Market List
A viewset for viewing and editing Markets.
GET /api/sc/markets/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 501, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/markets/?format=api&page=10", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/markets/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 563, "name": "us_antebellum", "long_name": "Antebellum US", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Markets were present across the polity." }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 591, "name": "gt_tikal_late_classic", "long_name": "Late Classic Tikal", "start_year": 555, "end_year": 869 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Tikal was in a unique position to take advantage of the overland part of the traders’ journey. The city sat squarely on its ridge in the middle of one of the few passable overland routes between the east-flowing and west-flowing rivers. All goods being carried between the river systems had to pass through the city, and Tikal charged dearly for that privilege. That was the source of the city’s wealth and power.”§REF§(Mann 2002: 9) Mann, Elizabeth. 2002. Tikal: The Centre of the Mayan World. New York: Mikaya Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VM7Q67Q8§REF§ “Hasaw led Tikal to greatness that was unheard of even during the years of Stormy Sky. Giant trade canoes traveled the rivers, and the marketplace was again crowded and busy.”§REF§(Mann 2002: 25) Mann, Elizabeth. 2002. Tikal: The Centre of the Mayan World. New York: Mikaya Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VM7Q67Q8§REF§ “Although they built many ceremonial structures, the two ahaus didn’t neglect the daily business of the city. Yik’in constructed a large, permanent marketplace east of the Great Plaza. He and Yax Ain II widened the raised causeways that led to it, paving them with plaster and building walls on both sides. The magnificent sweeping causeways provided visiting traders with a memorable entrance into Tikal. And, since the only entrance was through narrow, easily guarded gates, the causeways gave Tikal’s rulers control over everything that came into the market.”§REF§(Mann 2002: 34) Mann, Elizabeth. 2002. Tikal: The Centre of the Mayan World. New York: Mikaya Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VM7Q67Q8§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Wares could also be displayed and deals made at fairs and in the great market towns. But after 1660 fairs and markets grew less necessary as the transportation network improved and as craftsmen increasingly sold their goods in established shops with a ready stock. According to one estimate, the number of market towns fell from about 800 in 1690 to just under 600 by 1720. Finally, the more remote parts of the countryside also relied on less substantial traders – peddlers, hawkers, chapmen, and tinkers – to distribute books, metalware, ribbons, and other small manufactured goods. These individuals could not afford accommodation so grand as an inn, often taking shelter in a farmer’s barn or hayloft. §REF§(Bucholz et al 2013: 362-363) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§ “High agricultural prices gave farmers the incentive to produce crops for sale in the dearest markets rather than for the satisfaction of rural subsistence. Rising population put intense strain on the markets themselves, especially urban ones: demand for food often outstripped supply. So most urban markets were forced to promulgate stringent regulations whereby local purchasers were given preference over non-residents and outside speculators.”§REF§(Guy 1988: 37) Guy, John. 1988. Tudor England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IIFAUUNA§REF§" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Theresan cameralism also looked upon the Habsburg holdings as a kind of inner-European colonial empire, self-sufficient enough to free the government from dependence on outside suppliers… Some provinces continued to send goods to traditional markets rather than to sell them at home.”§REF§(Fichtner 2003: 71) Fichtner, Paula Sutter. 2003. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490-1848: Attributes of Empire. Macmillan International Higher Education. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QQ77TV4K§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Markets and bazaars were present all across the region.§REF§Barthold 1968: 153. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2CHVZMEB§REF§ Muhtasib’s were bazaar supervisors who ensured the quality and cleanliness of goods, as well as suppressing crime and forgery.§REF§Buniyatov 2015: 84. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SAEVEJFH§REF§" }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There were markets in the region, and some were particularly significant such as the one established at Snaketown." }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 578, "name": "mo_alawi_dyn_1", "long_name": "Alaouite Dynasty I", "start_year": 1631, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Moors and Jews collected supplies of European merchandise from the Christian stores on the coast and distributed them among their branches at Fez, Meknès, Marrakesh, Taroudant and High. Meknès was still the principal market for grain, leather and wax. Any surplus, over that which the five towns consumed, was sent to the Tafilalet, ‘where in exchange for it the Arabs give tibir or gold dust, indigo, ostrich feathers, dates, or sometimes a few elephants’ teeth otherwise known as morfil or raw ivory’. Caravan traffic with the Sudan continued to be active.”§REF§(Julien 1970: 255) Julien, Charles-Andre. 1970. History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, From the Arab Conquest to 1830, ed. R Le Tourneau and C.C. Stewart, trans. John Petrie. New York; Washington: Praeger Publishers. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZJVWWN24§REF§" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "During the Ottonian period towns expanded to include a permanent market square, and along the Rhine and Danube rivers 130 new market towns were built during this period. §REF§Wilson 2016: 505-506. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N5M9R9XA§REF§ Many villages also had a small market.§REF§Power 2006: 62. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4V4WE3ZK§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 351, "name": "am_artaxiad_dyn", "long_name": "Armenian Kingdom", "start_year": -188, "end_year": 6 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Armenia was a major trade route between east and west and would have been full of marketplaces.§REF§Panossian 2206: 37. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GZLDRKAY§REF§: ♠ food storage sites ♣ ♥ ‘‘‘" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There were markets all across the polity, as they were already established in settlements of their conquered territory, and the Golden Horde then controlled the trade route through Eurasia." }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There were markets all across the region the largest being in towns and cities which even had several different markets.§REF§Bosworth 2007: 422. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HGHDXVAC §REF§" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Markets were present all across England (later the UK) and expanded rapidly across the Empire. Local as well as colonial markets were providing goods from across the world. §REF§(Canny 1998: 145, 209) Canny, Nicholas. ed. 1998. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I The Origins of Empire, vol. 1, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RTDR3NCN§REF§" }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 785, "name": "ye_qasimid_dyn_222222", "long_name": "Qasimid Dynasty XXXXXXX", "start_year": 1637, "end_year": 1805 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Markets were present all across the polity and in particular in the ports and cities of Yemen which catered for overseas trade.§REF§Bosworth 1997: 2. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JAITFHFE§REF§" }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Towns and cities had markets and trading emporiums. “Jeremy Haslam has suggested that not only was Offa responsible for a defensive network of burhs at important bridgeheads in eastern England, but that he may also have established a series of ‘urban’ markets to stimulate the Mercian economy.”§REF§(Yorke 1990: 117) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§" }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Towns and cities had markets and trading emporiums. “Jeremy Haslam has suggested that not only was Offa responsible for a defensive network of burhs at important bridgeheads in eastern England, but that he may also have established a series of ‘urban’ markets to stimulate the Mercian economy.”§REF§(Yorke 1990: 117) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§" }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Passage, established in the 1840s, is one of the oldest and most famous department stores in Russia, located on Nevsky Prospect, Saint Petersburg's main avenue.\r\n\r\nAfter the 1917 Revolution, like many private businesses, the Passage was nationalized by the Soviet government. It continued to operate as a state-owned department store throughout the Soviet period, making it a consistent and prominent example of a market under state ownership.§REF§Zelenskiĭ, V. A. Passazh Sankt Peterburg, 1848-1998 = Passage St. Peterburg 1848-1998. Artdeko, 1998.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9IRLS5PW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9IRLS5PW</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Gostiny Dvor, one of the world's oldest shopping arcades, is a historic market complex in the heart of Saint Petersburg. Its construction started in the 18th century and continued into the 19th century.\r\nThe first plan for a Gostiny Dvor (effectively, a large scale trading market) on Nevsky Prospect was developed in the late 1750s by the architect A. Rinaldi (never carried out). In 1757, the project for a two-storied Gostiny Dvor, was developed by the architect F. Rastrelli, this was approved and the construction started.§REF§“Saint Petersburg Encyclopaedia.” Accessed December 13, 2023. http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804002210?lc=en.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WJQBXTT\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8WJQBXTT</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Gostiny Dvor, one of the world's oldest shopping arcades, is a historic market complex in the heart of Saint Petersburg. Its construction started in the 18th century and continued into the 19th century.\r\nThe first plan for a Gostiny Dvor (effectively, a large scale trading market) on Nevsky Prospect was developed in the late 1750s by the architect A. Rinaldi (never carried out). In 1757, the project for a two-storied Gostiny Dvor, was developed by the architect F. Rastrelli, this was approved and the construction started.§REF§“Saint Petersburg Encyclopaedia.” Accessed December 13, 2023. http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804002210?lc=en.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WJQBXTT\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8WJQBXTT</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nIn Moscow, the Red Square was a massive expanse of assorted market stalls and self-made wooden huts, which were replaced by a building complex at the end of the 18th century.§REF§“Market on Red Square,” accessed January 3, 2024, https://bridgetomoscow.com/time-gap-market-on-red-square.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U52MXJ75\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: U52MXJ75</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 636, "name": "et_jimma_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma", "start_year": 1790, "end_year": 1932 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Although the name ‘Jimma’ in this book is used for the whole kingdom, there is now a modern town called Jimma. It is located on the site of Jimma Abba Jifar’s greatest market, Hirmata, and is about two hundred miles-by road west-southwest of Addis Ababa.” §REF§ (Lewis 2001, xvi) Lewis, Herbert S. 2001. Jimma Abba Jifar, an Oromo Monarchy: Ethiopia, 1830-1932. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: The Red Sea Press.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRZVWSCD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: NRZVWSCD</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 288, "name": "mn_khitan_1", "long_name": "Khitan I", "start_year": 907, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "For example: “In the Amnokgang River (鴨綠江) area, the Khi- tans established a local government base to serve as the gateway to Liao, as well as a market for the exchange of local specialty products, where private trade did take place.”§REF§(Namwon 2011, 91) Namwon, J. 2011. Ceramics Exchange between Northern China and Early Goryeo. JOURNAL OF KOREAN ART & ARCHAEOLOGY 5: 90-104. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/33R6NHBQ/library§REF§" }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The following quote mentions the \"central suq\" and its position in relation to a mosque dating to the tenth century.\r\n\r\n\"In general, it can be stated that Zabid has a relatively shallow accumulation of occupational debris on the west side near the Grand Mosque, by comparison with that recorded in the northeastern quadrant at the same latitude. One may surmise, therefore, that this monumental structure was originally built in a relatively open area, not in one that called for the demolition of buildings to make room for the new mosque. This may help explain why the mosque is further away from the central suq than is the case with the older al-Asha'ir mosque\"§REF§(Keall 1989: 67) Keall, E. 1989. A Few Facts About Zabid. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies , 1989, Vol. 19, Proceedings of the Twenty Second SEMINAR FOR ARABIAN STUDIES held at Oxford on 26th - 28th July 1988 (1989), pp. 61-69. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NHAHN75U/library§REF§" }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Al-Biruni, writing in the early eleventh century (on the basis of Ghaznavid traders' eyewitness reports), detailed a complex of trade routes linking the major cities of the Gurjara realm both intemally and with the couniries on all frontiers. He left no doubt that these were measured by the caravaneers who frequented them. Arab travellers of the ninth and tenth centuries described a number of trade goods originating in various parts of the subcontinent, which moved to the market by a variety of pack animals. Indeed, one of the most consistently demanded trade item must have been the horse itself: Sulaiman (AD 851) states of the Gurjara king that 'no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry . . 'his camels and horses are numerous.' Ghoshal comments that the Indian authorities of both this period and the later eleventh-twelfth centuries agree in assigning 'the first rank in their classified list of horses to the foreign breeds, and the lowest to the indigenous breeds.' The former indicates well-established trade links.\"§REF§(Deyell 2001, 398) Deyell, J. 2001. The Gurjara-Pratiharas. In R. Chakravarti (ed) Trade in Early India. OUP. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF59EW5P/library§REF§" }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "unknown", "description": "Referring to the Hoysala period: \"The increased prosperity of the merchants and the prestige they acquired in society encouraged them to enlarge the networks of trade by opening the markets, weekly fairs and other facilities. Epigraphs refer to the establishment of such networks by the merchants with the consent of the state and with the co-operation of the local people.\" §REF§(Nayaka 2003, 240) Nayaka, H. 2003. MERCHANTS AS AGENTS OF THE STATE UNDER THE HOYSALAS. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 64: 238-246. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D8JNVI55/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 548, "name": "it_italy_k", "long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity", "start_year": 476, "end_year": 489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“There is evidence for the persistence of the forum as a central or market space in many cities, but in others the forum may have gone out of use even before the Ostrogothic period.” §REF§(Deliyannis 2016: 241) Deliyannis, D. M. 2016. Urban Life and Culture. In Arnold, Bjornlie and Sessa (eds) A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy pp. 234-262. Brill. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JG677MNK/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“Jinling: The city of Jinling was repaired and maintained in Southern Tang. Due to the growing urban population and the prosperity of economy, the scope of the city was expanded and many new markets were set up. […] In addition to the above cities, there was new development in Chengdu during Shu. For example, some professional markets came into being in Chengdu, such as silk market, drug market and Qibao market, which was a new feature in the development of the city.”§REF§(Fu and Cao 2019: 188) Fu, C. and W. Cao. 2019. Cities During the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms Period, and the Turning Point of Chinese Urban History. In Fu and Cao (eds) Introduction to the Urban History of China pp. 185 - 196. Palgrave Macmillan. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TJXI5EU4/library§REF§" }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "Some land grants included privileges to have a small market. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "There were many markets across the region in every town and city. There were also night markets such as the one at Chowk Mosque in Murshidabad was a round, covered market where merchants would set up in the evening. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G88NTW2D\">[Ray_Sreemani 2020]</a> The principle market for the sale of cotton, sugar and grains was at Jiagnaj, six miles from the capital. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G88NTW2D\">[Ray_Sreemani 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "In the capital city of Murshidabad markets surrounded the Katra Mosque. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G88NTW2D\">[Ray_Sreemani 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Merchants \"despised, and many were banished to the far south.\"§REF§(Stearns 2001, 49)§REF§ But were markets in cities, though tightly regulated.§REF§(Lewis 2007)§REF§ \"Bamboo slips excavated in a tomb in Linyi, Shangdong province, in 1972 contain sections of a document known as Shi fa (Rules about markets). According to Shi fa, markets were administered by officials, specific products were sold in prescribed locations, and misconduct in the marketplace was punished.\"§REF§(Steinhardt 2013, 113) Steinhardt, N in Clark, Peter ed. 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "\"The marketplace became a key site in Warring States and early imperial cities, a site marked both by a tower and a grid. It provided the interface between politics and commerce. Walled, laid out in a grid, it was a scene of state authority. This included not only regulation of prices and the quality of goods, but also the proclamation of decrees, the carrying out of punishments, and the display of corpses. Despite these attempts at control, the market was also a site for activities outside the state sphere. ...\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GMRN2VPE\">[Lewis 2006, pp. 186-187]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "At Pella the agora was used as a market place. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CJEMEKZ8\">[Girtzi-Bafas_Özkan_Aygün 2009, pp. 136-144]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "\"Let us listen to the well-informed report to the Venetian government by two Venetian ambassadors to the new Portuguese king, Philip II of Spain, during his sojourn in Lisbon between 1581 and 1583: 'The trade in the market of Lisbon is a very considerable one because of the connection Lisbon has with all the other European markets and with the New World ones. Th e volume of the commercial exchanges is enormous, and the traders are very wealthy; they make huge amounts of money, lost by the Venetians, merely with the spices and drugs that are brought to Lisbon since the trade of Syria and Alexandria through the Red Sea expired around 1504 (. . .)'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4KG35WE3\">[Barreiros 2008]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“Contemporary evidence tells us of a thriving commercial life in Muscovy during this period” §REF§Perrie 2006: 226§REF§" }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "Inferred from the centrality of trade along the Swahili Coast at the time: \"[T]hroughout the early centuries of the second millennium Zanzibar remained the gateway of the eastern African coast for an array of overlapping trade networks.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VRKMQD48\">[Fitton_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Market place.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 429) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"even in the earliest Kievan times there existed some kind of market tax\".§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 458) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\" It is very likely that the origin of Kitara's markets can be dated to the Abachwezi epoch. [...] By the beginning of the sixteenth century, Abachwezi overrule had completely collapsed in mysterious circumstances. The inheritors of their empire, the Ababiito, another pastoral people but likely of Luo origin, seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes in society. [...] There is no doubt that numerous markets existed during dynasty. References to these markets are to be found in the journals some of the nineteenth-century European travellers.\"§REF§(Uzoigwe 1972: 427)§REF§ \"All markets, of which there were many throughout the kingdom, belongedto the king, who appointed abahoza, a term translated as “political agents/tax collectors,” to oversee them and ensure that revenue flowed to the king; even some wives of the king were abahoza (Uzoigwe 1972: 450).\"§REF§(Robertshaw 2016: 210-211) Seshat URL: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WMEMW3T7\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WMEMW3T7</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "\"By about thirteenth century or fourteenth century [The Abatembuzi dynasty] was displaced by Abachwezi rule. [...] [B]y the fifteenth century the Kitara empire was at the height of its power and of its territorial expansion. [...] It is very likely that the origin of Kitara's markets can be dated to Abachwezi epoch. There are various reasons for holding this view. First, there is evidence to suggest that communities had become technologically more advanced than hitherto and increased population, as a consequence of increased food production, may have led to the rise of the market exchange. Second, improved technology may also have led to rise the salt industries at Katwe and Kibiro, and iron industries of Kooki of the areas around Masindi. Important markets are known to have existed in these centers. Third, according to tradition, markets were to be found at the Abakama's palaces as well as at the saza (county) headquarters of the great chiefs. While this tradition does not specifically mention the Abachwezi period, it is not unlikely that the practice was initiated by them. Fourth, as a result of imperial expansion, Kitara society had become heterogeneous and more complicated. Therefore, even if it can be characterized as 'subsistence' in its economic organization, the inhibiting factors against specialization were no longer general, so that certain areas could have been driven by the need for economic exchange to establish market institutions. It must be emphasized again that tradition makes no mention of markets which can emphatically be traced to this period. But it would be wrong nevertheless to draw the conclusion that markets were simply because tradition has not recorded their existence.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, pp. 425-427]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "“The well-developed state of the area in the 13th century is attested by the market…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "unknown", "comment": "no data", "description": null }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "The seaport Adulis was \"the most famous ivory market in northeast Africa.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2BBHSE7J\">[Falola 2002, p. 60]</a> Market and trading places other than Adulis included Aratou, Tokonda, Etch-Mare, Degonm, Haghero-Deragoueh, Henzat. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 369]</a> However, archaeologists are not certain whether the trade happened inside or outside the towns. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 369]</a> \"Adulis was the meeting-point for maritime trade, as it was ... for inland trade.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 377]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 447, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "The seaport Adulis was \"the most famous ivory market in northeast Africa.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2BBHSE7J\">[Falola 2002, p. 60]</a> \"Adulis was the meeting-point for maritime trade, as it was ... for inland trade.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 377]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Religion and trade here came together in a way common to many parts of Southeast Asia. The river was an avenue for communication and commerce. The monastery, as a central place for worship and learning, teemed with visitors on religious holidays. The association of the market with the temple was a natural one, the former a source of food and offerings for the visiting laity, as well as souvenirs of the pilgrimage, the latter a convenient and safe place for merchants to set up their stalls.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 124) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ Perhaps not a specialist building? \"The market was located in the far south of Pagan's domains, on one of the main rivers connecting Burma with the Bay of Bengal. The reference to the market as a psa [psa krom] gives some indication of the impact of Arab trade in the region. An indigenous Mon word was not used to describe the market; we find instead a term dervied from the Persian word bazar. ... as in the case of the Thai in the late thirteenth century, it could simply mean that the idea of a permanent covered marketplace (the original meaning of bazar) was new and required a term not available in the native language to describe the nature and extent of the activities taking place there.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 124) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ This passages indicates it was a permanent, specialist building." }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Using a new strategy, the caliph first took Majorca, in 1203, thus depriving the Banu Ghaniya of their refuge in the Balearics which they had used as a military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads.\"§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§" }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "Most \"big towns\" had \"[m]arkets full of commodities from various parts of the country.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, p. 332]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 451, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": "\"During the Western Zhou Dynasty, handicrafts and commerce came under government monopoly, and a system was instituted whereby craftsmen and merchants ceased to be household retainers and became government subjects.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DK33GUN6\">[中国历史博物馆 1997, p. 190]</a> \"It was not until the Western Zhou period (1027–771 bc) that professional merchants emerged, mainly to serve feudal aristocrats by supplying them with the desired commodities. Only in the Spring and Autumn (770-403 BC) and the Warring States period (403-211 BC), when agricultural technology was much improved, did households retain sufficient surpluses that professional merchants found it profitable to serve the ordinary people (Sa 1966:29)\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TIKDEBMH\">[Lin 2014, pp. 9-10]</a> \"During the Zhou dynasty (1134-256 BC) onward, merchants' guilds based on family relationships came into being in China (Chuan 1978).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TIKDEBMH\">[Lin 2014, p. 10]</a> However, before the Sui and Tang, \"merchants could open stores only in restricted locations, and merchant guilds were localized.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TIKDEBMH\">[Lin 2014, pp. 9-10]</a>", "description": null } ] }