Length Measurement System List
A viewset for viewing and editing Length Measurement Systems.
GET /api/sc/length-measurement-systems/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 125, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/length-measurement-systems/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/length-measurement-systems/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), no âmbito da reforma das ordenações e dos forais, empreenderá também uma reforma dos pesos e medidas tão importante que se manterá em vigor até ao século XIX.\"§REF§Seabra Lopes, L. 2005. A cultura da medição em Portugal ao longo da história. <i>Educação e Matemática</i>: 42-48 (45).§REF§ Translation: \"Finally, Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), as part of his reform of ordinances and charters, also implemented a reform of weights and measures so important that it remain in force until the 19th century.\" Seabra Lopes then goes on to describe, in detail, how this reform affected measurements of length, volume, and weight." }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), no âmbito da reforma das ordenações e dos forais, empreenderá também uma reforma dos pesos e medidas tão importante que se manterá em vigor até ao século XIX.\"§REF§Seabra Lopes, L. 2005. A cultura da medição em Portugal ao longo da história. <i>Educação e Matemática</i>: 42-48 (45).§REF§ Translation: \"Finally, Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), as part of his reform of ordinances and charters, also implemented a reform of weights and measures so important that it remain in force until the 19th century.\" Seabra Lopes then goes on to describe, in detail, how this reform affected measurements of length, volume, and weight." }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The basic Russian unit of length was the arshin, which was not standardized until the 18th century; and approximately equivalent to 71.12 cm. §REF§Cardarelli 2003: 121§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 710, "name": "tz_tana", "long_name": "Classic Tana", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1498 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Suggested by the following quote. \"Islam was unifying element in much of the Indian Ocean, especially on both sides—the east African coast and the Malay world. The east African societies relied on Islam to help create their world since their identity derived not only from commercial links with co-religionists but on specific modes of social and commercial behavior. The Muslim religion gave prescriptions as to everyday conduct. The Koran had specific admonitions on fair practice in the market place. The Koranic injunction to have balance scales led to the appearance of a market inspector called the muhtash whose specific job was to oversee local transactions and check weights and measures among other duties.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3WJ42ET7\">[Rothman 2002, p. 80]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Known from the 1229 CE Smolensk Pravda that the Church controlled weights and measures for a time from the end of the 12th century, before this time \"presumably a responsibility of the secular powers\" because \"the Charter of Rostislav Mstislavich of 1136 which regulated the bishop's income in great detail, did not mention any ecclesiastical involvement in weights and measures.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 461-462) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1700, "year_to": 1859, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": 1860, "year_to": 1894, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionary social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to the 18th century as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given likely continuity in economic matters between this period and preceding centuries (Uzoigwe <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 247]</a> specifically notes that the Babito \"do not seem to have introduced any fundamental economic changes\" or \"any revolutionaty social reorganization\"), it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "Furui mentions that there are differences for measuring standards and units for records of plot and settlement lands and a failure by the Senas to impose a uniform standard. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "no data.", "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Aksumite rulers who often spoke and read in Greek, put great store in written documents and in libraries to keep them\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Thousands of Aksumite documents have been preserved, including theological tracts and medical treatises, as well as important writings on natural history that were studied by contemporaries in Europe.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, around 50 CE, \"describes the ruler of the region, King Zoscales, as 'well versed in Hellenic sciences'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CDG9NXGX\">[Whitewright_et_al 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Aksum had scholars and scribes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Aksumite rulers who often spoke and read in Greek, put great store in written documents and in libraries to keep them\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Thousands of Aksumite documents have been preserved, including theological tracts and medical treatises, as well as important writings on natural history that were studied by contemporaries in Europe.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, around 50 CE, \"describes the ruler of the region, King Zoscales, as 'well versed in Hellenic sciences'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CDG9NXGX\">[Whitewright_et_al 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"By the fourth quarter of the twelfth century, with the advent of Narapatisithu (Cansu II), dedicatory inscriptions came to be written exclusively in the Burmese language, an administrative hierarchy was firmly in place, and weights and measures were standardized, preparing the way for the monetization of the Burmese economy in the thirteenth century.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 122) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ Measurement systems preceded the standardization." }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "No specific information, however we know the Banu Ghaniya had a \"military and commercial base that enabled them to maintain links with Aragon, Genoa and Pisa against the Almohads\" in the Balaerics§REF§(Saidi 1997, 20) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ and, at least initially they maintained a fleet,§REF§(Saidi 1997, 19) O Saidi. The Unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads. UNESCO. 1997. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Paris.§REF§ both which suggest high social complexity. Their supporters included the Abbasid caliphate who formally considered them to be \"heir of the Almoravids in the Maghrib\"§REF§(Abun-Nasr 1987, 100) Jamil M Abun-Nasr. 1987. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. Cambrige.§REF§ and they were an Almoravid family who had fled the Almohad conquest of the Almoravids.§REF§(Ruiz 2012, 69) Ana Ruiz. 2012. Medina Mayrit. The Origins of Madrid. Algora Publishing. New York.§REF§ The Abbasids had a measurement system." }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Likely to have used the Greek system if they did not have their own.", "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Likely to have used the Greek system if they did not have their own.", "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Literary works such as the Upamitibhavaprapanchakatha include stories of merchants \"cheating their customers using false weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, p. 334]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "During the Spring and Autumn period, which followed the Western Zhou, each state had their own weights and measures. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LH4LV8FI\">[Lemoy 2011, p. 73]</a> Weights and measures first standardized under the Qin. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5DVZ5TBI\">[Embree_Gluck 2015, p. 896]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Shang Yang noted for standardizing measurement systems of Qin in 4th c bce, but clear that all Warring States kingdoms each had their own systems of measurement, sometimes with regional differences as well", "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"the khanate's governmental structures and institutions often followed the Ottoman model.§REF§(Klein 2012, 3) Denise Klein. Introduction. Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§ Ottomans regulated their weights by inspection.§REF§(Lapidus 2012, 450) I M Lapidus. 2012. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "According to Francisco Guerra, '[a] system of standards for volume and length can be established in Nuclear America prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, and, although these standards are not as detailed as those of the Roman system, they seem to have been fairly widespread in their application'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 343]</a> ('Nuclear America' refers to the region between central Mexico and the Andes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UZ5ACVM\">[Willey 1955, p. 571]</a> ) However, Guerra does not specifically mention the populations of Precolumbian Panama, referring only to the Aztec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, Tarascan and Otomi. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 344]</a> Moreover, even for the literate and more politically centralized cultures of Mesoamerica to the north, Freidel and Reilly note in a more recent publication that '[t]here is little evidence that the Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans used standardized weights and measures beyond the \"vara\" of cotton cloth'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2J9AVXAJ\">[Freidel_et_al 2010]</a> In all, I have been unable to find examples in the literature of good evidence for standardized measures of length in Precolumbian Central Panama, so have coded 'inferred absent'.", "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "In reference to 19th-century Bunyoro-Kitara: \"But there were no accepted standard weights and measures.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, p. 447]</a> Given general pattern of increasing complexity through time in the region <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ITEA4NM\">[Taylor_Robertshaw 2000, pp. 17-19]</a> , it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In medieval Arabic metrology, the marhala, the mil, and the barid are the most commonly used units for measuring distances between locations.\"§REF§Said Ennahid. 2001. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS OF MEDIEVAL NORTHERN MOROCCO: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL APPROACH. pg. 31§REF§" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "\"For the purpose of land measurements, rods of standardised lengths called ghadas were used. There were some regional variations in the length of the rod, some being of 20 spans length and some of 22 spans, some of 10 cubits and some of 11 cubits. A line of standard mUraoT cubit is marked on a stone below the inscription at Penumuli, near Duggirala in Guntur District, dated S. 1236 during the reign of PratSparudra stating that a rod of such 8 muras is to be used for measuring the house sites and of 24 mUras for fields.^ From other sources it is seen that 112 1/2 square ghadas make one tUtnu of land.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQZ9DN8T\">[Sastry 1975, p. 18]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "unknown", "comment": "\"Information about the use of weights and measures is also lacking.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/58FRDM4B\">[Baruah 1985, p. 165]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Kangju built palaces and fortified walls.§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars. The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Kongo had \"state officials\" paid for by the state.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 81) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ \"The Kongo kingdom, based on tropical agriculture, evolved a sophisticated state system, an efficient bureaucracy, and an advanced culture.\"§REF§(Minahan 2002, 1011) James Minahan. 2002. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ Also, the possibility of Portuguese influence: \"missionary schools ... catered to the Kongo elite at Mbanza Kongo and the provincial capitals. Pupils were taught basic literacy, Christian doctrine, and Latin.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 31) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ Portuguese settlers became officials in Kongo.§REF§(Thornton 1998, 61) John Thornton. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Georgian king had a civil service.§REF§(Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§ Christian priests clergy with literary culture.§REF§(Suny 1994, 38-39) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "According to Francisco Guerra, '[a] system of standards for volume and length can be established in Nuclear America prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, and, although these standards are not as detailed as those of the Roman system, they seem to have been fairly widespread in their application'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 343]</a> ('Nuclear America' refers to the region between central Mexico and the Andes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UZ5ACVM\">[Willey 1955, p. 571]</a> ) However, Guerra does not specifically mention the populations of Precolumbian Panama, referring only to the Aztec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, Tarascan and Otomi. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 344]</a> Moreover, even for the literate and more politically centralized cultures of Mesoamerica to the north, Freidel and Reilly note in a more recent publication that '[t]here is little evidence that the Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans used standardized weights and measures beyond the \"vara\" of cotton cloth'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2J9AVXAJ\">[Freidel_et_al 2010]</a> In all, I have been unable to find examples in the literature of good evidence for standardized measures of length in Precolumbian Central Panama, so have coded 'inferred absent'.", "description": null }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "According to Francisco Guerra, '[a] system of standards for volume and length can be established in Nuclear America prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, and, although these standards are not as detailed as those of the Roman system, they seem to have been fairly widespread in their application'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 343]</a> ('Nuclear America' refers to the region between central Mexico and the Andes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UZ5ACVM\">[Willey 1955, p. 571]</a> ) However, Guerra does not specifically mention the populations of Precolumbian Panama, referring only to the Aztec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, Tarascan and Otomi. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 344]</a> Moreover, even for the literate and more politically centralized cultures of Mesoamerica to the north, Freidel and Reilly note in a more recent publication that '[t]here is little evidence that the Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans used standardized weights and measures beyond the \"vara\" of cotton cloth'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2J9AVXAJ\">[Freidel_et_al 2010]</a> Some types of ceramics from Central Panama, especially after 550 CE, conform to a standardized range of shapes, but their precise dimensions vary. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KDFH529I\">[Mayo 2015, pp. 17-22]</a> In all, I have been unable to find examples in the literature of good evidence for standardized measures of length in Precolumbian Central Panama, so have coded 'inferred absent'.", "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Under Eastern Han: \"Systems of measuring length, area, volume and weight were based sometimes on a decimal metric scale, sometimes on a less regular progression of units\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B574PS94\">[Loewe 2005, p. 102]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "Under Eastern Han: \"Systems of measuring length, area, volume and weight were based sometimes on a decimal metric scale, sometimes on a less regular progression of units\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B574PS94\">[Loewe 2005, p. 102]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "The Kushites created a kingdom that had literacy in the Meroitic language\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 15]</a> \"using first a simplified form of hieroglyphics and, somewhat later, a cursive script\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXRMDFFS\">[Hatke 2013]</a> Middle Nile peoples likely inherited a measurement system from the preceding Meroe period.", "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Likely of Byzantine Greek or traditional origin. After 700 CE an \"extraordinary development of culture, art and monumental architecture in Nubia\".§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Likely of Byzantine Greek or traditional origin. After 700 CE an \"extraordinary development of culture, art and monumental architecture in Nubia\".§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 189) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"That first millennium CE Southeast Asians were also literate is suggested by Chinese emissaries who describe libraries of texts. Yet the indigenous historical tradition that we can now access consists largely of inscribed stelae that record dedications and elite donations to local shrines and ritual monuments.\"§REF§(Stark 2015, 76) Miriam T Stark. Southeast Asian urbanism: from early city to Classical state. Norman Yoffee. ed. 2015. he Cambridge World History, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Islam was unifying element in much of the Indian Ocean, especially on both sides—the east African coast and the Malay world. The east African societies relied on Islam to help create their world since their identity derived not only from commercial links with co-religionists but on specific modes of social and commercial behavior. The Muslim religion gave prescriptions as to everyday conduct. The Koran had specific admonitions on fair practice in the market place. The Koranic injunction to have balance scales led to the appearance of a market inspector called the muhtash whose specific job was to oversee local transactions and check weights and measures among other duties.” §REF§(Rothman 2002: 80) Rothman, Norman C. 2002. “Indian Ocean Trading Links: The Swahili Experience,” Comparative Civilizations Review. Vol. 46:6.§REF§ Mogadishu is a city that is not in this polity but is in some ways comparable as a Muslim trading city: \"Ibn Battuta's description of Mogadishu indicates that the city was highly advanced as a center of trade and Islamic learning.\"§REF§(Abdullahi 2017, 53) Abdurahman Abdullahi. 2017 Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. London.§REF§ \"The three Muslim States of Ifat, Hadya and Fatajar occupied the strategic positions that provided footholds for further penetration of Islamic commerce and learning into the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia.\"§REF§(Teferra 1990) Daniel Teferra. 1990. Social history and theoretical analyses of the economy of Ethiopia. Edwin Mellen Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ Juba II (educated in Italy) \"became a very learned scholar and was granted Roman citizenship.\"§REF§(Sayles 1998, 114-115) Wayne G Sayles. 1998. Ancient Coin Collecting IV. Roman Provincial Coins. Krause Publications. Iola.§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "According to Francisco Guerra, '[a] system of standards for volume and length can be established in Nuclear America prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, and, although these standards are not as detailed as those of the Roman system, they seem to have been fairly widespread in their application'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 343]</a> ('Nuclear America' refers to the region between central Mexico and the Andes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UZ5ACVM\">[Willey 1955, p. 571]</a> ) However, Guerra does not specifically mention the populations of Precolumbian Panama, referring only to the Aztec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, Tarascan and Otomi. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 344]</a> Moreover, even for the literate and more politically centralized cultures of Mesoamerica to the north, Freidel and Reilly note in a more recent publication that '[t]here is little evidence that the Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans used standardized weights and measures beyond the \"vara\" of cotton cloth'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2J9AVXAJ\">[Freidel_et_al 2010]</a> Some types of ceramics from Central Panama, especially after 550 CE, conform to a standardized range of shapes, but their precise dimensions vary. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KDFH529I\">[Mayo 2015, pp. 17-22]</a> In all, I have been unable to find examples in the literature of good evidence for standardized measures of length in Precolumbian Central Panama, so have coded 'inferred absent'.", "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "absent", "comment": "According to Francisco Guerra, '[a] system of standards for volume and length can be established in Nuclear America prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, and, although these standards are not as detailed as those of the Roman system, they seem to have been fairly widespread in their application'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 343]</a> ('Nuclear America' refers to the region between central Mexico and the Andes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UZ5ACVM\">[Willey 1955, p. 571]</a> ) However, Guerra does not specifically mention the populations of Precolumbian Panama, referring only to the Aztec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, Tarascan and Otomi. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A7ANPNRN\">[Guerra 1960, p. 344]</a> Moreover, even for the literate and more politically centralized cultures of Mesoamerica to the north, Freidel and Reilly note in a more recent publication that '[t]here is little evidence that the Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans used standardized weights and measures beyond the \"vara\" of cotton cloth'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2J9AVXAJ\">[Freidel_et_al 2010]</a> In all, I have been unable to find examples in the literature of good evidence for standardized measures of length in Precolumbian Central Panama, so have coded 'inferred absent'.", "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "The Zapotec unit of yaguen (26-27cm, or the length of a forearm) was used as a measure, and many stone monuments at Monte Alban are multiples of a yaguen. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 1]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "The Zapotec unit of yaguen (26-27cm, or the length of a forearm) was used as a measure, and many stone monuments at Monte Alban are multiples of a yaguen. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996, p. 1]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Numidia was \"something of a centre of Punic literary culture.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ King Micipsa encouraged \"learned Greeks to come to settle at Cirta.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Information on Yemeni measurement systems is still needed. Given the long tradition of permanent agriculture and Islamic scholarship in the area, all specified variables are assumed present. Messick refers briefly to the introduction of the metric system during the Imamic period: 'It is not only such things as the holdings of printed books and the use of metric system measures that are indicative of an emergent new order in Imam Yahya's library. Complementing the specially developed classificatory system are an elaboration of detailed rules of “library” conduct, which are set forth in a supplementary imamic order of 1938. In a manner familiar to Western library users, these rules define a library negatively, in terms of inappropriate behaviors' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 121§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Known from the 1229 CE Smolensk Pravda that the Church controlled weights and measures for a time from the end of the 12th century, before this time \"presumably a responsibility of the secular powers\" because \"the Charter of Rostislav Mstislavich of 1136 which regulated the bishop's income in great detail, did not mention any ecclesiastical involvement in weights and measures.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 461-462) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": "The Chinese civilization culture at this time possessed this metric.", "description": null }, { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Length_measurement_system", "length_measurement_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Tahert Immamate was the a large and stable state in the highlands of central Algeria that possessed \"something of an administrative hierarchy\".§REF§(Fage and Tordoff 2002, 159) J D Fage. William Tordoff. 2002. A History of Africa. Fourth Edition. Routledge. London.§REF§ Islamic administrators working with Arabic for a significant trading principality would very likely have had a measurement system." } ] }