droves of horses, and [Page 260] mares for milking, can be found only in those districts far removed from the centres of influence of Russian culture, and they belong to a few very rich families.' §REF§Jochelson, Waldemar 1906. “Kumiss Festivals Of The Yakut And The Decoration Of Kumiss Vessels”, 259p§REF§ It is unclear from this description whether the Sakha were employed in the mining industries, or whether their connection to miners was confined to trade. We have assumed the latter, but this is open to re-evaluation." }, { "id": 233, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " During antiquity Kush produced estimated 1.6 million kg (1600 metric tonnes) of gold. §REF§(Mokhtar ed. 1981, 311)§REF§" }, { "id": 234, "polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 235, "polity": { "id": 44, "name": "th_ayutthaya", "long_name": "Ayutthaya", "start_year": 1593, "end_year": 1767 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Tin mines §REF§(Baker and Phongpaichit 2009, p. 28)§REF§." }, { "id": 236, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Around the gulf and down the peninsula, the port towns were dominated by Chinese, some of whom spread inland to plant rubber, grow pepper, and mine tin.\" §REF§(Baker and Phongpaichit 2009, p. 33)§REF§" }, { "id": 237, "polity": { "id": 462, "name": "tj_sarasm", "long_name": "Sarazm", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The town played a regional role over a long period and on a very large scale in the working of metals, particularly tin and copper, and the associated development of handicrafts to produce tools, ceramics, and jewellery.\"§REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 238, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Gold for currency mined in Upper Egypt.§REF§(Calvert 2005, 741-742) Shillington, K. ed. 2005. Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1. Taylor & Francis.§REF§ Access to gold mines in Upper Egypt and Nubia.§REF§(Sanders 1998, 162) Sanders, Paula A. The Fatimid state, 969-1171. Petry, Carl F. ed. 1998. The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume One. Islamic Egypt, 640-1517. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 239, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " At the Kestel-Göltepe site, there was a tin mine. It was a vast complex, where 4500 cubic meters of ore were extracted, often through precariously narrow tunnels, using only fire and stone hammers to shatter the ore. The size of these galleries allude to a production of some 115 tons of tin." }, { "id": 240, "polity": { "id": 163, "name": "tr_konya_lba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 241, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 242, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 243, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 244, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, pers. comm.§REF§" }, { "id": 245, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 246, "polity": { "id": 159, "name": "tr_konya_lca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " quarries for stone for stone walls" }, { "id": 247, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 248, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " stone building activities (e.g. viaduct) required stone" }, { "id": 249, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Lydia had a significant amount of electrum, an alloy of gold and silver, that existed in the alluvial deposits of the rivers around Sardis. There was an extensive associated processing industry that purified the gold and silver. // Lydia was one of a number of small kingdoms in Anatolia. It was well positioned in the riverlands of western Anatolia and had a rich supply of electrum, the natural alloy of silver and gold.§REF§Roosevelt, C.H. 2012. Iron Age Western Anatolia. In Potts, D.T. (ed.) A Companion to the Archaeology of the Near East. London: Blackwell. p. 897-913§REF§" }, { "id": 250, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Mines_or_quarry", "mines_or_quarry": "present", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }