Courier List

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{
    "count": 410,
    "next": null,
    "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/couriers/?format=api&page=8",
    "results": [
        {
            "id": 402,
            "polity": {
                "id": 222,
                "name": "tn_zirid_dyn",
                "long_name": "Zirids",
                "start_year": 973,
                "end_year": 1148
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "IFR",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "present",
            "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
            "description": null
        },
        {
            "id": 403,
            "polity": {
                "id": 586,
                "name": "gb_england_norman",
                "long_name": "Norman England",
                "start_year": 1066,
                "end_year": 1153
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "TRS",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "present",
            "comment": "Norman England maintained a network of royal messengers and ecclesiastical couriers employed full-time to carry messages and documents.  <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HBVV8PDK\">[Clanchy 1993]</a>,  <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>",
            "description": ""
        },
        {
            "id": 404,
            "polity": {
                "id": 798,
                "name": "de_east_francia",
                "long_name": "East Francia",
                "start_year": 842,
                "end_year": 919
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "TRS",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "present",
            "comment": "Royal Couriers: The East Frankish kings employed full-time messengers,  who carried orders, letters, and other communications across the kingdom.  <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GI5MI52S\">[Riché 1993]</a>",
            "description": ""
        },
        {
            "id": 405,
            "polity": {
                "id": 177,
                "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4",
                "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV",
                "start_year": 1839,
                "end_year": 1922
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "TRS",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "present",
            "comment": "The earliest postal service in Turkey, that is, in the Ottoman Empire dates from the sixteenth century when Grand Vizier Çelebi Lutfi Pasa (g.v. 1539-1541) organized a relay service on behalf of the government. It was used to transmit the orders of the sultan and return information about what was happening elsewhere in the Empire. This system was not available to the general public who had to rely on caravans, travelers, pilgrims and not too reliable private messenger services. The foreign embassies of Russia, France, Italy, Britain and Austria also had their own postal services under the so-called capitulations which granted foreigners special privileges. Germany, Poland and Romania also maintained post offices.  <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VUACN5VG\">[webpage_Postal service among the Ottomans...]</a>",
            "description": ""
        },
        {
            "id": 406,
            "polity": {
                "id": 505,
                "name": "ir_neo_elam_3",
                "long_name": "Elam III",
                "start_year": -612,
                "end_year": -539
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "UND",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "uncoded",
            "comment": "Present in the second millennium BCE but not mentioned for the Neo Elamite period.",
            "description": null
        },
        {
            "id": 407,
            "polity": {
                "id": 126,
                "name": "pk_indo_greek_k",
                "long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom",
                "start_year": -180,
                "end_year": -10
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "UND",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "uncoded",
            "comment": "Unknown.",
            "description": null
        },
        {
            "id": 408,
            "polity": {
                "id": 160,
                "name": "tr_konya_eba",
                "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age",
                "start_year": -3000,
                "end_year": -2000
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "UND",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "uncoded",
            "comment": "unknown",
            "description": null
        },
        {
            "id": 409,
            "polity": {
                "id": 532,
                "name": "mx_monte_alban_5",
                "long_name": "Monte Alban V",
                "start_year": 900,
                "end_year": 1520
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "UND",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "uncoded",
            "comment": "unknown. There is no evidence for a postal system during this period.   <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>",
            "description": null
        },
        {
            "id": 410,
            "polity": {
                "id": 29,
                "name": "us_oneota",
                "long_name": "Oneota",
                "start_year": 1400,
                "end_year": 1650
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "UND",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "uncoded",
            "comment": "unknown?",
            "description": null
        },
        {
            "id": 411,
            "polity": {
                "id": 145,
                "name": "jp_kofun",
                "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period",
                "start_year": 250,
                "end_year": 537
            },
            "year_from": null,
            "year_to": null,
            "tag": "UND",
            "is_disputed": false,
            "is_uncertain": false,
            "name": "Courier",
            "courier": "uncoded",
            "comment": "unknown",
            "description": null
        }
    ]
}