Debt And Credit Structure List
A viewset for viewing and editing Debt and Credit Structures.
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{ "count": 96, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/debt-and-credit-structures/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> Because this variable is concerned only with the presence of written (rather than verbal) debt and credit agreements, I have coded absent.", "description": null }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 533, "name": "ug_early_nyoro", "long_name": "Early Nyoro", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1449 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "In the 19th century, \"[t]he medium of exchange was barter\", though cowrie shells were also used. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DBEPG6WE\">[Uzoigwe 1972, pp. 447-450]</a> Given general pattern of increasing complexity through time in the region <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6ITEA4NM\">[Taylor_Robertshaw 2000, pp. 17-19]</a> , it seems reasonable to infer that that this statement applies to preceding centuries as well.", "description": null }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18). \"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§ Ancient long distance trade usually carried some kind of insurance." }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> Because this variable is concerned only with the presence of written (rather than verbal) debt and credit agreements, I have coded absent.", "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> Because this variable is concerned only with the presence of written (rather than verbal) debt and credit agreements, I have coded absent.", "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "Very likely there was insurance available for shipping.", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> Because this variable is concerned only with the presence of written (rather than verbal) debt and credit agreements, I have coded absent.", "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "Panamanian societies were non-literate before Spanish contact. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a> Because this variable is concerned only with the presence of written (rather than verbal) debt and credit agreements, I have coded absent.", "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence of debt or credit structures. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence of debt or credit structures. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "present", "comment": null, "description": "References to disputes over debts in birch-bark documents.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 471) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The sources mention taxation, compensation and stipends: ‘Al-Hadi Sharaf al-Din died in 1890. Al-Mansur Muhammad Hamid al-Din, who was in San’a’ at the time, was called on to take the Imamate and had little option but to leave he city. The sayyids of the Sa’dah area took time to organize themselves around him (al-Mahdi Muhammad was still active at Barat), and meanwhile some hundreds of Hashid chiefs came into San’a’, returning still in receipt of large Turkish stipends (al-Hibshi 1980: 393-9). But the rains then failed, and fighting broke out between the tribes just north-east of San’a’. The sorghum crop was ruined in the summer by locusts and the Turks applied severe pressure to the shaykhs of Hajjah, among other areas, presumably to extract taxes […].’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 220§REF§ ‘In the west the Imam suffered further setbacks. From the start of the rising certain northern shaykhs were conspicuous in the area, probably fighting around their own landholdings: Nasir Mabkhut al-Ahmar of al-‘Usaymat and Muhsin al-Qayifi of Kharif around Mahwit […]. Zafir Hajjah was finally surrendered after having been held by the Imam’s supporters for a full year. Nasir al-Ahmar admitted that although the water tanks were running dry and his men were exhausted, the surrender itself involved ‘a sum of money’ (shay’ min al-mal). ‘Ali al-Iryani reckoned it at 11,000 riyals (Zabarah 1956:i. 2/81-2), an enormous sum by the standards of the time.’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 221§REF§ No banking systems or other forms of credit structures are mentioned for the Ottoman period." }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"commercial credit, loans between merchants\".§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 446-7) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ Loans could be lent for interest.§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 446-7) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ \"Priests and deacons, however, were subject to a universal canon law prophibition on accepting interest.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 448) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "Usually likely with long distance trade.", "description": null }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "No data.", "description": null }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "unknown", "comment": "Likely.", "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "present", "comment": "Norman England had established systems of debt and credit, particularly in commercial, legal, and feudal contexts. Domesday Book (1086):\r\nRecords debts owed to the Crown, indicating formal systems of obligation and repayment in Norman England. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T8DZBQSY\">[Dyer 2002]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXKV3EU2\">[webpage_Home | Domesday Book]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "present", "comment": "In the twelfth century, as traditional tax revenues fell far short of supporting military defence, the Song administration utilized credit instruments. Around 1200, the amount of redeemable promissory notes first exceeded that of annual tax revenues. This shift from tax-based public finance to credit-based public finance completed the transition towards a fiscal state. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Y7YJSJ3W\">[Liu 2015]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "present", "comment": "Written contracts, often on parchment or paper, formalized debt agreements in markets and between individuals. Promissory notes (senet) were widely used for commercial credit. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/V4URRFJX\">[Pamuk 2003]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "likely", "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. inferred present for long distance trade?", "description": null }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 496, "name": "ir_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period", "start_year": -2028, "end_year": -1940 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "probably unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "likely. Trade well established. Present for earlier polity.", "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 288, "name": "mn_khitan_1", "long_name": "Khitan I", "start_year": 907, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "unknown §REF§(Kradin 2015, personal communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. No data.", "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 180, "name": "it_latium_ia", "long_name": "Latium - Iron Age", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown but not unlikely. Greek coinage may have been available from the Roman Kingdom so debt and credit structures may have become established at this time. Money-changers and bankers were to be found in the basilicas and the Roman forum.", "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. No data.", "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 462, "name": "tj_sarasm", "long_name": "Sarazm", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Proto-urban Site of Sarazm had connections with the steppes of Central Asia, and in addition with the Turkmenian, proto-Elamite, Mesopotamian, and Indus worlds.\"§REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141\">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141</a>§REF§ \"The Proto-urban Site of Sarazm is one of the places that gave birth to and saw the development of the major trans-Eurasian trade routes.\"§REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141\">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Debt_and_credit_structure", "debt_and_credit_structure": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null } ] }