Courier List
A viewset for viewing and editing Couriers.
GET /api/sc/couriers/?format=api&page=8
{ "count": 410, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/couriers/?format=api&page=9", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/couriers/?format=api&page=7", "results": [ { "id": 352, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "\"Except for the sovereign's close relations (such as uncles at the start of a reign or eldest sons at the end), the most listened-to advisers were people of humbler origins. They belonged to appointed families that regularly furnished their young for service at the court. These youths literally made their careers by distinguishing themselves before the king for their bravery, wisdom, and loyalty; when they grew to maturity, they became notables, whom the sovereign consulted regularly and who constituted the monarchy's real government. The king gathered their advice before making major decisions, or he sent them to the provinces for special assignments. [...] In Bunyoro and Nkore , some were the king's messengers.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 173-174]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 353, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 354, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In 558 CE the Avars sent emissaries to Constantinople.§REF§(Karatay 2003, 45) Osman Karatay. 2003. In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation. KaraM. Corum.§REF§ Another polity? but probably relevant as the Avars migrated from this region: \"The first embassy from the Turks arrived in Constantinople in 564 [CE], twelve years after the founding of the Turk empire. To the court of Justinian came a Sogdian named Maniakh and several retainers, bearing a letter in \"Skythian writing.\"§REF§William H King. Primary Sources for the History of Central Eurasia in the Early Mediaeval Period: Turkic Runiform Inscriptions of Central Asia. 1991. William McCulloh Symposium. Kenyon College. archive.is/W9YF2#selection-29.0-29.26§REF§" }, { "id": 355, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "\"the king of kings evidently had at his disposal an armed retinue which in peacetime consisted of his court, but in wartime of his guards (as in fourteenth-century Ethiopia). Apparently, court officials carried out the functions of government, serving, for instance, as envoys.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 385]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 356, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "\"the king of kings evidently had at his disposal an armed retinue which in peacetime consisted of his court, but in wartime of his guards (as in fourteenth-century Ethiopia). Apparently, court officials carried out the functions of government, serving, for instance, as envoys.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RCLJCHB4\">[Kobishanov 1981, p. 385]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 357, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Secretaries of the ministers of the king are known to have traveled on government business.§REF§(Wicks 1992, 149) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 358, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 359, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Diplomatic embassy sent to the Pope.§REF§(Ziemann 2007, 616) Daniel Ziemann. The rebellion of the nobles against the baptism of Khan Boris (865-866). Joachim Henning ed. 2007. Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin.§REF§" }, { "id": 360, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Diplomatic embassy sent to the Pope.§REF§(Ziemann 2007, 616) Daniel Ziemann. The rebellion of the nobles against the baptism of Khan Boris (865-866). Joachim Henning ed. 2007. Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin.§REF§" }, { "id": 361, "polity": { "id": 277, "name": "kz_chionite", "long_name": "Chionites", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 388 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Seal - \"In the Eastern Department of the State Hermitage a gem-seal is preserved. It is oval and made from almandine, with a flat bottom and a convex top. At the top, there is the bust of a man, the Bactrian inscription and a peculiar tribal mark – a tamgha (according to Göbl tamgha S 1). At the centre of the stamp is placed a portrait of a middle-aged man. His head is presented in profile, rotated by three-quarters. The face is elongated, beardless with long pendulous mustache, forked at the end. The nose is long and straight lines stress the nostrils. On the head there is a small cap with a sheaf of three feathers. From left to right are italic words read as Aspurabah, probably the name of the owner of the stamp. The tamgha placed behind the man’s head represents, according to Stavisky, “the Hephthalite character”. However, Stavisky supposes this seal is related to the Chionites. not to the Hephthalites, because the mark is not found at all on Hephthalite coins, but only on those where we find the word “Hion”, the self-name of the Chionites, which dates to the 4 century AD Marshak thought that the date should be somewhat later and according to him the sign is found on the late coins as well.\" §REF§Kurbanov, 2010. p.72-73§REF§§REF§Ставиский, 1961. Хионитская гемма-печать. Сообщения Государственного Эрмитажа, p.55-56.§REF§§REF§Б. И. Маршак / Я. К. Крикис, 1969. Чилекские чаши. Труды Государственного Эрмитажа Х, p.79§REF§§REF§Göbl (1967-I, 235-236) dates this gem first half of 5th century AD (Göbl, Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien I- IV, Wiesbaden 1967)§REF§" }, { "id": 362, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "Basic system of messaging must have been present for the Chu government.", "description": null }, { "id": 363, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "specialist messengers likely used by the government", "description": null }, { "id": 364, "polity": { "id": 299, "name": "ru_crimean_khanate", "long_name": "Crimean Khanate", "start_year": 1440, "end_year": 1783 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"the khans also acted with the prerogatives of independent sovereigns - for example, they maintained their own diplomatic relations.\"§REF§(Klein 2012, 4) Denise Klein. Introduction. Denise Klein. ed. 2012. The Crimean Khanate between East and West. (15th-18th Century). Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.§REF§" }, { "id": 365, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "absent", "comment": "The sources I have consulted do not mention a postal service, and Precolumbian Panamanian societies were non-literate. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 366, "polity": { "id": 429, "name": "mr_wagadu_1", "long_name": "Early Wagadu Empire", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "According to al-Bakri, the king of Ghana could \"employ large numbers of messengers and other servants.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6H9ES35T\">[Davidson 1998, p. 27]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 367, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Idrisid dynasty also contributed significantly to the dissemination of Malikism by involving its scholars in political and diplomatic decisions. Idris II appointed a Maliki scholar, 'Umar ibn Mus'ab al-Azdi, to select the site where the second Idrisid capital, Fez, was to be built. He also sent Abu-l-Hasan 'Abdallah ibn Malik al-Ansari al-Khazraji to purchase the land for the city.\"§REF§(M'Baye 2011) El Hadji Ravane M'Baye. The Islamization of Africa. Idris El Hareir. Ravane M'baye. ed. 2011. The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. Volume Three. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 368, "polity": { "id": 389, "name": "in_kamarupa_k", "long_name": "Kamarupa Kingdom", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 1130 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "\"Besides, various classes of messengers called dutaka, lekhaharaka and dirghadhvaga performed the duties of couriers and served as 'peacetime messengers and guides' or escorts.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/58FRDM4B\">[Baruah 1985, p. 137]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 369, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§ Also had coinage. Communication between palace and the mint likely to have used a messenger." }, { "id": 370, "polity": { "id": 298, "name": "ru_kazan_khanate", "long_name": "Kazan Khanate", "start_year": 1438, "end_year": 1552 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Kazan, the sizeable capital, which had a population of about 20,000, was the centre of the Volga trade, and was inhabited by Tatar merchants, craftsmen, clergymen and scholars. The literature, historiography and architecture of the Kazan Tatars formed an outpost of Islamic civilization on the eastern fringe of Europe.\"§REF§(Kappeler 2014, 25) Andreas Kappeler. Alfred Clayton trans. 2014. The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 371, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"In the first decade of contact [after 1483 CE], Kongo and Portugal exchanged hostages, dispatched embassies, and established a cordial diplomatic relationship.\"§REF§(Fromont 2014, 4) Cecile Fromont. 2014. The Art Of Conversion. Christian Visual Culture In The Kingdom Of Kongo. The University of North Carolina Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 372, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Diplomats? Worked to maintain peaceful relations with Byzantine Empire§REF§(Suny 1994, 36) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§ and Trebizond Empire (under queen T'amar).§REF§(Kunker 2008, 302) Fritz Rudolf Kunker. 2008. Künker Auktion 137 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part III: England, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Balkan, the Middle East, Crusader States, Jetons und Weights. 137. AUKTION. The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins Part III. Numismatischer Verlag Künker.§REF§ \"Toumanoff notes that 'Georgian kings entrusted, to the very end of the Georgian polity, their chanceries to houses of Armenian origin and often conducted their correspondence with foreign monarchs in Armenian.'\"§REF§(Suny 1994, 34) Ronald Grigor Suny. 1994. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. Bloomington.§REF§" }, { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 374, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "absent", "comment": "The sources I have consulted do not mention a postal service, and Precolumbian Panamanian societies were non-literate. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 375, "polity": { "id": 257, "name": "cn_later_qin_dyn", "long_name": "Later Qin Kingdom", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 417 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 376, "polity": { "id": 256, "name": "cn_later_yan_dyn", "long_name": "Later Yan Kingdom", "start_year": 385, "end_year": 409 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 377, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "\"In 573, a delegation arrived in the capital from Makuria bearing gifts for the emperor Justin 'of elephant tusks and a giraffe, and stated their friendship with the Romans'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 33]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 378, "polity": { "id": 215, "name": "sd_makuria_k_2", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom II", "start_year": 619, "end_year": 849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 383, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1396, "end_year": 1511 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In 1405 CE envoys sent by the Chief in Malacca arrived at the imperial court in China.§REF§(Wilkinson 1935, 23) R J Wilkinson. 1935. The Malacca Sultanate. Malacca Papers. Journal Malayan Branch. Vol. XIII. Part II.§REF§" }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 382, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "King Bocchus sent envoys to Rome.§REF§(Roller 2003, 49) Duane W Roller. 2003. The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "absent", "comment": "The sources I have consulted do not mention a postal service, and Precolumbian Panamanian societies were non-literate. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPHPU92K\">[Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for a postal system during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for a postal system during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 313, "name": "ru_novgorod_land", "long_name": "Novgorod Land", "start_year": 880, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 387, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Jugurtha's envoys appeared in Rome”.§REF§(Mommsen 1863, 146) Theodore Mommsen. William P Dickson trans. 2009 (1863). The History of Rome. Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ \"Numidia also developed commercial and diplomatic relations with the Greek world.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "absent", "comment": "No mention of professional messengers has been made in the material reviewed so far.", "description": null }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ambassadors/envoys. In 1282 \"a treaty of friendship was signed between China and Sukhothai\".§REF§(Mishra 2010, 36-37) Patit Paban Mishra. 2010. The History of Thailand. Greenwood. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ambassadors: \"Ibn as-Saghir, the chronicler of Tahert, wrote at the beginning of the tenth century that a notable of the city, Muhammad ibn 'Arfa, stayed for a period at the court of a king of the Sudan (a reference to the western Sahel region). During his stay he acted as an ambassador for an Ibadi Rostemid Imam of Tahert who ruled between 823 and 872.\"§REF§(Insoll 2003, 214) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Emissaries: \"The tribes that recognized the religio-political leadership of and paid tribute to the imams of Tahart live in western Algeria, southern Tunisia, and Tripolitania. The imams maintained contacts with them by encouraging tribal chiefs to visit Tahart an by sending emissaries that toured their areas.\" §REF§McKenna, Amy. 2011. The History of Northern Africa. The Rosen Publishing Group. pg.43§REF§" }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Ibn Khaldun lived in Tlemcen during the reign of Abu Hammu Musa II (1359-1389 CE) \"and served as the intermediary of Abu Hammu with the chiefs of the Arab nomadic groups\".§REF§(Hrbek 1984, 95) I Hrbek. The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib. Djibril Tamsir Niane. ed. 1984. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"During the fifth century the Tuyuhun strengthened their power through active interaction with both the southern and northern courts in China, obtaining trading benefits and political support.\" §REF§(Pan 1997) Yihong Pan. 1997. Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and Its Neighbors. Western Washington University.§REF§" }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Nan Yue kingdom: A Chinese seal found in the tomb of the last Nan Yue king shows they were \"sinicized.\"§REF§(Faure 2007, 17) David Faure. 2007. Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China. Stanford University Press. Stanford.§REF§" }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 247, "name": "cn_wu_confederacy", "long_name": "Wu Confederacy", "start_year": -585, "end_year": -477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Wu state learned the 'art' of diplomacy and maintained contact with northern states.§REF§(Wagner 1996, 103) Donald B Wagner. 1996. Iron and Steel in Ancient China. E J BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Courier", "courier": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null } ] }