Lists Tables And Classification List
A viewset for viewing and editing Lists, Tables, and Classifications.
GET /api/sc/lists-tables-and-classifications/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 483, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/lists-tables-and-classifications/?format=api&page=10", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/lists-tables-and-classifications/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Kalākaua’s and Gibson’s “New Departure” into pan-Oceanianism also involved intensified data and item collecting. Building on St. Julian’s correspondence and reports, including Reeve’s invaluable 1857 gazetteer, Gibson’s department was interested in extending its knowledge of the region. A 1989 index of registered maps lists about a hundred maps of Oceania other than the Hawaiian Islands in the Hawaiian Government Survey’s collection, most of them British and US naval charts, others manuscript maps, some of them possibly made by Hawaiian expeditions to these islands.”§REF§(Gonschor 2019: 94) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ§REF§" }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": 1867, "year_to": 1918, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Dictionaries; encyclopeadia. “In 1883 under the patronage of Crown Prince Rudolf, the government of Austria-Hungary initiated a vast project to make visible the diversity and dimensions of empire. The goal was to collect studies of the empire’s highly diverse geology, flora, fauna, and populations in a set of illustrated volumes to be made available for public subscription: the so- called Kronprinzenwerk.”§REF§(Judson 2016: 8) Judson, Pieter M. 2016. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, USA; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BN5TQZBW§REF§ “The work of Josef Jungmann (1773-1847) had more specific philological value in regard to the Czech language. As prefect of the Academic Gymnasium in Prague he wrote a textbook on style in Czech and translated several works by Milton, Pope, Goethe, and Chateaubriand into Czech. Much of his lifework was focused on the compilation of a Czech-German dictionary in five volumes.”§REF§(Kann 1974: 385) Kann, Robert A. 1974. A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918. Los Angeles: University of California Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RP3JD4UV §REF§" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": " Written records began being kept from the seventh century, including charters, king lists, historical works, and annals. “Kings were the most important benefactors of the religious houses within their kingdoms and naturally figure prominently in the archives of religious communities both through the records of their benefactions and in ‘historical’ records, such as saints’ Lives and annals, produced by individual religious houses. Religious houses might also act as repositories for the archives of their royal families and produce classes of records such as kinglists and genealogies for them.”§REF§(Yorke 1990: 20) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ “It is usually accepted that contemporary annals began to be kept in Wessex at some point in the seventh century, and Stenton suggested that the Chronicle entry for 648 marked the beginning of a contemporary record of events. Entries are reasonably regular from 648 until 757 when they become extremely sparse until the accession of Egbert (802).”§REF§(Yorke 1990: 128) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ “This process of re-valuation has, however, encouraged several authors to imagine that sub-Roman Britain, in its entirety, retained a significant political, economic and military momentum across the fifth century and even the bulk of the sixth. This in large part stems from attempts to develop visions of an Arthurian era of British success against the incoming Anglo-Saxons, as suggested by the Historia Brittonum of 829–30, and the Annales Cambriae of the mid-tenth century.”§REF§(Higham 2004: 3) Higham, Nick. ‘From Sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages’, History Compass 2, no. 1 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00085.x. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XZT7A79K§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Lists, tables, and classifications have not been mentioned in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Soviet Union was known for its meticulous and comprehensive record-keeping, which was a crucial aspect of its centralized planning and administration. This systematic approach to documentation covered various spheres of governance, economy, and society:\r\n\r\nEconomic Planning: Central to Soviet record-keeping was the detailed documentation associated with their Five-Year Plans. \r\n\r\nPopulation Census: The Soviet government conducted regular censuses, gathering detailed information about the population.\r\n\r\nParty Records: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union maintained extensive records of its members.\r\n\r\nMilitary Documentation: The Soviet military kept thorough records on personnel, equipment, and operations. \r\n\r\nScientific and Academic Research: In the field of science and academia, research and studies were often accompanied by detailed records, including data tables and classifications, especially in natural and social sciences.\r\n\r\n\"The October Revolution of 1917 had as monumental an impact in the realm of archival administration as it did in most other aspects of society and culture, for it brought to Russia the most highly centralized archival system and the most highly state-directed principles of management, preservation, and utilization of documentary records that the world had seen.\"§REF§Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, “Archives in the Soviet Union: Their Organization and the Problem of Access,” The American Archivist 34, no. 1 (1971): 27–41, accessed November 24, 2023, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40291294.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4VUGMNII\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 4VUGMNII</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Government and Administrative Records: The Russian bureaucracy, particularly from the time of Peter the Great onward, was known for its detailed and extensive administrative practices. This included keeping records of populations, tax collections, land ownership, military conscription, and other state-related activities.\r\n\r\nEconomic and Trade Data: Merchants, trading companies, and state organizations involved in commerce would maintain lists and tables for inventory, trade transactions, customs duties, and other economic data.\r\n\r\nScientific and Academic Classifications: In the field of science and academia, Russian scholars and institutions would use lists and tables for various purposes, including classification in natural sciences (like botany, zoology, and geology) and in compiling statistical and research data.\r\n\r\nReligious and Ecclesiastical Records: The Russian Orthodox Church, an integral part of the empire's social fabric, maintained records in the form of lists and tables, including parish registers, records of ecclesiastical decisions, and theological classifications.§REF§“Государственный Архив Российской Федерации - ГАРФ - Главная Страница,” accessed December 18, 2023, https://statearchive.ru/..<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/25IR6P7G\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 25IR6P7G</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Boyar Dumas Records: The Boyar Duma, a council of nobles advising the Tsar, kept records of their proceedings and decisions. These included lists of attendees, decisions made, and other administrative details.§REF§Robert O. Crummey, Aristocrats and Servitors: The Boyar Elite in Russia, 1613-1689 (Princeton University Press, 1983)<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8ZXZMT6C\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8ZXZMT6C</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": "The Domesday Book systematically lists and categorizes: \r\nLandholdings.\r\nResources such as livestock and arable land.\r\nPopulation, including serfs and freemen. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXKV3EU2\">[webpage_Home | Domesday Book]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": "St.Gallen Abbey charters: A collection of charters and property records maintained by the Monastery of St. Gallen. It includes lists of land donations, tenant obligations, and feudal dues. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQBI4SZQ\">[webpage_Stiftsbezirk St. Gallen - Digitised...]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSIXP9TT\">[webpage_e-chartae]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "present", "comment": "Temettuat Defterleri (Tax Registers): Detailed tables of land, crops, and taxable income.\r\nNüfus Defterleri (Population Registers): Comprehensive population lists, including demographic classifications like age, religion, and occupation <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7UM53M9J\">[Quataert 2005]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 126, "name": "pk_indo_greek_k", "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom", "start_year": -180, "end_year": -10 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Unknown. The Greek cultural world endured beyond the collapse of the successor states. Lexicography, astrological diaries, market prices and records also existed within the wider Greek world. Evidence from inscriptions indicate interaction with the wider literary traditions. This was especially true in regard to the Seleucids and later Arsacid literary traditions. There is also evidence of exposure and conversion by at least one King to Buddhism in the Indian literary tradition. However, given the scarce records of the Indo-Greeks no proof has been found to indicate indigenous literary works. §REF§Sherwin-White, Susan M. From Samarkhand to Sardis: a new approach to the Seleucid empire. Vol. 13. University of California Pr, 1993.§REF§Even the chronology of the period is in question by some scholars. §REF§Seldeslachts, Erik. \"The end of the road for the Indo-Greeks?.\" Iranica antiqua 39, no. 0 (2005): 249-296.§REF§" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "Literate culture.", "description": null }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Unknown. \"Not only did political chiefdoms, hierarchical settlements, and high shamanism begin in this period, but it may have witnessed the invention of true writing as well; many inscribed but yet to be deciphered pottery pieces have come to light (Fig. I.IO).\" §REF§(Chang 1999, 64)§REF§" }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "Literate culture.", "description": null }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "\"Each junk had to have a [...] document, sealed with a red seal, [which] bore the names of the members of the crew, the dimensions of the junk, and information about the cargo.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WN3JCFXA\">[Gernet 1962, pp. 84-85]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "\"[T]he indigenous residents of the coast during the Swahili Age (c. 800–1500 ce) [...] left no written records from the period.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E7KV5BEU\">[Ray_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. \"The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IT7NS8P7\">[Juwayeyi 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 772, "name": "tz_east_africa_ia_2", "long_name": "Late East Africa Iron Age", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "The following quote describes the indigenous inhabitants of 19th-century Tanganyika as \"pre-literate.\" \"We do not know what inland Tanganyikans believed in the early nineteenth century. They were pre-literate, and the religions of pre-literate peoples not only leave little historical evidence but are characteristically eclectic, mutable, and unsystematic.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, pp. 21-22]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 716, "name": "tz_early_tana_1", "long_name": "Early Tana 1", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": " <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E7KV5BEU\">[Ray_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 717, "name": "tz_early_tana_2", "long_name": "Early Tana 2", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "\"[T]he indigenous residents of the coast during the Swahili Age (c. 800–1500 ce) [...] left no written records from the period.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E7KV5BEU\">[Ray_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2017]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "“Compared with the failed imposition of a uniform standard of land measurement, the assessment of annual production of settlements or land plots in a uniform currency unit was thoroughly applied by the Sena kings.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a> Is this in the right place?", "description": null }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "no data.", "description": null }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The Pyu (central Burma) and Mon (lower Burma) \"contributed in significant ways to the language, literature, and architecture of later Pagan\".§REF§(Wicks 1992, 111) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ Literature preceded the Burmese Pagan." }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "No specific information, however we know the Banu Ghaniya had a \"military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaeric Islands.§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ They were an Almoravid family who had fled the Almohad conquest of the Almoravids.§REF§(Ruiz 2012, 69) Ana Ruiz. 2012. Medina Mayrit. The Origins of Madrid. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ The Almoravids had libraries§REF§Celeste, Gianni. 2016. History of Libraries in the Islamic World: A Visual Guide. Gimiano Editore. Fano. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.academia.edu/23227008/History_of_Libraries_in_the_Islamic_World_A_Visual_Guide\">https://www.academia.edu/23227008/History_of_Libraries_in_the_Islamic_World_A_Visual_Guide</a>§REF§. Religious schools are a possibility." }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility. The seven inventory inscriptions discovered in Bulgaria, each listing, under the title of an officer, the number of weapons that he was required to provide ... often under penalty of death\".§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility. The seven inventory inscriptions discovered in Bulgaria, each listing, under the title of an officer, the number of weapons that he was required to provide ... often under penalty of death\".§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "Chu wrote on perishable materials such as silk <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NTSIVZX6\">[Major_Cook 1999]</a> , so evidence of lists for resource acquisition etc. less likely to be preserved. Professional bureaucrats produce lists (\"in terms of administration, aristocratic politics was transformed into bureaucratic politics as the hereditary seigniors were replaced by professional bureaucrats.\"). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/73I9XGBD\">[Zhang 2015, p. 144]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"the khanate's governmental structures and institutions often followed the Ottoman model.§REF§(Klein 2012, 3) Denise Klein. Introduction. Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§" }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "\"Literacy entered Uganda for the first time with the introduction of Islam in the late 1860’s and for nearly a decade instruction in Islam was progressing and flourishing at the royal court. When literacy was introduced into the kingdom of Buganda, it was confined to speakers of Arabic and Kiswahili. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T7IMKZJJ\">[Pawliková-Vilhanová_Pawliková-Vilhanová_Moumouni 2014, p. 145]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 445, "polity": { "id": 429, "name": "mr_wagadu_1", "long_name": "Early Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "\"There are no written records of any description to throw light on the history of West Africa before 900 A.D.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TNTPK7C6\">[Bovill 1995, p. 51]</a> \"The West Africans who laid the foundations of their medieval empires during the centuries before 900 C.E. did not develop a written language they could use to record historical events.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YF5GBBK\">[Conrad 2010, p. 13]</a> Oldest example of writing in West Africa c1100 CE tomb inscription at Gao. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 44]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 363, "name": "af_ghaznavid_emp", "long_name": "Ghaznavid Empire", "start_year": 998, "end_year": 1040 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": "\"The Sultan Mahmud (d. 421/1030) founded a university in Ghazna that held several collections of books.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7Q9RTPNC\">[Gianni 2016]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 447, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Idris II organized the first central government.§REF§(Esposito 2003) John L Esposito ed. 2003. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§ Under Idris II the Qarawiyin University was built and Fez became \"an important religious and cultural center\". §REF§(Esposito 2003, 132) John L Esposito ed. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 448, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The most developed aspect of Kangju administration currently recorded is that they minted their own coins§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§ which suggests the administration could have classifications related to taxation." }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, and, Isker [the capital of the Siberian Khanate] with all their administrative buildings were captured by the 'White Tsar' do not leave the opportunity to expect that any written documents were saved (unless, of course, they were not set in stone).\"§REF§(Ivanov 2015, 142) Vladimir Alexandrovich Ivanov. October 2015. Bashkiria and the Khanate of Kazan. The Problem of Administrative and Political Relationship. European Journal of Science and Theology. Vol. 11. No. 5. 141-149.§REF§" }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Lists_tables_and_classification", "lists_tables_and_classification": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Administrative texts.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 82) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" } ] }