Drinking Water Supply System List
A viewset for viewing and editing Drinking Water Supply Systems.
GET /api/sc/drinking-water-supplies/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 398, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/drinking-water-supplies/?format=api&page=8", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/drinking-water-supplies/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 614, "name": "cd_kanem", "long_name": "Kanem", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1379 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The near-absence of archaeologically identified settlements makes it particularly challenging to infer most building types. \"While the historical sources provide a vague picture of the events of the first 500 years of the Kanem-Borno empire, archaeologically almost nothing is known. [...] Summing up, very little is known about the capitals or towns of the early Kanem- Borno empire. The locations of the earliest sites have been obscured under the southwardly protruding sands of the Sahara, and none of the later locations can be identified with certainty.\"§REF§(Gronenborn 2002: 104-110)§REF§" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 663, "name": "ni_oyo_emp_1", "long_name": "Oyo", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1535 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Contexts that could shed light on the dynamics of social structure and hierarchies in the metropolis, such as the royal burial site of Oyo monarchs and the residences of the elite population, have not been investigated. The mapping of the palace structures has not been followed by systematic excavations (Soper, 1992); and questions of the economy, military system, and ideology of the empire have not been addressed archaeologically, although their general patterns are known from historical studies (e.g, Johnson, 1921; Law, 1977).\"§REF§(Ogundiran 2005: 151-152)§REF§ Regarding this period, however, one of the historical studies mentioned in this quote also notes: \"Of the earliestperiod of Oyo history, before the sixteenth century, very little is known.\"§REF§(Law 1977: 33)§REF§ Law does not then go on to provide specific information directly relevant to this variable." }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 569, "name": "mx_mexico_1", "long_name": "Early United Mexican States", "start_year": 1810, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Examples proliferate, particularly during the late seventeenth- and late eighteenth-century silver bonanzas that produced the wealth of communities such as Santiago de Querétaro, Zacatecas and Guanajuato, or individuals such as Juan Antonio de Urrutia y Arana, marqués de la Villa del Villar del Águila; Pedro Romero de Terreros, conde de Santa María de Regla; Antonio de Obregón y Alcocer, conde de la Valenciana; and José de Borda (Couturier 2003; Torales Pacheco 1985; Yuste López 1987). Their munificence built aqueducts, churches, palaces, industrial establishments, charitable institutions, and even ships for the Spanish navy.”§REF§(Bunker and Macias-Gonzalez 2011: 60) Bunker, Steven B. and Macías-González, Víctor M. 2011. “Consumption and Material Culture from Pre-Contact through the Porfiriato,” in A Companion to Mexican History and Culture, ed. William H. Beezley. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp54–82. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SDIQ5VE7§REF§ “Nevertheless small triumphs occurred, such as the formation of the Superior Sanitation Council in 1841. It was not until 1891 that a comprehensive sanitary code was enacted and a sewage system in Mexico City soon followed. By the end of the century, not only had sanitation become an integral part of the government’s conception of the state, but it had also contributed to how elites viewed the poor and their environment.”§REF§(Garza 2011: 3180 Garza, James A. 2011. “Conquering the Environment and Surviving Natural Disasters,” in A Companion to Mexican History and Culture, ed. William H. Beezley. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 316–27. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TF5GMWVK§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Water supplies were present in all settlements. Though they were not well maintained and were often polluted due to the lack of hygiene. §REF§(Prestwich 2005: 22) Prestwich, Michael. 2005. Plantagenet England 1225-1360. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTBKFDCI§REF§" }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Existing Roman aqueducts, which were later extended by the Lombards, provided cities with water.§REF§Christie 1998: 150, 158. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/975BEGKF§REF§" }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 575, "name": "us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction", "long_name": "Us Reconstruction-Progressive", "start_year": 1866, "end_year": 1933 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present across the US since preceding period. Wells, running water systems." }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 560, "name": "bo_tiwanaku_2", "long_name": "Late Tiwanaku", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1149 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Wells. “Associated with and in part built into the Putuni platform, to the west, were at least two large residential structures organized around a flagstone plaza (Couture and Sampeck 2003). The East Palace, set into a recessed section of the platform, was a rectangular structure set on ashlar foundations, consisting of at least five smaller rooms and an associated private patio (Figure 7.3). At twenty-two meters by six meters, or some 132 square meters, it was a large edifice, and it was associated with numerous residential features, including a hearth, four refuse pits, and three private wells.”§REF§(Janusek 2004: 209) Janusek, John Wayne. 2004. Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes: Tiwanaku Cities Through Time. New York: Routledge. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SDDCMA8P§REF§ “Shedding some light on the significance of these new patterns is Akapana East 1. Our exposure of Tiwanaku V occupations in this area covered 624 square meters, and revealed sections of two compounds separated by a large compound wall (Figure 7.4B)… Most structures bordered an extensive outdoor area encompassing a remarkable variety of activities. Fresh water was obtained from a deep well outside of structure 2, while the ash and detritus of everyday life were deposited in several nearby pits.”§REF§(Janusek 2004: 215-216) Janusek, John Wayne. 2004. Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes: Tiwanaku Cities Through Time. New York: Routledge. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SDDCMA8P§REF§" }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 563, "name": "us_antebellum", "long_name": "Antebellum US", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Wells." }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 591, "name": "gt_tikal_late_classic", "long_name": "Late Classic Tikal", "start_year": 555, "end_year": 869 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Tikal is located in the Petén district, Guatemala, on top of an escarpment (250 m asl) surrounded by swampy areas to the west and east, earthworks to the north and south ( Jones et al. 1981), and large tracts of fertile land (Fedick and Ford 1990).1 It is one of the best-known and largest Maya centers (Figure 6.1). Since it is not near lakes or rivers, its inhabitants relied on several complex reservoir systems to offset seasonal water shortages (Scarborough and Gallopin 1991), which are found next to temples and royal palaces.”§REF§(Lucero 2006: 162) Lucero, Lisa J. 2006. Water and Ritual: The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers. Austin: University of Texas Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NSX2SNWU§REF§ “The shortage of drinking water may have been exacerbated because stored water goes foul quickly in the tropics. The large centers of the central southern lowlands, such as Tikal and Calakmul, coped with this problem by creating substantial systems of water reservoirs although it must be pointed out that Tikal's rural or outlying population maintained many agnadas that were probably not under centralized control…During the Classic period, the focus of water storage shifted to \"convex microwatersheds,\" with reservoirs built around the central precincts of centers that usually occupied hill tops…”§REF§(Houston and Inomata 2009: 245) Houston, Stephen D. and Inomata, Takeshi. 2009. The Classic Maya, Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZXA5U53G§REF§" }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Guilds chiefly undertook, in the name of the Trinity, the Virgin Mary, or a saint, to provide members with solemn funerals and requiem masses for their souls, but they also repaired bridges and highways, provided fresh water facilities and conduits in towns such as Bristol, Norwich, and Ashburton, offered members business contacts or proto-banking facilities, paid midwives, looked after town clocks, and played a prominent part in civic ceremonial and the rituals of the communal year. At Henry VII's formal entry into Bristol in 1487, for example, an elephant with a clockwork Resurrection scene on its back was provided.”§REF§(Guy 1988: 22) Guy, John. 1988. Tudor England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IIFAUUNA§REF§ “By 1600 basement services were frequently found in town houses built on restricted sites. Lastly, provision of water supplies and improved sanitary arrangements reflected the Renaissance concern with private and public health. In the case of town houses, owners would go to considerable lengths to solve drainage problems, often paying a cash composition to the civic authorities, but sometimes performing some service for the town at Court or at Westminster in return for unlimited water or drainage.”§REF§(Guy 1988: 433-434) Guy, John. 1988. Tudor England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IIFAUUNA§REF§ Major settlements had wells, except for the smallest hamlets which, at the beginning of the period, still relied on a local stream to collect their water.§REF§( Bucholz et al 2013: 178) Bucholz, Robert, Newton Key, and R.O. Bucholz. 2013. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uvic/detail.action?docID=1166775. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XQGJH96U§REF§" }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In Samarqand (and likely other cities and towns) there were water pipelines.§REF§Buniyatov 2015: 86. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SAEVEJFH§REF§" }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 578, "name": "mo_alawi_dyn_1", "long_name": "Alaouite Dynasty I", "start_year": 1631, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “As regards his work for the community, he [Mawlây Rashïd] took a great interest in the water problem, especially in the desert areas: thus he had many wells dug in the deserts of eastern Morocco, particularly in the Dar'a, which was on the route taken by caravans of traders and pilgrim caravans on their way to Mecca.”§REF§(Ogot 1992: 219) Ogot, B. A. 1992. ed., General History of Africa: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century., vol. V, VII vols. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/24QPFDVP§REF§ At the palace at Meknes: “In the centre ran running water. Each animal had its stall and a shelter for its equipment. Opposite was a storehouse, the heri which supported a supplementary palace with twenty pavilions. Between the palace and the stables was the granary, forty feet high and big enough, it was said, to contain the whole harvest of Morocco. At the side was a pond for irrigation purposes and also subterranean reserves of water in case of a siege.”§REF§(Bosworth 2007: 399) Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2007. ed., Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden; Boston: Brill. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/HGHDXVAC§REF§" }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cities in the Golden Horde territories had running water supplied by aqueducts, water pipes and wells.§REF§Halperin 1987: 26. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VCPWVNM.§REF§.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 652-653. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Canals flowed into cities, such as at Nishapur, where they supplied water to the city.§REF§Bosworth 2007: 423. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HGHDXVAC §REF§" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Settlements had wells." }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 280, "name": "hu_hun_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of the Huns", "start_year": 376, "end_year": 469 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The Hunnites were nomadic pastoralists and so would not have set up permanent water supply systems." }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 568, "name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “With the development of medieval river navigation and timber rafting, mainly on the Vltava and Elbe, fairly intense water-engineering activity began in the Czech Lands (weirs were built, river-beds were adjusted). The first artificial reservoirs – ponds – were established by the damming of streams and smaller rivers, probably from as early as the 13th century.”§REF§(Pánek and Oldřich 2009: 41) Pánek, Jaroslav and Oldřich, Tůma. 2009. A History of the Czech Lands. University of Chicago Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4NAX9KBJ§REF§" }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 576, "name": "us_chaco_bonito_3", "long_name": "Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1140 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “Because the Chacoans were skilled builders, Gordon Vivian was sure that they must have had some way of collecting and distributing this water. He soon found evidence of an efficient irrigation system. Later, Gwinn expanded on his father's work. The Chacoan irrigation system depended on dams and canals. After a rainstorm a dam at the mouth of each side canyon collected the water that fell from the cliff top. The water was then channeled into a stone-lined canal, which emptied into a head gate with narrow openings that could be blocked or left open to control the water's flow into ditches. The ditches led to large plots of many individual gardens. In the summer of 1967, Gwinn Vivian excavated a dam that had been built across one of the main side canyons. It was a massive structure more than 120 feet long and 7 feet high. The water emptied into a canal through a gate near the middle of the dam. The long, curving, masonry-lined canal directed the water to 24 acres of bordered gardens that were laid out in neat rectangles. Gwinn Vivian calculated that a summer thunderstorm that produced 1 1/4 inches of rain in an hour would have provided the Penasco Blanco gardens with 540,000 gallons of water—half a gallon per square foot. The Chacoan genius for building and engineering allowed a large number of people to live in that otherwise dry and rugged canyon.”§REF§(Gwinn and Anderson 2002: 30) Gwinn Vivian, R. and Anderson, Margaret. 2002. Chaco Canyon, Digging for the Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/996XW2NW§REF§" }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Though not explicitly mentioned in the sources consulted, it is very likely that the Sonoran Desert people had drinking water systems given their sophisticated canal and irrigation technology." }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "Very likely but not mentioned in the sources." }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Moscow water supply system is the oldest engineering structure in the city. It was officially opened in 1804. The aqueduct in Rostokino, that supplied water to Moscow from Mytishchi, reminds one of that time.\r\n\r\nThe capital water supply history began in the 19th century with construction of the first water pipeline, a little more than 20 kilometers long. Today, the length of Moscow's water supply networks exceeds 13 thousand kilometers, the city consumes about three million cubic meters of water daily, and Mosvodokanal, the largest water company in the country, is engaged in its preparation.§REF§“About Quality and Quantity: Seven Questions about Water Supply of Moscow / News / Moscow City Web Site,” Moscow City Web Site, accessed November 23, 2023, https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/98140073/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WR2R5N6P\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: WR2R5N6P</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Moscow water pipes out of lead were dated by the 15th century. Stone water pipe was created in\r\nthe Trinity-Sergius Monastery in the XVI century, where water flowed into the monastery pipes. Then,\r\nin one of the Solovetsky Monastery wells, water was supplied by gravity from a dug up Holy Lake\r\nthrough underground pipe, then it was lifted using a hand pump (pump) and distributed through gutters\r\nto neighboring rooms - to the kitchen and to the brewery. There was a large water economy in the\r\nSolovetsky Monastery. §REF§E. Ketova and J. Nizhegorodtseva, “Main Factors of Water Supply Systems Industrialization in Russia,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 953, no. 1 (November 2020).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCBB958J\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: RCBB958J</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Moscow water pipes out of lead were dated by the 15th century. Stone water pipe was created in\r\nthe Trinity-Sergius Monastery in the XVI century, where water flowed into the monastery pipes. Then,\r\nin one of the Solovetsky Monastery wells, water was supplied by gravity from a dug up Holy Lake\r\nthrough underground pipe, then it was lifted using a hand pump (pump) and distributed through gutters\r\nto neighboring rooms - to the kitchen and to the brewery. There was a large water economy in the\r\nSolovetsky Monastery. §REF§E. Ketova and J. Nizhegorodtseva, “Main Factors of Water Supply Systems Industrialization in Russia,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 953, no. 1 (November 2020).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCBB958J\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: RCBB958J</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "Throughout the period 800-1200 “many of these kingdoms expanded agriculture by building bunds, wells, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a> There were also water reservoirs in rural areas. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "City mosques had small ablution tanks or water taps. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I6VMP6PN\">[Islam_Noble 1998]</a> The English built the Great Tank in Calcutta - this was one of the only water tanks (and surrounding drains) that were cleaned and maintained in the region. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/83IG9AXH\">[Sreemani_Bhattacharya 2020]</a> The water supply systems that were available were poorly maintained - especially those serving the non-english population - and residents often had to resort to collecting water from the street aquaducts. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/83IG9AXH\">[Sreemani_Bhattacharya 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "City mosques had small ablution tanks or water taps. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I6VMP6PN\">[Islam_Noble 1998]</a> Water tanks were constructed at rest houses along major roads. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKB6H72G\">[McLane 0]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "\"Besides the more well-known extensive irrigation works and man-made transport canals linking up the major rivers, the provision of water supplies to its cities formed the third important element of China's ancient water civilization.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 169]</a> \"The entire underground water supply pipeline system of Yangcheng [Warring States Period?] was discovered in archaeological excavations (Figure 8.2), providing important physical evidence of early water supply of cities in ancient China.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 171]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "\"Besides the more well-known extensive irrigation works and man-made transport canals linking up the major rivers, the provision of water supplies to its cities formed the third important element of China's ancient water civilization.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 169]</a> \"The entire underground water supply pipeline system of Yangcheng [Warring States Period?] was discovered in archaeological excavations (Figure 8.2), providing important physical evidence of early water supply of cities in ancient China.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 171]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "There were public fountains in the subsequent Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HIB5JTCU\">[Bernard_et_al 1994, pp. 99-129]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "absent", "comment": "If the capital did not have a drinking water supply system, it seems reasonable to infer that such a thing was absent elsewhere in the polity as well. \"It was also under the 'dual monarchy' that the pressing water supply issue became an urban topic—'Now, if Lisbon has the presumption of being the greatest and noblest city in the world, how come she does not have drinking water for the people of the world?', asked the architect Francisco de Holanda back in 1571. Growing know-how from the Philippine period on eventually produced the Aqueduto das Águas Livres (Free Water Aqueduct, 1728-1744) under João V (r.1707-1750).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4KG35WE3\">[Barreiros 2008]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": 1640, "year_to": 1706, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 709, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2", "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1806 }, "year_from": 1707, "year_to": 1807, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "If the capital did not have a drinking water supply system until 1707, it seems reasonable to infer that such a thing was absent elsewhere in the polity as well. \"It was also under the 'dual monarchy' that the pressing water supply issue became an urban topic—'Now, if Lisbon has the presumption of being the greatest and noblest city in the world, how come she does not have drinking water for the people of the world?', asked the architect Francisco de Holanda back in 1571. Growing know-how from the Philippine period on eventually produced the Aqueduto das Águas Livres (Free Water Aqueduct, 1728-1744) under João V (r.1707-1750).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4KG35WE3\">[Barreiros 2008]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“Water for drinking, washing and cooking was either carried from a river or brook or drawn from a village well.” §REF§Perrie 2006: 288§REF§" }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "Throughout the period (800-1200) “many of these kingdoms expanded agriculture by building bunds, wells, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a> “The land plot donated in the Tarpandighi plate… [included] a reservoir (kuṇḍī)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a> There were also water reservoirs in rural areas. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 339, "polity": { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "Throughout the period 800-1200 “many of these kingdoms expanded agriculture by building bunds, wells, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a> There were also water reservoirs in rural areas. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8N54SUNJ\">[Chandra 2007]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 340, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "fountain at Marrakesh §REF§(Hrbek and Devisse 1988, 363)§REF§ -- was this ornamental or drinking water supply?" }, { "id": 341, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "unknown", "comment": "no data", "description": null }, { "id": 342, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "absent", "comment": "\"In the foot-hills and on the plains, cisterns and dams were constructed as reservoirs for rainwater and irrigation canals were dug.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> Presumably these cisterns refer to the storage of water for agricultural use only.", "description": null }, { "id": 343, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "absent", "comment": "\"In the foot-hills and on the plains, cisterns and dams were constructed as reservoirs for rainwater and irrigation canals were dug.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 383]</a> Presumably these cisterns refer to the storage of water for agricultural use only.", "description": null }, { "id": 344, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 345, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Aqueduct building inscription from the time of Malamir and his kavhan Isbul, district of Shumen, northeast Bulgaria.\" The first sentence of the inscription reads: \"Khan sybigi Malamir, made ruler by god, [says]: His old boila kavhan Isbul made an aqueduct and gave it to the ruler.\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, 12) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 346, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Present for maintenance in this period. \"Aqueduct building inscription from the time of Malamir and his kavhan Isbul, district of Shumen, northeast Bulgaria.\" The first sentence of the inscription reads: \"Khan sybigi Malamir, made ruler by god, [says]: His old boila kavhan Isbul made an aqueduct and gave it to the ruler.\"§REF§(Petkov 2008, 12) Kiril Petkov. 2008. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 347, "polity": { "id": 400, "name": "in_chandela_k", "long_name": "Chandela Kingdom", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1308 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "\"The only queen recorded to have taken active part in the benevolent activities of royalty is Kalyanadevi, the chief queen of Viravarman. The Ayagadh Rock inscription states that she built a well with perennial water at a spot that was guarded by strong men, excavated a tank for the supply of water, and also built a hall at Nandipura.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATJMGIDM\">[Bose 1956, p. 122]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 348, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. \"Besides the more well-known extensive irrigation works and man-made transport canals linking up the major rivers, the provision of water supplies to its cities formed the third important element of China's ancient water civilization.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 169]</a> \"The entire underground water supply pipeline system of Yangcheng [Warring States Period?] was discovered in archaeological excavations (Figure 8.2), providing important physical evidence of early water supply of cities in ancient China.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 171]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 349, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "\"Besides the more well-known extensive irrigation works and man-made transport canals linking up the major rivers, the provision of water supplies to its cities formed the third important element of China's ancient water civilization.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 169]</a> \"The entire underground water supply pipeline system of Yangcheng [Warring States Period?] was discovered in archaeological excavations (Figure 8.2), providing important physical evidence of early water supply of cities in ancient China.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EDYP4SS\">[Angelakis_et_al 2012, p. 171]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 350, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"El-Khatib-Boujibar’s work (1992) on the water management system at the city identified several water facilities dating to the Islamic period. This includes a well (Well B) and two cisterns (El-Khatib-Boujibar 1992:306, 310).\"§REF§Said Ennahid. 2001. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS OF MEDIEVAL NORTHERN MOROCCO: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL APPROACH. pg. 288§REF§" }, { "id": 351, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Drinking_water_supply_system", "drinking_water_supply_system": "present", "comment": "Major cities were \"provided with good amenities of water-supply\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/58FRDM4B\">[Baruah 1985, p. 141]</a>", "description": null } ] }