Merit Promotion List
A viewset for viewing and editing Merit Promotions.
GET /api/sc/merit-promotions/?format=api&page=8
{ "count": 398, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/merit-promotions/?format=api&page=7", "results": [ { "id": 352, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 353, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Giorgi III (IV) (1156-1184 CE) \"raised men of low birth to high office in order to break the aristocratic monopoly in the government.\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§<br>\"Toumanoff notes that 'Georgian kings entrusted, to the very end of the Georgian polity, their chanceries to houses of Armenian origin and often conducted their correspondence with foreign monarchs in Armenian.'\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§<br>King David invited Armenians to settle to increase the population and also 40,000 Qipchak nomadic warriors, who converted to Christianity. Many were employed in his centralized government.§REF§(Suny 1994, 35-36) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 354, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 355, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "Administrative structures in Central Panama during this period are not well understood, and the evidence for social stratification and centralized decision-making is weak. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001]</a> Panamanian societies before Spanish contact produced no written records, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> so it is not clear how bureaucrats would have performed their duties.", "description": "" }, { "id": 356, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "Helms argues that 'Although the ethnohistoric data are very scanty, some degree of \"internal\" administrative associations and responsibilities surely existed between the commoner population of a given territory or \"province\" and the elite cabras, sacos and/or quevis of that territory, who at the very least accepted generalized stewardship of the overall well-being, socially and ideologically, of the population of a given ancestral territory'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> She believes cabras, the lowest-ranked elites, would have served as 'local administrators', <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> but does not speculate on whether they were full-time. The evidence does not seem strong enough to justify coding full-time specialist bureaucrats present.", "description": "" }, { "id": 357, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 358, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 359, "polity": { "id": 345, "name": "ir_median_emp", "long_name": "Median Persian Empire", "start_year": -715, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "One story of the ascent of the first Elamite king is that he was elected by a council who considered him fair and just. Whether this is true is unknown. §REF§Cameron, G.G. 1936. History of Early Iran. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.175§REF§" }, { "id": 360, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "For the later precontact period, Helms has argued that 'Although the ethnohistoric data are very scanty, some degree of \"internal\" administrative associations and responsibilities surely existed between the commoner population of a given territory or \"province\" and the elite cabras, sacos and/or quevis of that territory, who at the very least accepted generalized stewardship of the overall well-being, socially and ideologically, of the population of a given ancestral territory'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> She believes cabras, the lowest-ranked elites, would have served as 'local administrators', <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZBCIE7GI\">[Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56]</a> but does not speculate on whether they were full-time. The evidence is therefore not strong enough to justify coding full-time specialist bureaucrats present for the precontact period, and we know even less about this earlier period (700-1000 CE). Panamanian societies before Spanish contact produced no written records, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> so it is not clear how such administrators would perform their duties.", "description": "" }, { "id": 361, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact,§REF§(Mendizábal Archibold 2004, 14) Mendizábal Archibold, Tomás Enrique. 2004. “Panamá Viejo: An Analysis of the Construction of Archaeological Time in Eastern Panamá.” PhD Dissertation, University College London. Seshat URL: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IPHPU92K\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IPHPU92K</a>.§REF§ and at present there is no evidence to suggest the presence of administrative institutions in Monagrillo. John Hoopes thinks it is likely that the Monagrillo people were not organized into a polity.§REF§John W. Hoopes 2017, pers. comm. to Jenny Reddish.§REF§" }, { "id": 362, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Spanish written records refer to bureaucratic positions, such as the positions of tribute collector, ward boss and golaba, or “lord’s solicitor” who collected goods and services from surrounding villages.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1976). \"Formative Oaxaca and Zapotec Cosmos.\" American Scientist 64(4): 374-383. p376§REF§§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p217§REF§ However, these records date from many centuries after this period, and we lack adequate information about administrative structures at Monte Albán to be able to discern whether full-time specialist bureaucrats (i.e. not just chiefs or generals with administrative duties) were present.§REF§Gary Feinman, pers. comm., January 2018.§REF§§REF§Charles Spencer, pers. comm., January 2018.§REF§" }, { "id": 363, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Spanish written records refer to bureaucratic positions, such as the positions of tribute collector, ward boss and golaba, or “lord’s solicitor” who collected goods and services from surrounding villages.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1976). \"Formative Oaxaca and Zapotec Cosmos.\" American Scientist 64(4): 374-383. p376§REF§§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p217§REF§ However, these records date from many centuries after this period, and we lack adequate information about administrative structures at Monte Albán to be able to discern whether full-time specialist bureaucrats (i.e. not just chiefs or generals with administrative duties) were present.§REF§Gary Feinman, pers. comm., January 2018.§REF§§REF§Charles Spencer, pers. comm., January 2018.§REF§" }, { "id": 364, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 365, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The Imamic administration was largely patrimonial: 'The 1970s marked a time of rapid \"institution building\", as political scientists put it. And, contrary to what the political rhetoric of the time would have us believe, such institutions were in fact erected on the earlier introduction of printing and the modern arts of government. But these institutions of the Republic did not as yet obscure just how limited bureaucratic development had been prior to 1962, the date of the overthrow of the Imamate, when even at the pinnacle of government the model of rule had been that of a dynastic house (daulah in Yemeni dialectal usage). Brothers, sons and cousins of the Imam served as ministers and commanders; foreign trade was essentially a family monopoly; the court, not the administrative department, was the site of Imamic legal judgment. True, the Imam's domestic space was grand: unlike the households of most other men it contained both slaves and servants. So too, the houses of powerful political figures might include an independent reception room, with an entrance separate from the house, known as mahkamah or hukuma, a place of judgment. In the later years of the Imamate, modernist jurists deplored the way justice was administered: judges, who were paid at best a scant salary, accepted monies directly from the litigants; court was held early in the day by the door of the judge's home and later in the afternoon in his reception rooms. If this was true of state office-holders, it was all the more so in the case of shaikhly government. A shaikh governed from his house.' §REF§Mundy, Martha 1995.\"Domestic Government: Kinship, Community and Polity in North Yemen\", 2p§REF§ Local positions, such as that of tax collector, often went to tribal headmen rather than trained officials: 'The first thing to be said is that no attempt was made to abolish tribalism as such. Where tribal practice was equated so readily with ignorance, and thus with irreligion, this might seem surprising, but it is as if the phenomenon were God-given; as much part of the intractable world and God's will as the mountains or the weather. Indeed,there were only 'tribes', not tribalism, and th eradical ambition of rebuilding humanity to some human design (a 'sociological' ambition, of its nature) is more a feature of our own time. Nor did theImamate command the means to root out institutions on any large scale. The Hamidal-Din Imams, Yahya (1904-48)and Ahmad(1948-62), did not reproduce the elaborate courts and armies of the early Qasimis but were rather frugal men who personally supervised even small, local matters and ran their administrations with the forms of power available to them (see e.g.Rihani 1930:220ff.; Scott 1942:174-5).Over the following decades they gradually built an army, whose officers in the end were to be part of the Imamate's undoing,but the tribes remained the stronger force, always carefully fragmented by their rulers' policy. The aim was that 'the pure shari'a be established', which (as in most pre-bureaucratic Islamic states) meant first of all that the zakat, or canonical tax, be collected and a modicum of order retained. 'Broadly speaking, the tribal Zaydi north was governed by indirect rule with subsidies providedf or the chiefs. The Shafi'I south was less fortunate in being under direct rule by government officials working in concert with local headmen'(Serjeant 1979:92). In both areas the 'headmen' received a cut of the tax which it was their responsibility to collect. One is sometimes told now that this was a quarter of the total for northerners and a tenth for the Shafi'I south (Messick1978:170), but the details in the north were in fact irregular.' §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. \"Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen\", 228§REF§ Nevertheless, government organization and documentation had became increasingly bureaucratized since the Ottoman period: 'Forms, that is, documentary blanks to be filled in, appeared in Ibb with the Ottomans. At the local telegraph office, for example, one of the earliest of these forms had a crescent seal at the top, headings in Ottoman Turkish and French, boxes for office use, and lines to contain the message.11 Such blank forms proliferated in the Ottoman bureaucracies as they would later under the republicans. The commercial receipt, another type of printed form to be filled in, was introduced via Aden. Prior to the “order form” itself, the written purchase-requests Ibb merchants sent to Aden were connected narrations by a scribe (concluding with qala, “said,” and then the writer's name).12 Their internal arrangements were similar to the scalloped entries of the old foundation register. Existing apart from and prior to any particular written content, forms are the mechanical templates of the new age of writing. As with the Ottomans earlier in the century, the principal goal of the Egyptian advisors attached to Ibb offices in the late 1970s was to facilitate a bureacratic movement in a new direction, to assist functionaries in separating what had formerly been lumped together, to itemize what had been recorded whole. While old accounting registers were predominantly horizontal (written) in orientation, the new exhibited a more vertical (numerical) alignment. Thus while the pages of a tax collector's manual from early in the century contained entries strung across the page like laundry on a line, a comparable manual from circa 1955 had two prominent axes, one of grain types, the other of terrace names, creating a grid for entering the relevant figures. Vertical orientations facilitate whole-page summations and are associated with a new emphasis on the efficient extraction and display of numerical data, which used to be embedded in written text.' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 241§REF§ We have assumed that during the Ottoman period, most Yemenis had little to no access to the Turkish administration." }, { "id": 366, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 367, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 368, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"This care for qualifications extended to the vizier, who was chosen for his financial and legal expertise rather than, as tended to be the case in Morocco, for political astuteness combined with humble origins (lack of a legitimate claim to the throne).\"§REF§(Bourn and Park 2016, 20) Aomar Bourn. Thomas K Park. 2016. Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. Lantham.§REF§" }, { "id": 369, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 370, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Fifth ruler Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis gave a Christian George of Antioch \"authority over the financial affairs of the Zirid state, a position he reportedly held with members of his family until Tamim's death in 1108. The appointment of non-Muslims to sensitive positions in Zirid Ifriqiya did not pass without criticism, however.\"§REF§(? 2012, 503) ? . Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis. Emmanuel K Akyeampong. Henry Louis Gates Jr. eds. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography: Abach - Brand, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 371, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "absent", "comment": "The Norman administrative and military systems were based on feudal obligations and personal loyalty. Offices and positions were typically awarded based on:<br>\r\nNoble birth or lineage.\r\nPersonal connections to the king or other high-ranking nobles.\r\nExample: Barons and sheriffs were often chosen for their loyalty or ties to the king, not for proven administrative or military competence.<br>\r\nLack of Institutionalized Procedures:\r\n\r\nThere were no standardized or institutionalized systems for evaluating performance or promoting individuals based on merit.\r\nPromotions to higher ranks (e.g., from knight to baron or from minor clergy to bishop) were irregular and depended on the favor of the king or other patrons. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 372, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "absent", "comment": "Appointments to administrative and military positions were predominantly based on heredity, noble lineage, and feudal loyalty. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SHDPVIS\">[Reuter 1991]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "present", "comment": "The Tanzimat reforms introduced regularized systems for promotions in the military and civil administration, emphasizing performance and qualifications over hereditary privilege. Graduates of the Mekteb-i Mülkiye (School of Civil Administration, established 1859) advanced within the bureaucracy based on examinations and reviews of their performance. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M26QR6CH\">[Finkel 2007]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 374, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": 1820, "year_to": 1840, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 375, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": 1840, "year_to": 1898, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 376, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Unknown: members of the royal family often occupied important administrative positions §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), pp. 208-210§REF§, but the minister of war and peace had to be very highly qualified §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), pp. 211-212§REF§, and loyalty was also a factor in whether the Emperor would appoint duties §REF§D.P. Dikshit, Political History of the Chalukyas (1980), pp. 220§REF§." }, { "id": 377, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 378, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "probably unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "At times, officials held their office hereditarily. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, p. 137]</a> - does this imply that at other times there was appointment on merit?", "description": null }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 382, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "Inferred from small nature of royal household and that no direct evidence for merit promotion has been found. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VUIEUHVK\">[Singh 2008, p. 73]</a> Also, we have coded full-time bureaucrats 'inferred absent'.", "description": null }, { "id": 387, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 532, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5", "long_name": "Monte Alban V", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Evidence for bureaucracy during this period is mainly limited to the documents written after the Spanish invasion. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Taylor 2013, 300-301§REF§" }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "Schooling was present.", "description": null }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "unknown? \"the fledgling Theban state created a centralized administrative system\"§REF§(Lloyd 2010, 84)§REF§ Inferred present for preceding Old Kingdom." }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "The following quotes refer to the military and the church, not the bureaucracy. Consequently, the code \"present\" has been removed.<br>From 1675 CE the reforms of Louvois enforced the \"principle of seniority in the promotion of officers\" in the army. This made promotion less likely to be on merit. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEZFIU2N\">[Ladurie 1999, p. 196]</a> However, merit promotion existed within the artillery. Artillery officers had to be technically qualified and they had to take examinations. This opened up leadership positions to all social classes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J6K3RQ3T\">[Chartrand 1997]</a> By contrast, in other parts of the army - e.g. Cavalry - positions could be bought and sold and opportunities for lower classes were suppressed.<br>Some social mobility within the church. 25% bishops chosen were not noblemen but they did mostly come from bourgeios families. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D2KEIVTF\">[Briggs 1998, p. 162]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 432, "name": "ma_saadi_sultanate", "long_name": "Saadi Sultanate", "start_year": 1554, "end_year": 1659 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown Evidence for merit promotion was not discussed in the literature, but may have been present. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A64SFVW5\">[Aperghis 2004]</a> Present under Achaemenids <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AUAAAUXX\">[Farazmand 2001, p. 56]</a> - did the Seleucids inherit this practice?", "description": null }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 136, "name": "pk_samma_dyn", "long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty", "start_year": 1335, "end_year": 1521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Merit_promotion", "merit_promotion": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null } ] }