Indigenous Coin List
A viewset for viewing and editing Indigenous Coins.
GET /api/sc/indigenous-coins/?format=api&page=11
{ "count": 521, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/indigenous-coins/?format=api&page=10", "results": [ { "id": 501, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest that monetary items have been found dating to this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 502, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "15th century so after this period: \"The expansion in economic activity led to the increased use of money in every day life. Government officials who formerly had been paid in kind were now put on money salaries, more and more of the taxes were collected in cash, and, most important, many of the peasants' obligations to their seigniors were converted into money payments, especially in the regions where trade was most active. ... Silver was the chief money metal, although copper was also minted. ... Gold coins were struck on special occasions when they were given to persons whom the tsar wished to honor.\"§REF§(Blum 1971, 131) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.§REF§ \"Minting of new coins in Russia had ended in the reign of Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev (1113-1125). The inflow of foreign coins dried up with the decline in the commerce with other lands, and furs and small silver bars had come into wide use as mediums of exchange, reflecting the low level of internal trade. Then, in the latter part of the fourteenth century, in the reign of Dimitrii Donskoi, Prince of Moscow, the minting of new coins was resumed. Foreign money began coming in again. In the first part of the fiftheenth century silver coins were minted in other principalities, and in the republics of Novgorod and Pskov. Copper money also was turned out.\"§REF§(Blum 1971, 118) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.§REF§ \"In the pre-Kievan era cattle and furs had served as mediums of exchange and foreign coins had also been used. In the Kievan centuries metallic money came into general use. Coins were minted from the first half of the eleventh century on into the first quarter of the next century. Small silver bars were also used, and foreign coins had wide circulation.\"§REF§(Blum 1971, 15) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 503, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Numidian royalty's cultural links to the Graeco-Roman world \"is evident in their insignia, their coinage and their monuments\".§REF§(Brett 2013, 120) Michael Brett. 2013. Approaching African History. James Currey. Woodbridge.§REF§ \"Operating in the manner of Hellenistic kings, they founded capital cities, built monumental tombs, issued coinage, assembled armies\".§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 29) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§ At the time of Masinissa: \"Trade in other products was limited and the only coins issued were of bronze and copper.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 459) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§ \"The coins of Masinissa ... struck in bronze and lead and bearing his bearded portrait and initials in the Punic script, are very numerous, and evidently served as a circulating currency among the Numidians, or at least among the eastern Numidians.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 183) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 504, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The Imams produced their own coinage after the departure of the Ottomans: 'Muhammad al-Idrisi died in 1923 and the British, more concerned with the Imam, abandoned the Idrisis to their fate. The Imam was scarcely privy to British policy, however. Before World War I the Italians had supported the Idrisi against the Turks, for which Yahya condemned him as kafir (infidel), but with Britain to face near Aden and the Idrisis seeking British help, Yahya himself now signed a treaty with Italy (1926), which had colonies across the Red Sea. The Italians sold him an arms workshop and machinery to strike a handsome new coinage, the silver riyal being marked \"Commander of the Faithful, al-Mutawakkil 'ala Alla (he who relies on God)\".' §REF§Dresch, Paul 2002. \"A History of Modern Yemen\", 31§REF§ Taxation, compensation and stipends may have been paid using Ottoman currency rather than indigenous coins, though: ‘In the west the Imam suffered further setbacks. From the start of the rising certain northern shaykhs were conspicuous in the area, probably fighting around their own landholdings: Nasir Mabkhut al-Ahmar of al-‘Usaymat and Muhsin al-Qayifi of Kharif around Mahwit […]. Zafir Hajjah was finally surrendered after having been held by the Imam’s supporters for a full year. Nasir al-Ahmar admitted that although the water tanks were running dry and his men were exhausted, the surrender itself involved ‘a sum of money’ (shay’ min al-mal). ‘Ali al-Iryani reckoned it at 11,000 riyals (Zabarah 1956:i. 2/81-2), an enormous sum by the standards of the time.’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 221§REF§ ‘Al-Hadi Sharaf al-Din died in 1890. Al-Mansur Muhammad Hamid al-Din, who was in San’a’ at the time, was called on to take the Imamate and had little option but to leave he city. The sayyids of the Sa’dah area took time to organize themselves around him (al-Mahdi Muhammad was still active at Barat), and meanwhile some hundreds of Hashid chiefs came into San’a’, returning still in receipt of large Turkish stipends (al-Hibshi 1980: 393-9). But the rains then failed, and fighting broke out between the tribes just north-east of San’a’. The sorghum crop was ruined in the summer by locusts and the Turks applied severe pressure to the shaykhs of Hajjah, among other areas, presumably to extract taxes […].’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 220§REF§" }, { "id": 505, "polity": { "id": 349, "name": "tr_pergamon_k", "long_name": "Pergamon Kingdom", "start_year": -282, "end_year": -133 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§McShane, R. B. (1964). The foreign policy of the Attalids of Pergamum (Vol. 53). University of Illinois Press, pp. 175.§REF§" }, { "id": 506, "polity": { "id": 301, "name": "uz_shaybanid_k", "long_name": "Shaybanid Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1598 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": "\"Only after the Shaybanid ascendancy did silver come to prevail in Transoxania\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Y5WAMMAL\">[webpage_Stephen Album Rare Coins - Specialists...]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 507, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 508, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Shen Yue's petition to impeach an official refers to what has been translated as 'cash'.§REF§(Knechtges 2014, 170) David R. Knechtges. Marriage and Social Status. Shen Yue's 'Impeaching Wang Yuan.' Wendy Swartz. Robert Ford Campany. Yang Lu. Jessey J C Choo. 2013. Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook. Columbia University Press. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 509, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"A number of authors attribute the introduction of 'bullet' coinage ... to Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai. Others posit that coinage was in use among the Thai much earlier than the thirteenth century and was merely standardized under Ramhamhaeng to the baht and its subsidiary units. There is no certain evidence for coinage among the Thai until the middle of the fifteenth century. See Robert S. Wicks, 'A survey of Native Southeast Asian Coinage Circa 450-1850: Documentation and Typology' (PhD dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1983), pp. 145ff \".§REF§(Wicks 1992, 172 n50) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 510, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"Sijilmasa and Tahert became wealthy cities, the former minting gold coins that circulated as far away as Egypt and Syria.\"§REF§(Bulliet et al 2012, 222) Richard W Bulliet. Pamela Kyle Crossley. Daniel R Headrick. Steven W Hirsh. Lyman L Johnson. David Northrup. 2012. The Earth and Its Peoples. A Global History. Volume I: To 1550. Brief Edition. Fifth Edition. Wadsworth. Boston.§REF§ Almost, but not quite, implies Tahert did not have its own coins." }, { "id": 511, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Dimitur Draganov wrote a book called 'The Coinage of the Scythian Kings in the West Pontic Area'.§REF§Dimitur Draganov. 2015. The Coinage of the Scythian Kings in the West Pontic Area. Bobokov Bros.§REF§ \"Olbian coins with non-Greek names such as Arichos and Eminakos suggest that the Scythians replaced their Greek puppet tyrants and imposed their own administrators on the city.\"§REF§(Burstein 2010, 141) Stanley H Burstein. The Greek Cities of the Black Sea. Konrad H Kinzi. 2010. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell.§REF§" }, { "id": 512, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Tlemcen \"coinage follows traditional Almohade patterns, but is remarkable for the variety of legend.\" §REF§Numismatic Fine Arts Inc. Numismatic Fine Arts, Inc. & Bank Leu AG Present an Unreserved Mail Bid and Public Auction Featuring the Garrett Collection: Ancient Roman (from Republic to Tetrarchy), Latin American, Far Eastern, Islamic, Indian, Canadian, Australian & African Coins. John Hopkins University.§REF§" }, { "id": 513, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Known Wattasid coins include a few extremely rare gold coins and also square silver dirhams and half dirhams, still following the Almohad standard of roughly 1.5 grams.\"§REF§(Syed, Akhtar and Usmani eds. 2011, 149) Muzaffar Husain Syed. Syed Saud Akhtar. B D Usmani. eds. 2011. Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 514, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The coinage of the Xi Xia dynasty is very clearly Chinese in character, but is remarkable in that, of the thirty types that I have recorded, only three varieties of copper cash are generally available, along with two types of iron cash. Very few of the other twenty five types are in most collections of Chinese cash. This is a completely different pattern from the coins of every other dynasty, where most types are very common, with only the occasional rarity. It is also worth noting that although the quality of casting was superficially good, the range of weights of the coins I have examined is remarkably wide, indicating a lack of sophistication and quality control in the mint.\"§REF§(? 2002, 321) ?. 2002. The Numismatic Chronicle. Volume 162. Royal Numismatic Society.§REF§" }, { "id": 515, "polity": { "id": 408, "name": "in_yadava_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava Dynasty", "start_year": 1190, "end_year": 1318 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": "According to Murthy and Ramakrishnan, \"[t]he Seunas issued only gold coins of the Padmatanka variety weighing about 57 grains\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C9KNTRET\">[Sreenivasa_Murthy_Ramakrishnan 1978, p. 109]</a> , but Kamath asserts that contemporary records refer to several different kinds of currency: nishka, dramma, pana, haga, chaula, kani <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9E9BVXB6\">[Kamath 1980, p. 151]</a> . Murthy and Ramakrishnan also write that small transactions occurred through barter <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C9KNTRET\">[Sreenivasa_Murthy_Ramakrishnan 1978, p. 109]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 516, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 517, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Zagwe dynasty produced no coinage\".§REF§(Shinn and Ofcansky 2013, 433) David H Shinn. Thomas P Ofcansky. 2013. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. 2nd Edition. Scarecrow Press. Lanham.§REF§" }, { "id": 518, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Present.§REF§1. Stanley Lane Poole, Catalogue of Coins in the British Museum, IV and X (London 1879-1880).§REF§ Present.§REF§Harry Hazard, The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa (New York, 1952)§REF§ \"Even the Zirid coinage, which was probably issued from the former Fatimid mints and tooled by the same craftsmen, sustained a standard (96.5 percent of purity) higher than that of their successors.\"§REF§Gustave E von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern Studies. Jusur. Volume 2. University of California. p.13§REF§" }, { "id": 519, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": "Before the Norman Conquest, Anglo-Saxon England had a well-developed monetary system based on silver pennies. The Normans continued and expanded this system after 1066, producing coins that were indigenously minted in England. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXKV3EU2\">[webpage_Home | Domesday Book]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 520, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": "The primary coin used in East Francia during this period was the silver denier (or penny), introduced during the Carolingian reforms under Charlemagne and continued by his successors, including Louis the German and his descendants. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMB5X3WI\">[McCormick 2001]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 521, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Indigenous_coin", "indigenous_coin": "present", "comment": "These coins formed the first examples of the kuruş, the Ottoman coin that would ground the Ottoman economy for much of the eighteenth century. For the four hundred years before the introduction of the kuruş, the akçe had served as the main monetary unit. But the akçe had been repeatedly debased to the point that it was too small for general use. Along with the kuruş, the Ottoman state issued a full spectrum of silver currency. The kuruş system succeeded in becoming the leading unit of account and means of exchange in the eighteenth-century Ottoman Empire. Some European coins did continue to circulate despite Mustafa II’s ban, but they never again occupied the central role they had once played in the Ottoman economy. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HDRGAZED\">[blogPost_The Ottoman Kuruş and Control of...]</a>", "description": "" } ] }