Market List
A viewset for viewing and editing Markets.
GET /api/sc/markets/?format=api&page=5
{ "count": 501, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/markets/?format=api&page=6", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/markets/?format=api&page=4", "results": [ { "id": 201, "polity": { "id": 104, "name": "lb_phoenician_emp", "long_name": "Phoenician Empire", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -332 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " While archaeological evidence of markets is hard to find,§REF§McMaster (2014:87)§REF§ it is all but certain that they existed in commercial Phoenicia." }, { "id": 202, "polity": { "id": 432, "name": "ma_saadi_sultanate", "long_name": "Saadi Sultanate", "start_year": 1554, "end_year": 1659 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " For example, at Fez and Marrakesh§REF§M. García-Arenal, Ahmad Al-Mansur: The beginnings of modern Morocco (2009), p. 43§REF§." }, { "id": 203, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 204, "polity": { "id": 428, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_2", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno II", "start_year": 50, "end_year": 399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 205, "polity": { "id": 430, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_3", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno III", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"There may have been an open market place in a central location. The whole residential sector was enclosed by a wall built of solid rows of cylindrical mud brick, 3.6 meters wide at the base.\" c800 CE.§REF§(Reader 1998, 229-230)§REF§" }, { "id": 206, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"There may have been an open market place in a central location. The whole residential sector was enclosed by a wall built of solid rows of cylindrical mud brick, 3.6 meters wide at the base.\" c800 CE.§REF§(Reader 1998, 229-230)§REF§" }, { "id": 207, "polity": { "id": 229, "name": "ml_mali_emp", "long_name": "Mali Empire", "start_year": 1230, "end_year": 1410 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " polity owned?" }, { "id": 208, "polity": { "id": 433, "name": "ml_segou_k", "long_name": "Segou Kingdom", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1712 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Not polity owned.</i> \"preexisting commercial towns (marka) ... were incorporated into the kingdom and ... enjoyed some autonomy from direct state intervention.\"§REF§(Monroe and Ogundiran 2012, 25) J Cameron Monroe. Akinwumi Ogundiran. Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa. J Cameron Monroe. Akinwumi Ogundiran. eds. 2012. Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological Perspectives.Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 209, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Weekly local or village markets were the center of a remarkable system of exchange and distribution for great quantities of food and other types of products. \"Les marchés locaux ou marchés de village se tenant une fois par semaine étaint des centres d'un remarquable système d'échange et de distribution de grandes quantités de denrées alimentaires, et de produits de toutes sortes.\" §REF§(Niane 1975, 200)§REF§ There were also interregional markets. §REF§(Niane 1975, 202)§REF§ Description of the merchant class and their exchange activities in the cities (mainlt Djenné and Timbuktu), on rivers and in caravans §REF§(Niane 1975, 174-180)§REF§ polity owed? An official called the Yobu-koi \"was in charge of the market.\"§REF§(Diop 1987, 112) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.§REF§" }, { "id": 210, "polity": { "id": 283, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_1", "long_name": "Eastern Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 583, "end_year": 630 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 211, "polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In Karakorum: \"Markets were in the Muslim sector and outside the four gates.\" §REF§(Atwood 2004, 446)§REF§" }, { "id": 212, "polity": { "id": 442, "name": "mn_mongol_early", "long_name": "Early Mongols", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1206 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 213, "polity": { "id": 443, "name": "mn_mongol_late", "long_name": "Late Mongols", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1690 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " continuity with Mongol Empire and the Yuan?" }, { "id": 214, "polity": { "id": 278, "name": "mn_rouran_khaganate", "long_name": "Rouran Khaganate", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 555 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 215, "polity": { "id": 440, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2", "long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 682, "end_year": 744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Mutual benefit was derived from the strength of the ties which were established. The qaghans, thanks to the Sogdians' experience in trading and their connections, were able to start up the sale of war booty and tribute, particularly of silk. For the Sogdians Turkic power was no great burden. The strength of the Turks guaranteed their safe passage along trade routes, and the political influence of the Turks assisted them in opening up new markets.\" §REF§(Khazanov 1984, 256-257)§REF§ -- opening up new markets i.e. sources of goods - which could be China - rather than market places" }, { "id": 216, "polity": { "id": 286, "name": "mn_uygur_khaganate", "long_name": "Uigur Khaganate", "start_year": 745, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"It is certain, however, that Karabalghasun developed into quite an impressive city. It contained a royal palace, which appears from the Shine-usu inscription (south side, line 10) to have been built at about the same time as the city itself, and was completely walled. Tamim records that \"the town has twelve iron gates of huge size. The town is populous and thickly crowded and has markets and various trades.\".\" §REF§(Mackerras 1990, 337-338)§REF§" }, { "id": 217, "polity": { "id": 438, "name": "mn_xianbei", "long_name": "Xianbei Confederation", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 218, "polity": { "id": 437, "name": "mn_hunnu_early", "long_name": "Early Xiongnu", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not enough data, though it seems to reasonable infer absence." }, { "id": 219, "polity": { "id": 274, "name": "mn_hunnu_late", "long_name": "Late Xiongnu", "start_year": -60, "end_year": 100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Border markets are coded under Trade emporia as present. \"The statesman and scholar Chia I, who died in 169 B.C., has left us with a brief account concerning the border markets: It is the border markets [kuan-shih] which the Hsiung-nu need most badly, and they have sought desperately to obtain them from us, even resorting to force. I urge your majesty to send envoys with lavish gifts to make peace with [the Hsiung-nu], using this opportunity to inform them of our decision, made not without reluctance, to grant their request of establishing large-sized border markets. Upon the return of our envoys, we should immediately open up many [markets] in locations of strategic importance. In each of these market places sufficient military forces must be stationed for [our] self- protection. Every large border market should include shops which specialize in selling raw meat, wine, cooked rice, and delicious barbecues. All the shops must be of a size capable of serving one or two hundred people. In this way our markets beneath the Great Wall will surely swarm with the Hsiung-nu. Moreover, if their kings and generals [try to] force the Hsiung-nu to return to the north, it is inevitable that they would turn to attack their kings. When the Hsiung-nu have developed a craving for our rice, stew, barbecues, and wine, this will have become their fatal weakness.\"§REF§(Yu 1990, 124)§REF§" }, { "id": 220, "polity": { "id": 272, "name": "mn_hunnu_emp", "long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation", "start_year": -209, "end_year": -60 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Border markets are coded under Trade emporia as present. \"The statesman and scholar Chia I, who died in 169 B.C., has left us with a brief account concerning the border markets: It is the border markets [kuan-shih] which the Hsiung-nu need most badly, and they have sought desperately to obtain them from us, even resorting to force. I urge your majesty to send envoys with lavish gifts to make peace with [the Hsiung-nu], using this opportunity to inform them of our decision, made not without reluctance, to grant their request of establishing large-sized border markets. Upon the return of our envoys, we should immediately open up many [markets] in locations of strategic importance. In each of these market places sufficient military forces must be stationed for [our] self- protection. Every large border market should include shops which specialize in selling raw meat, wine, cooked rice, and delicious barbecues. All the shops must be of a size capable of serving one or two hundred people. In this way our markets beneath the Great Wall will surely swarm with the Hsiung-nu. Moreover, if their kings and generals [try to] force the Hsiung-nu to return to the north, it is inevitable that they would turn to attack their kings. When the Hsiung-nu have developed a craving for our rice, stew, barbecues, and wine, this will have become their fatal weakness.\"§REF§(Yu 1990, 124)§REF§" }, { "id": 221, "polity": { "id": 444, "name": "mn_zungharian_emp", "long_name": "Zungharian Empire", "start_year": 1670, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Border markets. \"The border trade not only altered Zunghar internal relations but also began to change relations with the frontier merchants. Border officials, realizing that merchants knew prices better than the government, decided to co- operate with them. They created a system of “merchant management under overall official supervision” (shangban er guan wei zongshe zhaokan).17 Nineteenth-century advocates of self-strengthening programs would later call this arrangement “official supervision and merchant management” (guandu shangban). The quantities of goods which the Zunghars brought to the border exceeded what local markets could bear. Dried grapes and rare medicinal products like sal ammoniac and antelope horn, obtained from mines in Turkestan and pastures in Mongolia, piled up in warehouses when no one could arrange distribution. Cattle and sheep served local interests better because they could be used to support military garrisons, but even these herds exceeded local demand. Furthermore, Zunghars constantly insisted on being paid in silver, thus threatening to cause a substan- tial bullion outflow.\" §REF§(Perdue 2005, 263)§REF§" }, { "id": 222, "polity": { "id": 224, "name": "mr_wagadu_3", "long_name": "Later Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 1078, "end_year": 1203 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 223, "polity": { "id": 216, "name": "mr_wagadu_2", "long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1077 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 224, "polity": { "id": 525, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early", "long_name": "Early Monte Alban I", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There is no direct evidence for a market system during this period (and no evidence for a market at the capital Monte Alban)§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p162§REF§, but other, indirect, evidence suggests a form of production and trade in the valley at this time. This evidence includes the specialisation of ceramic production by different communities (such as those seen in different assemblages at Monte Albán)§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). \"The Cloud People.\" New York, p84§REF§, and the absence of evidence for state storage facilities, “a prominent byproduct of the redistributive economies, suggests the presence of a different mode of exchange.”.§REF§Blanton, R. E., et al. (1982). The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Regents of the University of Michigan, the Museum of Anthropology, p55§REF§ We asked Gary Feinman§REF§Gary Feinman, personal communication to Peter Turchin and Jenny Reddish, March 2020.§REF§ and he said: \"Markets clearly have a long history in Mesoamerica before Aztec times. Back in the 1980s, I wrote a paper with Blanton and Kowalewski arguing that there were markets in Monte Albán I (ca. 500-200 BC). You can also find that argument in Ancient Mesoamerica and Ancient Oaxaca. While this may not yet be a consensual view yet, the literature on pre-Aztec markets across Mesoamerica is burgeoning.\"" }, { "id": 225, "polity": { "id": 526, "name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late", "long_name": "Monte Alban Late I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There is no direct evidence for marketplaces.§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p162§REF§ However, increasing population numbers and product specialisation during this period, as well as the the access that different settlements had to a range of products suggest a trading system of a sort was present. Those sites furthest from Monte Albán and secondary sites had the smallest range of products.§REF§Blanton, R. E., et al. (1982). The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Regents of the University of Michigan, the Museum of Anthropology, p67-8§REF§ We asked Gary Feinman§REF§Gary Feinman, personal communication to Peter Turchin and Jenny Reddish, March 2020.§REF§ and he said: \"Markets clearly have a long history in Mesoamerica before Aztec times. Back in the 1980s, I wrote a paper with Blanton and Kowalewski arguing that there were markets in Monte Albán I (ca. 500-200 BC). You can also find that argument in Ancient Mesoamerica and Ancient Oaxaca. While this may not yet be a consensual view yet, the literature on pre-Aztec markets across Mesoamerica is burgeoning.\"" }, { "id": 226, "polity": { "id": 527, "name": "mx_monte_alban_2", "long_name": "Monte Alban II", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There is no direct evidence for marketplaces.§REF§Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. p162§REF§ However, increasing population numbers and product specialisation during this period, as well as the the access that different settlements had to a range of products suggest a trading system of a sort was present. Those sites furthest from Monte Albán and secondary sites had the smallest range of products.§REF§Blanton, R. E., et al. (1982). The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, Regents of the University of Michigan, the Museum of Anthropology, p67-8§REF§ We asked Gary Feinman§REF§Gary Feinman, personal communication to Peter Turchin and Jenny Reddish, March 2020.§REF§ and he said: \"Markets clearly have a long history in Mesoamerica before Aztec times. Back in the 1980s, I wrote a paper with Blanton and Kowalewski arguing that there were markets in Monte Albán I (ca. 500-200 BC). You can also find that argument in Ancient Mesoamerica and Ancient Oaxaca. While this may not yet be a consensual view yet, the literature on pre-Aztec markets across Mesoamerica is burgeoning.\"" }, { "id": 227, "polity": { "id": 528, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban III", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Markets clearly have a long history in Mesoamerica before Aztec times. Back in the 1980s, I wrote a paper with Blanton and Kowalewski arguing that there were markets in Monte Albán I (ca. 500-200 BC). You can also find that argument in Ancient Mesoamerica and Ancient Oaxaca. While this may not yet be a consensual view yet, the literature on pre-Aztec markets across Mesoamerica is burgeoning.\"§REF§Gary Feinman, personal communication to Peter Turchin and Jenny Reddish, March 2020.§REF§ Feinman and Nicholas adopt a \"multiscalar perspective\" in their book chapter to argue that marketplaces were a central part of the economy during the Classic period in the Valley Oaxaca.§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2010) Gary M. Feinman and Linda M. Nicholas. 2010. \"A Multiscalar Perspective on Market Exchange in the Classic-Period Valley of Oaxaca.\" In <i>Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies</i>, edited by Christopher P. Garraty and Barbara L. Stark, 85-98. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.§REF§" }, { "id": 228, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Markets clearly have a long history in Mesoamerica before Aztec times. Back in the 1980s, I wrote a paper with Blanton and Kowalewski arguing that there were markets in Monte Albán I (ca. 500-200 BC). You can also find that argument in Ancient Mesoamerica and Ancient Oaxaca. While this may not yet be a consensual view yet, the literature on pre-Aztec markets across Mesoamerica is burgeoning.\"§REF§Gary Feinman, personal communication to Peter Turchin and Jenny Reddish, March 2020.§REF§ Feinman and Nicholas adopt a \"multiscalar perspective\" in their book chapter to argue that marketplaces were a central part of the economy during the Classic period in the Valley Oaxaca.§REF§(Feinman and Nicholas 2010) Gary M. Feinman and Linda M. Nicholas. 2010. \"A Multiscalar Perspective on Market Exchange in the Classic-Period Valley of Oaxaca.\" In <i>Archaeological Approaches to Market Exchange in Ancient Societies</i>, edited by Christopher P. Garraty and Barbara L. Stark, 85-98. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.§REF§" }, { "id": 229, "polity": { "id": 6, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_1", "long_name": "Archaic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -2001 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The following suggests that perhaps \"community-focus structures\" developed later. A Middle Archaic example of open-air site is Gheo-Shih [Oaxaca Valley], which is a field marked by boulders and kept clean. This is considered to be one of Mesoamerica's earliest example of a community-focus structure, such as the plaza, temple-pyramid, and palace, all of which developed in the Formative and later periods.§REF§(Evans 2004: 92) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/EWW3Q2TA\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/EWW3Q2TA</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 230, "polity": { "id": 16, "name": "mx_aztec_emp", "long_name": "Aztec Empire", "start_year": 1427, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Almost every Aztec settlement[...] had a marketplace\".§REF§(Smith 1996: 114) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6XJ65SKB\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6XJ65SKB</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 231, "polity": { "id": 12, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_7", "long_name": "Classic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Marketplace institutions also would have existed at Teotihuacan, beginning at least in the second century AD\".§REF§(Sugiyama 2005: 4) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 232, "polity": { "id": 13, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_8", "long_name": "Epiclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Marketplace institutions also would have existed at Teotihuacan, beginning at least in the second century AD\".§REF§(Sugiyama 2005: 4) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/P56I2R2H</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 233, "polity": { "id": 8, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_3", "long_name": "Early Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The first possible evidence for markets does not occur until the Late/Terminal Formative§REF§Castanzo, Ronald A. and Kenneth G. Hirth. (2008) \"El asentamiento del periodo Formativo en la cuenca central de Puebla-Tlaxcala, Mexico. In Ann Cyphers and Kenneth G. Hirth (eds.) <i>Ideologia politica y sociedad en el periodo Formativo:Ensayos en homenaje al doctor David C. Grove</i>. IIA/UNAM, Mexico City, pp.203-231.§REF§ or Classic Period.§REF§Carballo, David M. (2013) \"The Social Organization of Craft Production and Interregional Exchange at Teotihuacan.\" In Kenneth H. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury (eds.) <i>Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pg. 113-140.§REF§§REF§Kenneth H. Hirth. (2013) \"The Merchant's World: Commercial Diversity and the Economics of Interregional Exchange in Highland Mesoamerica.\" In Kenneth H. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury (eds.) <i>Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pg. 85-112.§REF§§REF§Kenneth H. Hirth. (2013) \"Economic Consumption and Domestic Economy in Cholula's Rural Hinterland, Mexico.\" <i>Latin American Antiquity</i> 24(2): 123-148.§REF§" }, { "id": 234, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The presence or absence of markets and market exchange is debated for the Late/Terminal Formative due to the ambiguity of the archaeological evidence.§REF§Castanzo, Ronald A. and Kenneth G. Hirth. (2008) \"El asentamiento del periodo Formativo en la cuenca central de Puebla-Tlaxcala, Mexico. In Ann Cyphers and Kenneth G. Hirth (eds.) <i>Ideologia politica y sociedad en el periodo Formativo:Ensayos en homenaje al doctor David C. Grove</i>. IIA/UNAM, Mexico City, pp.203-231.§REF§ or Classic Period.§REF§Carballo, David M. (2013) \"The Social Organization of Craft Production and Interregional Exchange at Teotihuacan.\" In Kenneth H. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury (eds.) <i>Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pg. 113-140.§REF§§REF§Kenneth H. Hirth. (2013) \"The Merchant's World: Commercial Diversity and the Economics of Interregional Exchange in Highland Mesoamerica.\" In Kenneth H. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury (eds.) <i>Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pg. 85-112.§REF§§REF§Kenneth H. Hirth. (2013) \"Economic Consumption and Domestic Economy in Cholula's Rural Hinterland, Mexico.\" <i>Latin American Antiquity</i> 24(2): 123-148.§REF§ The archaeological location of physical \"marketplaces\" at large sites in the Late and Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico is difficult because they constitute open areas that are equifinal with plazas (or other open spaces)." }, { "id": 235, "polity": { "id": 9, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_4", "long_name": "Middle Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -401 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The first possible evidence for markets does not occur until the Late/Terminal Formative§REF§Castanzo, Ronald A. and Kenneth G. Hirth. (2008) \"El asentamiento del periodo Formativo en la cuenca central de Puebla-Tlaxcala, Mexico. In Ann Cyphers and Kenneth G. Hirth (eds.) <i>Ideologia politica y sociedad en el periodo Formativo:Ensayos en homenaje al doctor David C. Grove</i>. IIA/UNAM, Mexico City, pp.203-231.§REF§ or Classic Period.§REF§Carballo, David M. (2013) \"The Social Organization of Craft Production and Interregional Exchange at Teotihuacan.\" In Kenneth H. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury (eds.) <i>Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pg. 113-140.§REF§§REF§Kenneth H. Hirth. (2013) \"The Merchant's World: Commercial Diversity and the Economics of Interregional Exchange in Highland Mesoamerica.\" In Kenneth H. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury (eds.) <i>Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pg. 85-112.§REF§§REF§Kenneth H. Hirth. (2013) \"Economic Consumption and Domestic Economy in Cholula's Rural Hinterland, Mexico.\" <i>Latin American Antiquity</i> 24(2): 123-148.§REF§" }, { "id": 236, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The presence or absence of markets and market exchange is debated for the Late/Terminal Formative due to the ambiguity of the archaeological evidence.§REF§Castanzo, Ronald A. and Kenneth G. Hirth. (2008) \"El asentamiento del periodo Formativo en la cuenca central de Puebla-Tlaxcala, Mexico. In Ann Cyphers and Kenneth G. Hirth (eds.) <i>Ideologia politica y sociedad en el periodo Formativo:Ensayos en homenaje al doctor David C. Grove</i>. IIA/UNAM, Mexico City, pp.203-231.§REF§ or Classic Period.§REF§Carballo, David M. (2013) \"The Social Organization of Craft Production and Interregional Exchange at Teotihuacan.\" In Kenneth H. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury (eds.) <i>Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pg. 113-140.§REF§§REF§Kenneth H. Hirth. (2013) \"The Merchant's World: Commercial Diversity and the Economics of Interregional Exchange in Highland Mesoamerica.\" In Kenneth H. Hirth and Joanne Pillsbury (eds.) <i>Merchants, Markets, and Exchange in the Pre-Columbian World</i>. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, pg. 85-112.§REF§§REF§Kenneth H. Hirth. (2013) \"Economic Consumption and Domestic Economy in Cholula's Rural Hinterland, Mexico.\" <i>Latin American Antiquity</i> 24(2): 123-148.§REF§ The archaeological location of physical \"marketplaces\" at large sites in the Late and Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico is difficult because they constitute open areas that are equifinal with plazas (or other open spaces)." }, { "id": 237, "polity": { "id": 7, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_2", "long_name": "Initial Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1201 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No information found in relevant literature." }, { "id": 238, "polity": { "id": 15, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_10", "long_name": "Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1426 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The essential elements of altepetl organization were concentrated in the structures of the civic-ceremonial core, including marketplaces fundamental to the economy system, palaces serving as administrative loci\".§REF§(Carballo 2016: 44) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7B7A8KA6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7B7A8KA6</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 239, "polity": { "id": 524, "name": "mx_rosario", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Rosario", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There is very little evidence to suggest the presence of any market system before the establishment of Monte Alban.§REF§Kowalewski, S. A. (1990) The evolution of complexity in the Valley of Oaxaca. Annual Review of Anthroplogy. Vol.19: 39-58. p48§REF§" }, { "id": 240, "polity": { "id": 523, "name": "mx_san_jose", "long_name": "Oaxaca - San Jose", "start_year": -1150, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There is very little evidence to suggest the presence of any market system in prehispanic Oaxaca.§REF§Kowalewski, S. A. (1990) The evolution of complexity in the Valley of Oaxaca. Annual Review of Anthroplogy. Vol.19: 39-58. p48§REF§" }, { "id": 241, "polity": { "id": 522, "name": "mx_tierras_largas", "long_name": "Oaxaca - Tierras Largas", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There is very little evidence to suggest the presence of any market system before the establishment of Monte Alban.§REF§Kowalewski, S. A. (1990) The evolution of complexity in the Valley of Oaxaca. Annual Review of Anthroplogy. Vol.19: 39-58. p48§REF§" }, { "id": 242, "polity": { "id": 14, "name": "mx_toltec", "long_name": "Toltecs", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Other kinds of civic buildings [at Tula] one might expect to find with more excavation includes palaces, marketplaces, government storehouses, and calmecacs (priestly schools)\"." }, { "id": 243, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " 'There were no polity owned market buildings.' §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§ Norway attempted to monopolize the Icelandic trade, but the flow of goods was interrupted in times of crisis: 'Though few ships might at times arrive in Icelandic harbors, many Norwegian merchantmen usually visited Iceland every year. The Icelandic annals state that in 1340 eleven ships came to Iceland, in 1345 twevle ships, in 1357 eighteen ships besides two which foundered on the voyage. Seagoing vessels were also built in Iceland. Many Icelanders owned ships with which they undoubtedly carried on trade, as had always been their custom, though most of the commerce was now in the hands of Norwegian merchants. But the import trade, which had always been small, could not supply the growing needs of the people. The Icelandic annals show that at times there must have been great need of imports, since it happened that the mass could not be celebrated for want of wine. During years when no ships came to Iceland, or when only one or two arrived each year, the need of articles for which people were wholly dependent on imports must have been very great. Still more deplorable was the inadequacy of imports during periods of famine and other great calamities, when little aid could be given the stricken population. Under ordinary circumstances commerce was probably sufficient to supply the people with the necessary articles, but the meaning of the provision regarding commerce inserted in the \"Gamil sáttmáli\", and constantly repeated in the union agreement, seems to have been that the Norwegian government should not suffer commerce at any time to fall below the specified minimum amount.' §REF§Gjerset, Knut [1924]. \"History of Iceland\", 228p§REF§ 'Trade and economic conditions continued as before without any distinct manifestation either of progress or decline. The destructive civil wars of the Sturlung period had undoubtedly done much to weaken the people's strength, but and had hampered somewhat their intercourse with foreign lands, but the more peaceful era inaugurated by the union with Norway brought no perceptible change in prevailing conditions. Some scholars have considered the provision in the union agreement that six ships should be sent to Iceland every year as evidence that the commerce with Iceland at this time was declining, but K. Maurer has shown that this conclusion is erroneous. For various reasons few ships would arrive in Iceland during some years, but the same happened also during the most vigorous period of Icelandic national life, as in 1187 and 1219, when the Icelandic annals record that no ship arrived in Iceland. [He proceeds to describe some famines during the Commonwealth Period.] The old spirit of maritime enterprise was dying out among the Icelanders, as among all the Scandinavian peoples. No progress was made in trade or ship-building, and the Hanseatic merchants had already made their appearance as competitors for the control of Scandinavian commerce.' §REF§Gjerset, Knut [1924]. \"History of Iceland\", 209§REF§ Fish became an important resource for the export trade: 'It is not until around 1300 that fish exports are mentioned in reliable sources. Icelandic fish is first noted in English export records in 1307. In 1340 a court ruling was made in Norway that merchants were obliged to pay tithes on fish, fish oil and sulphur imported from Iceland, and not only on woollen cloth, as had been customary. The ruling states that this is because until recently little fish has been exported from Iceland, and a large quantity of woollen cloth, but that now fish and fish oil are exported from there in quantity.' §REF§Karlsson, Gunnar 2000. \"A Brief History of Iceland\", 24§REF§ Karlsson mentions trading centres, usually the result of private initiative: 'It was in the years after 1300 that seasonal fishing stations became esablished on the southwest coast, and the wealthiest sector of society began to congregate in this region. The most powerful chieftains had almost all been based inland. Now the prosperous élite began to settle along the coast between Selvogur in the southwest and Vatnsfjördur in the West Fjords. Hvalfjördur and Hafnarfjördur developed into Iceland's most important trading centres. The royal administration in Iceland was located at Bessastadir [...] This period saw the development of the mixed agrarian/fishing society that typefied the Icelandic economy for centuries. In January and Feburary, people travelled from rural areas to the fishing stations, where they remained until spring, fishing from small boats. This was the most favourable fishing season, as fish stocks were plentiful, the weather was cool enough to permit fish to be dried before spoiling, and relatively few hands were required on the farm. People were thus domiciled in rural areas, on farms.' §REF§Karlsson, Gunnar 2000. \"A Brief History of Iceland\", 24p§REF§" }, { "id": 244, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to Alan Covey: \"No evidence of money. I don’t know how one would document “markets”—in the exchange sense or the spatial sense? There is not enough evidence to evaluate exchange systems in the Cuzco region before Inca times, and the study of Inca exchange is steeped in substantivist/Marxian ideology that downplays exchange.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 245, "polity": { "id": 79, "name": "pe_cuzco_3", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to Alan Covey: \"No evidence of money. I don’t know how one would document “markets”—in the exchange sense or the spatial sense? There is not enough evidence to evaluate exchange systems in the Cuzco region before Inca times, and the study of Inca exchange is steeped in substantivist/Marxian ideology that downplays exchange.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 246, "polity": { "id": 81, "name": "pe_cuzco_5", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to Alan Covey: \"No evidence of money. I don’t know how one would document “markets”—in the exchange sense or the spatial sense? There is not enough evidence to evaluate exchange systems in the Cuzco region before Inca times, and the study of Inca exchange is steeped in substantivist/Marxian ideology that downplays exchange.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 247, "polity": { "id": 82, "name": "pe_cuzco_6", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “We have no accounts of large marketplaces, few descriptions of independent traders except on the margins of the empire […] yet in spite of this, evidence for small marketplaces exists in the pre-Hispanic Central Andes. Local fairs flourished, and there was a brisk trade in many goods, both basic commodities and products of highly specialized labor.” §REF§(Stanish and Coben 2013, 419)§REF§ “The historical data are quite clear that there were few price-making markets, but substantial barter markets, in the Andes.” §REF§(Stanish and Coben 2013, 427)§REF§ “We contend that barter fairs were the means by which most commodities were traded in the Andes prior to and even during the Inca Empire. There was without doubt a state imperial economy that produced and moved large quantities of goods outside of any barter or other kind of market. But at the daily, domestic level, people most likely produced and traded goods, at least locally, if not regionally, outside of the state economy.” §REF§(Stanish and Coben 2013, 431)§REF§ This is likely to be valid for the period preceding imperial expansion." }, { "id": 248, "polity": { "id": 77, "name": "pe_cuzco_1", "long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative", "start_year": -500, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to Alan Covey: \"No evidence of money. I don’t know how one would document “markets”—in the exchange sense or the spatial sense? There is not enough evidence to evaluate exchange systems in the Cuzco region before Inca times, and the study of Inca exchange is steeped in substantivist/Marxian ideology that downplays exchange.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 249, "polity": { "id": 83, "name": "pe_inca_emp", "long_name": "Inca Empire", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1532 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Incas did not have markets but some of the polities they conquered did. \"Although they annexed lands with markets, money, and specialized communities, the Incas did not adopt market features into their state economy. Instead, they created an independent set of state resources and institutions that provided for their needs.\" §REF§(D'Altroy 2014, 394)§REF§ “We have no accounts of large marketplaces, few descriptions of independent traders except on the margins of the empire […] yet in spite of this, evidence for small marketplaces exists in the pre-Hispanic Central Andes. Local fairs flourished, and there was a brisk trade in many goods, both basic commodities and products of highly specialized labor.” §REF§(Stanish and Coben 2013, 419)§REF§ “The historical data are quite clear that there were few price-making markets, but substantial barter markets, in the Andes.” §REF§(Stanish and Coben 2013, 427)§REF§ “We contend that barter fairs were the means by which most commodities were traded in the Andes prior to and even during the Inca Empire. There was without doubt a state imperial economy that produced and moved large quantities of goods outside of any barter or other kind of market. But at the daily, domestic level, people most likely produced and traded goods, at least locally, if not regionally, outside of the state economy.” §REF§(Stanish and Coben 2013, 431)§REF§" }, { "id": 250, "polity": { "id": 80, "name": "pe_wari_emp", "long_name": "Wari Empire", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Market", "market": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " probably absent. No archaeological record for a market/ no reference to markets in the literature. According to Alan Covey: \"No evidence of money. I don’t know how one would document “markets”—in the exchange sense or the spatial sense? There is not enough evidence to evaluate exchange systems in the Cuzco region before Inca times, and the study of Inca exchange is steeped in substantivist/Marxian ideology that downplays exchange.\" §REF§(Alan Covey 2015, personal communication)§REF§" } ] }