Knowledge Or Information Building List
A viewset for viewing and editing Knowledge or Information Buildings.
GET /api/sc/knowledge-or-information-buildings/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 127, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/knowledge-or-information-buildings/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/knowledge-or-information-buildings/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": 1687, "year_to": 1775, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": 1614, "year_to": 1687, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": "Slavic Greek Latin Academy: Founded in Moscow in 1687, this was one of the earliest attempts at higher education in Russia. It was established by the Greek Lichud brothers and was initially more similar to a theological seminary with a strong focus on religious education, although it did include the study of Greek and Latin languages and some secular subjects. This academy can be seen as a precursor to the establishment of modern universities in Russia.§REF§История Московской славяно-греко-латинской академии, n.d., accessed January 3, 2024, https://www.prlib.ru/item/416828.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H38QQNJT\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: H38QQNJT</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\nThe Russian Academy of Sciences, established in St. Petersburg in 1724 by Peter the Great, was a pivotal institution in the advancement of science and education in Russia. Its creation marked a significant step in Peter's efforts to modernize and westernize Russia. The Academy attracted prominent European scientists and intellectuals and became a center for scientific research and thought. It played a crucial role in introducing new scientific ideas and methods to Russia and contributed significantly to the development of Russian science and higher education.§REF§“Зарождение традиций,” Российская академия наук, accessed January 3, 2024, https://new.ras.ru/academy/ob-akademii/300-let-istorii/zarozhdenie-traditsiy/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FN5CK76D\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FN5CK76D</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "Fort William College in Calcutta. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/83IG9AXH\">[Sreemani_Bhattacharya 2020]</a> the Asiatic Society was established in 1784 and the Oriental Seminary was created in 1798. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AP5CBMBQ\">[Hussain_Bhattacharya 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Imperial archives. Academy of Learned Scholars. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 38)§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "At Pella there was an archive building where official documents were processed and stored. §REF§(Girtzi-Bafas 2009, 136-144)§REF§<br>Royal Page School, at Pella, which included Greek education and military training. Possibly other schools on similar model elsewhere in Macedonia. This boarding school had existed since Archelaus (413-399 BCE). §REF§(Gabriel 2010, 19, 48)§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 314, "name": "ua_kievan_rus", "long_name": "Kievan Rus", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1242 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Almoravid libraries read Celeste (2016) available online.§REF§Celeste, Gianni. 2016. History of Libraries in the Islamic World: A Visual Guide. Gimiano Editore. Fano. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.academia.edu/23227008/History_of_Libraries_in_the_Islamic_World_A_Visual_Guide\">https://www.academia.edu/23227008/History_of_Libraries_in_the_Islamic_World_A_Visual_Guide</a>§REF§<br>Marrakesh \"became a brilliant literary centre\" according to G. Wiet and E. Levi-Provencal. Court poets from Muslim Spain found employment here.§REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 364)§REF§<br>There were religious schools.§REF§(Saido 1984, 18)§REF§" }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "no data. Another polity? but probably relevant as the Avars migrated from this region: \"The first embassy from the Turks arrived in Constantinople in 564 [CE], twelve years after the founding of the Turk empire. To the court of Justinian came a Sogdian named Maniakh and several retainers, bearing a letter in \"Skythian writing.\"§REF§William H King. Primary Sources for the History of Central Eurasia in the Early Mediaeval Period: Turkic Runiform Inscriptions of Central Asia. 1991. William McCulloh Symposium. Kenyon College. archive.is/W9YF2#selection-29.0-29.26§REF§" }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "Libraries: \"libraries contained important Christian documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Aksumite rulers, who often spoke and read in Greek, put great store in written documents and in libraries to keep them, which allowed the history of Aksum to survive.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "Libraries: \"libraries contained important Christian documents.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a> \"Aksumite rulers, who often spoke and read in Greek, put great store in written documents and in libraries to keep them, which allowed the history of Aksum to survive.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R5JM2PGZ\">[Murray 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"According to tradition, in 1057, Aniruddha ... conquered the southern Mon center of Thaton and brought back with him the Pali scriptures of Theravada Buddhism\".§REF§(Wicks 1992, 121-122) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§ Were the Pali scriptures put in a library building?<br>\"4.8 Building and Restoration costs at Pagan: 1248 ... On the building of the library ... Grand total of silver 215 klyap.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 138) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "The ancestral polity the Almoravids had libraries <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7Q9RTPNC\">[Gianni 2016]</a> . Religious schools are another possibility.", "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": 681, "year_to": 813, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility.\"§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"The original Bulgarian records result from seven centuries of state life, the product of solid political institutions built, quashed, and then rekindled, a robust economy supporting a vibrant urban life, and an almost constant military effort for both supremacy and survival, as well as a long-established literary tradition which left a deep impact on the rest of the Balkan and Slavic literatures.\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, xii) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886. At the beginning of the 10th century, a new alphabet - the Cyrillic alphabet - was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School. According to an alternative theory, the alphabet was devised at the Ohird Literary School by Saint Climent of Ohird, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§<br>Simeon the Great (r.893-927 CE) was educated in Constantinople.§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§<br>\"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": 681, "year_to": 813, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility.\"§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"The original Bulgarian records result from seven centuries of state life, the product of solid political institutions built, quashed, and then rekindled, a robust economy supporting a vibrant urban life, and an almost constant military effort for both supremacy and survival, as well as a long-established literary tradition which left a deep impact on the rest of the Balkan and Slavic literatures.\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, xii) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886. At the beginning of the 10th century, a new alphabet - the Cyrillic alphabet - was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School. According to an alternative theory, the alphabet was devised at the Ohird Literary School by Saint Climent of Ohird, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§<br>Simeon the Great (r.893-927 CE) was educated in Constantinople.§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§<br>\"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": 814, "year_to": 864, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility.\"§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"The original Bulgarian records result from seven centuries of state life, the product of solid political institutions built, quashed, and then rekindled, a robust economy supporting a vibrant urban life, and an almost constant military effort for both supremacy and survival, as well as a long-established literary tradition which left a deep impact on the rest of the Balkan and Slavic literatures.\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, xii) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886. At the beginning of the 10th century, a new alphabet - the Cyrillic alphabet - was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School. According to an alternative theory, the alphabet was devised at the Ohird Literary School by Saint Climent of Ohird, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§<br>Simeon the Great (r.893-927 CE) was educated in Constantinople.§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§<br>\"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"literacy was central to Omurtag's regime, for recording and publicizing the services extracted from the nobility.\"§REF§(Sophoulis 2012, 291) Panos Sophoulis. 2012. Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"The original Bulgarian records result from seven centuries of state life, the product of solid political institutions built, quashed, and then rekindled, a robust economy supporting a vibrant urban life, and an almost constant military effort for both supremacy and survival, as well as a long-established literary tradition which left a deep impact on the rest of the Balkan and Slavic literatures.\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, xii) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius devised the Glagolithic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire by the year 880. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to rich literary and cultural activity centered on the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by Boris I in 886. At the beginning of the 10th century, a new alphabet - the Cyrillic alphabet - was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School. According to an alternative theory, the alphabet was devised at the Ohird Literary School by Saint Climent of Ohird, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius.\"§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§<br>Simeon the Great (r.893-927 CE) was educated in Constantinople.§REF§(Ertl 2008, 438) Alan W Ertl. 2008. Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. Universal-Publishers.§REF§<br>\"Kliment of Ohrid ... who died in 896 ... established a thriving school of learning which embraced theological and many other studies and which attracted over three thousand students in its first seven years.\"§REF§(Crampton 2005, 15) R J Crampton. 2005. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 401, "name": "in_chauhana_dyn", "long_name": "Chauhana Dynasty", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1192 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "\"The rest of the non-Jaina works have perished. Books in the royal libraries of the Chauhan princes might have been mostly burnt in the holocausts that generally followed the capture of Hindu towns and forts by iconoclastic Muslims.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SI5HWMDE\">[Sharma 1959, p. 306]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "Archival building<br> \"in terms of administration, aristocratic politics was transformed into bureaucratic politics as the hereditary seigniors were replaced by professional bureaucrats.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/73I9XGBD\">[Zhang 2015, p. 144]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "Clear that each Warring State kingdom kept records and produced a great deal of political, philosophical, and religious work; most literature from this period was destroyed in various wars however, and ultimately systematically destroyed by Qin and later Han Empires, though parts of the works produced in this period were adapted or transmitted to later authors.", "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"the khanate's governmental structures and institutions often followed the Ottoman model.§REF§(Klein 2012, 3) Denise Klein. Introduction. Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§ Ottomans had a government archives." }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 363, "name": "af_ghaznavid_emp", "long_name": "Ghaznavid Empire", "start_year": 998, "end_year": 1040 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "\"The Sultan Mahmud (d. 421/1030) founded a university in Ghazna that held several collections of books.\"Ghaznavid libraries read Celeste (2016) available online. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7Q9RTPNC\">[Gianni 2016]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "The Qarawiyin University was built during the reign of Idris II.§REF§(Esposito 2003, 132) John L Esposito ed. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. New York.§REF§ There were many scholars at Fez especially after becoming rich with trade from the influx of merchants and artisans with the refugees from conflicts in al-Andalus and Ifriqiya.§REF§(Pennell 2013) C R Pennell. 2013. Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld Publications. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Baghdad had universities described as \"public\"; the governor Marjān had a madrasa built there. §REF§H.R. Roemer, ‘Timur in Iran’, in Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (eds), The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p.66.§REF§ \"Hülegü constructed an observatory at Maragha, as well as a castle on the island of Shāhī near the city, where he was buried. According to Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī Qazvīnī, Maragha was the original capital (dār al-mulk) of Azarbayjan before Tabriz. However, during the reign of Hülegü’s grandson Arghun (r. 683/1284–690/1291), Tabriz began to emerge as the primary Ilkhanid city. Arghun built an urban quarter to the west of the city of Tabriz, at a place known as Sham (or Shamb), beginning around 689/1290. The building project included two palaces and a Buddhist temple, as well as a canal to encourage others to build houses in the area. This quarter became known as Arghūniyya, and set the precedent for subsequent building and urban development by members of the Ilkhanid ruling elite. Arghun’s son Ghazan resided in the palace of Arghūniyya, and also began construction of his own tomb in the district of Sham in 696/1297. Around his mausoleum, Ghazan built a number of other public buildings, which came to form the core of the new suburb (shahrcha) of Ghāzāniyya. These structures included a mosque, two madrasas, a hospice (dār al-siyāda), an observatory, a library, a council chamber (dīvān-khāna) and several baths.\" §REF§Wing, Patrick (2016) The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. p.79§REF§ \"Jalayirid prince remained undefeated. In addition, of course, Baghdad was still an important centre of trade and communications. It was also strategically significant as a possible base for campaigns directed against the rear or the flank of those of his units active in Anatolia or Syria, and thus constituted a threat to the very operations that occupied his mind at this time. The only people whose lives were spared were theologians, shaikhs and dervishes. The city's fortifications were then demolished and its public buildings, including some from the 'Abbasid period, destroyed; the only exceptions were mosques, universities and hostels.\" §REF§Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (eds), The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986),p.66.§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": "\"From these references we understand that there were regular institutions for imparting Sanskrit education, patronised by the kings and their dependents.\" 292 \"We notice, as in Sanskrit, several inscriptions of the period were written in Telugu verse.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJ8CF927\">[Sastry 1978, p. 296]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 406, "name": "in_kalachuri_emp", "long_name": "Kalachuris of Kalyani", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1184 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "e.g. the Virashaivist \"Hall of Spiritual Experience\", where devotees would \"share their mystical achievements\" and \"their spiritual poems\", making their contribution to the religion's \"spirituality and doctrine\" §REF§J.P. Schouten, Revolution of the Mystics (1995), p. 4§REF§." }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars. The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§ \"Kazan, and, Isker [the capital of the Siberian Khanate] with all their administrative buildings were captured by the 'White Tsar' do not leave the opportunity to expect that any written documents were saved (unless, of course, they were not set in stone).\"§REF§(Ivanov 2015, 142) Vladimir Alexandrovich Ivanov. October 2015. Bashkiria and the Khanate of Kazan. The Problem of Administrative and Political Relationship. European Journal of Science and Theology. Vol. 11. No. 5. 141-149.§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Were the earliest schools within this period?<br>\"In 1619, the Jesuits not allied with the Portuguese crown, returned to the Kongo and in 1625 opened a college in the capital to educate the royal elite. The Society's efforts yielded the second and oldest extant Kikongo catechism, published in 1624.\"§REF§(Fromont 2014, 6) Cecile Fromont. 2014. The Art Of Conversion. Christian Visual Culture In The Kingdom Of Kongo. The University of North Carolina Press.§REF§<br>\"missionary schools ... catered to the Kongo elite at Mbanza Kongo and the provincial capitals. Pupils were taught basic literacy, Christian doctrine, and Latin.\"§REF§(Gondola 2002, 31) Ch Didier Gondola. 2002. The History of Congo. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "King David founded an academy of learning at Gelati.§REF§(Suny 1994, 37) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Libraries.<br>Foundation of University of Naples, training for bureaucrats. §REF§(Abulafia 2004, 73)§REF§ Founded University of Padua. §REF§(Monroe 1909, 78 <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://archive.org/stream/sicilygardenmed00monrgoog#page/n126/mode/2up\">[6]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 355, "name": "iq_lakhmid_k", "long_name": "Lakhmid Kigdom", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 611 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Monasteries probably contained a library? \"Hira, the capital of the Lakhmids, was a well-known city in pre-Islamic times, celebrated for its palaces, churches, and monasteries.\"§REF§(Shahid 2002, 97) Irfan Shahid. 2002. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume II. Part 1: Toponymy, Monuments, Historical Geography and Frontier Studies. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library And Collection. Washington, D.C.§REF§" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The second Buddhist center was Chang'an in the Guanzhong plain. It flourished as the foremost center of Buddhist learning and translation from the late fourth to the early fifth century, under the enthusiastic support of the Tibetan courts of the Former Qin and the Later Qin. The Chinese monk Daoan (312-385) and the Kuchean monk Kumarajiva (Ch. Qiumoluoshen, c. 343-413), seminal figures in early Chinese Buddhism, were both associated with the Chang'an Buddhist community.\"§REF§(Wong 2004, 49) Dorothy C Wong. 2004. Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form. University of Hawaii Press.§REF§<br>During the 'Sixteen Kingdoms' period \"These peoples - or, to be precise, their elites - thus combined their own political and social traditions with large borrowings from Chinese concepts and institutions. Their ruling classes were so thoroughly sinicized that they regarded themselves as heirs to the old political units of North China.\"§REF§(Gernet 1996, 186) Jacques Gernet. J R Foster and Charles Hartman trans. 1996. A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "During the 'Sixteen Kingdoms' period \"These peoples - or, to be precise, their elites - thus combined their own political and social traditions with large borrowings from Chinese concepts and institutions. Their ruling classes were so thoroughly sinicized that they regarded themselves as heirs to the old political units of North China.\"§REF§(Gernet 1996, 186) Jacques Gernet. J R Foster and Charles Hartman trans. 1996. A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "unknown", "comment": "At the very least likely had religious written material. \"The conversion of Makuria is recorded by John of Biclar who, while in Constantinople in 568, notes that 'about this time, the people of the Maccurritae received the faith of Christ'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 33]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The literary texts that we do have are all religious in content. However, the Nubians certainly maintained archives although, apart from at Qasr Ibrim, little of this material survives.\"§REF§(Welsby 2002, 9) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§ \"In Faras, the aristocracy and the administrative officials spoke Greek, as did the dignitaries of the church. The clergy also understood Coptic, which was perhaps the language of many refugees.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 191) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§ What language were these texts in - Greek?<br>In 835 CE Abbasid Caliph el-Mutasim \"decreed, following Giorgios' visit to Baghdad, that the Baqt should only be paid every three years and confirmed this in a document which remained in the hands of the Makurians.\"§REF§(Welsby 2002, 73) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The literary texts that we do have are all religious in content. However, the Nubians certainly maintained archives although, apart from at Qasr Ibrim, little of this material survives.\"§REF§(Welsby 2002, 9) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§ \"In Faras, the aristocracy and the administrative officials spoke Greek, as did the dignitaries of the church. The clergy also understood Coptic, which was perhaps the language of many refugees.\"§REF§(Michalowski 1990, 191) K Michalowski. The Spreading of Christianity in Nubia. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1990. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. II. Abridged Edition. James Currey. UNESCO. California.§REF§ What language were these texts in - Greek?<br>In 835 CE Abbasid Caliph el-Mutasim \"decreed, following Giorgios' visit to Baghdad, that the Baqt should only be paid every three years and confirmed this in a document which remained in the hands of the Makurians.\"§REF§(Welsby 2002, 73) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§<br>Writing fragments found at the Cathedral at Ibrim \"ecclesiastical works in Coptic mainly written on papyrus and probably all pre-dating the tenth century\".§REF§(Welsby 2002, 75) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§ The Cathedral at Ibrim had a library.§REF§(Welsby 2002, 75) Derek A Welsby. 2002. The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile. The British Museum Press. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Mogadishu is a city that is not in this polity but is in some ways comparable as a Muslim trading city: \"Ibn Battuta's description of Mogadishu indicates that the city was highly advanced as a center of trade and Islamic learning.\"§REF§(Abdullahi 2017, 53) Abdurahman Abdullahi. 2017 Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. London.§REF§ \"The three Muslim States of Ifat, Hadya and Fatajar occupied the strategic positions that provided footholds for further penetration of Islamic commerce and learning into the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia.\"§REF§(Teferra 1990) Daniel Teferra. 1990. Social history and theoretical analyses of the economy of Ethiopia. Edwin Mellen Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"By the late second century BC, Roman interests were so strong that portions of Mauretania could even be described as Roman territory, although this was clearly a cultural, not a legal, definition.\"§REF§(Roller 2003, 47) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§ \"Ruling for over 40 years as a completely loyal client king, Juba did to some degree in Mauretania what Masinissa had done in Numidia. He was a man of largely peaceful interests, fully hellenized in culture, and the author of many books (now lost) written in Greek. There is no doubt that his capital Iol, renamed Caesarea (Oherchell), and probably also an alternative capital, Volubilis, became fully urbanized in his reign.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§<br>Inferred that a library was present in urban areas." }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "absent", "comment": "'No architectural remains are known from Mon[a]grillo, although excavators reported the presence of clay briquettes showing pole or reed impressions. However, the foundations of simple structures have been identified at the nearby site of Zapotal, which may have been a small village.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ERS93SR\">[Hoopes_Peregrine_Ember 2001, p. 112]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "unknown", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for specific knowledge or information buildings during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "unknown", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for specific knowledge or information buildings during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Novgorod maintained state archives.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 468) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Now after the death of his two brothers Massinissa's eldest son, Micipsa, reigned alone, a feeble peaceful old man, who occupied himself more with the study of Greek philosophy than with affairs of state.\"§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 145) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Jugurtha, a Numidian prince, had been \"introduced to the circles of the Roman aristocracy, had at the same time been initiated into the intrigues of Roman coteries, and had studied at the fountainhead what might be expected of Roman nobles.\"§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 146) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>Intellectual works also were written in Punic.§REF§(Law 1978, 177) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ King Masinissa was educated at Carthage.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§<br>Numidia was \"something of a centre of Punic literary culture. In 146 BC the Romans presented to Micipsa the captured library of Carthage\".§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"We are told that the Romans even handed over to the Numidian kings libraries saved from the destruction of Carthage.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 461) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§<br>King Micipsa encouraged \"learned Greeks to come to settle at Cirta.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "[There were schools only in the large settlements but Qoranic literacy by the local imam was important.] The Imamate supported schools, publishing, and libraries: 'Although principally concerned with the administration of schools, Imam Yahya's Maʿarif administration also provided the umbrella for small-scale but significant early departures in state-initiated publishing, library reform, and officially sponsored history writing. The printing equipment in question had been left behind by the departing Turks, and the early imamic usage of it was partly inspired by that of the previous Ottoman administration. Like his school program, the imam's new library was an imaginative hybrid, a recasting of old institutional ideas in newly elaborated forms. The history-writing project, although new to Yemen, bore some resemblance to a far better known scholarly enterprise of the new Turkish Republic.1 These collateral maʿarif efforts were further assertions of a tentative yet determined attitude toward developing the state's identity and extending its authority by means of new textual technologies.' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 115§REF§ 'The first organizational step was the creation of a specially designated space: a new storey was constructed over arcades along the southern side of the Great Mosque (Sanʿaʾ) courtyard. Access to the library (located “south of the east minaret”) was by means of a long flight of steps. There the imam gathered what remained of the old collections together with his own large and newly created endowment. The properly qualified librarian, described in the decree, was to have “comprehensive knowledge of religion and jurisprudence so as to know the relative importance of the books and the disciplines.” This librarian-the scholarly brother of the historian al-Wasiʿi is named as the first holder of the position29-is required to “take a security deposit from each borrower in an amount greater than the value of the book borrowed.” “Tens of thousands of endowed books have been lost,” the imam wrote, “because of the nontaking of security deposits.” With a proper deposit a book could be borrowed for a period of six months. The contractual language of “loan” and “deposit,” and the notion that a book may be constituted as an “endowment,” come directly from the manuals of jurisprudence. In his initial organizing decree for his new library the imam also appointed a second library official, charged with documenting and indexing the collections.30 In the same year, the imam dispatched Muhammad Zabara to Ibb and nearby Jibla, where he was ordered to “find out about the endowment books for teachers and students and compile a listing of them in a register.”' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 120§REF§ It is assumed here that schooling was not widely available in the Ottoman period and absent from most settlements." }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 349, "name": "tr_pergamon_k", "long_name": "Pergamon Kingdom", "start_year": -282, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "e.g. Library of Pergamon §REF§Kosmetatou, E. (2000). Lycophron's' Alexandra'Reconsidered: The Attalid Connection. Hermes, 32-53.§REF§<br> Transport infrastructure" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 412, "name": "in_sharqi_dyn", "long_name": "Sharqi", "start_year": 1394, "end_year": 1479 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Knowledge_or_information_building", "knowledge_or_information_building": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"'The Kings of the East' built many magnificent mosques, forts, palaces, madrasas, shrines and tombs in different parts of their kingdom. [...] Sultan Mubarak Shah Sharqi [...] enlarged the capital city of Jaunpur and adorned it with splendid mosques, madrasas, palaces, libraries, bazars, tombs and shrines. [...] All the Sharqi rulers and their imperial consorts encouraged education and established madrasas where different subjects were taught and facilities were provided for students.\"§REF§(Saeed 1972, 114, 170) Mian Muhammad Saeed. 1972. <i>The Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur</i>. Karachi: University of Karachi.§REF§" } ] }