Ceremonial Site List
A viewset for viewing and editing Ceremonial Sites.
GET /api/sc/ceremonial-sites/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 105, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/ceremonial-sites/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/ceremonial-sites/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries; churches. Cemeteries throughout the entire region and polity duration. Anglo-Saxon cemeteries have been found dating from as early as 425 CE.§REF§(Higham 2004: 6) Higham, Nick. ‘From Sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages’, History Compass 2, no. 1 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00085.x. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XZT7A79K§REF§§REF§(Yorke 1990: 7) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Churches, cemeteries etc." }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Churches, cathedrals, abbeys." }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "A~P", "comment": null, "description": " Kivas – a built space used for ceremonies, rites, political meetings, or spiritual gatherings – began to be present by the mid-1100s, when the connection to peoples in the area now known as Mexico weakened and they were trading and influenced more by their Pueblo neighbours.§REF§Barnhart 2018: 144. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VPVHH2HJ§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Places of worship. Churches, cathedrals, abbeys etc." }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Lenin Mausoleum, monumental tomb in Moscow holding the embalmed body of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. It was designed by Alexei Shchusev and completed in 1930.\r\nThe Lenin Mausoleum occupies an ambiguous position among great architectural structures. To some, the highly polished, ziggurat-like mausoleum is an eternal reminder of a past better forgotten; to others, it is an immortal monument to a cherished history and triumphant leader. Shchusev (1873–1949) was commissioned to design and build the mausoleum in a short space of time, and initially he erected a temporary wooden structure near the Kremlin wall in Moscow’s Red Square, where the stone tomb is now located.§REF§Lenin Mausoleum | History, Description, & Facts | Britannica,” last modified October 13, 2023, accessed November 24, 2023, https://www.britannica.com/place/Lenin-Mausoleum.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6PETPZ7Z\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 6PETPZ7Z</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Saint Basil's Cathedral: Officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, this iconic church is located in the Red Square in Moscow. It was built from 1555 to 1561 on orders from Ivan the Terrible and is one of the most recognizable symbols of Russia.§REF§“Покровский Собор,” accessed December 13, 2023, https://en.shm.ru/museum/hvb/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KC49NTK6\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KC49NTK6</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Saint Basil's Cathedral: Officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, this iconic church is located in the Red Square in Moscow. It was built from 1555 to 1561 on orders from Ivan the Terrible and is one of the most recognizable symbols of Russia.§REF§“Покровский Собор,” accessed December 13, 2023, https://en.shm.ru/museum/hvb/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KC49NTK6\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KC49NTK6</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 782, "name": "bd_twelve_bhuyans", "long_name": "Twelve Bhuyans", "start_year": 1538, "end_year": 1612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Mosques and shrines <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 780, "name": "bd_chandra_dyn", "long_name": "Chandra Dynasty", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 779, "name": "bd_deva_dyn", "long_name": "Deva Dynasty", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 783, "name": "in_gauda_k", "long_name": "Gauda Kingdom", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 625 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Mosques and shrines. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JJDGEDFZ\">[van_Schendel 2009]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 535, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2", "long_name": "Bito Dynasty", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "\"Indeed, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and probably in earlier times too, there were shrine sites at various places within the Nyoro kingdom whose guardians seem to have derived their authority from sources of creative power and whose ritual functions commonly invoked the spirits to bless people with fertility.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WMEMW3T7\">[Robertshaw_Espinova_Lane 2016, p. 218]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "\"Accordingly, there were several contemporary Cwezi polities, each centred on a ritual site, generally a prominent hill, which was the location for the shrine of the spirit who was the patron of the ruling line.\" (Taylor & Robertshaw 2000: 4-5)", "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "\"Prestate shrines were located on narrow plateaus in mountainous areas that were rather difficult to access.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "\"Prestate shrines were located on narrow plateaus in mountainous areas that were rather difficult to access.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 776, "name": "mw_maravi_emp", "long_name": "Maravi Empire", "start_year": 1622, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "\"Prestate shrines were located on narrow plateaus in mountainous areas that were rather difficult to access.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 791, "name": "bd_khadga_dyn", "long_name": "Khadga Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "The temple of Pradyumnesvara was erected by Vijayasena. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Majumdar tells us that many inscriptions from across the province of Bengal, dating from the Gupta Empire onwards, describe magnificent palaces, temples and monasteries in the region, with some later Buddhist manuscripts even illustrating them. Unfortunately, not one of these buildings has survived due to the damp climate and organic materials which were used such as wood, bamboo, reeds, and an undurable brick <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7ZTPE42T\">[Majumdar 1943]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 277, "name": "kz_chionite", "long_name": "Chionites", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 388 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"According to Ammianus Marcellinus, during the funeral of the Chionite prince, younger son of the king Grumbat, killed at Amida, his corpse was burned in the area with artificially produced figures of his friends, who in this way symbolically accompanied him to the other world. Ammianus Marcellinus describes this as follows: 'He was carried out in the arms he was wont to wear, and placed on a spacious and lofty pile; around him ten couches were dressed, bearing effigies of dead men, so carefully laid out, that they resembled corpses already buried; and for seven days all the men in the companies and battalions celebrated a funeral feast, dancing, and singing melancholy kinds of dirges in lamentation for the royal youth...And the women, with pitiable wailing, deplored with their customary weepings the hope of their nation thus cut off in the early bloom of youth...When the body was burnt and the bones collected in a silver urn, which his father had ordered to be carried back to his native land, to be there buried beneath the earth, Sapor, after taking counsel, determined to propitiate the shade of the deceased prince by making the destroyed city of Amida his monument. Nor indeed was Grumbates willing to move onward while the shade of his only son remained unavenged.'§REF§Ammianus Marcellinius, 1894. p. 186-187 in The Roman history of Ammianus Marcellinius. Translated by C.D.Yonge (London, New York 1894)§REF§§REF§Аммиан Марцеллин. Римская история (Санкт-Петербург 1996), p.166.§REF§\" §REF§Kurbanov p.123-124§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "unknown", "comment": "Though her book is about Panama at the time of the Spanish conquest, one of Helms' statements seems to imply a lack of unequivocal archaeological evidence for ceremonial sites in earlier periods as well as the immediate precontact period: 'The significance of the bohío as a visible symbol of the chiefly estate may be all the more noteworthy since Panama gives little evidence so far of distinctly ceremonial structures, such as temples or pyramids, that would also have served this purpose, although sacred shrines in interior mountains may have existed'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZPFQPQ7K\">[Helms 1979, p. 9]</a> Subsequent archaeological fieldwork has revealed probable ceremonial structures at the sites of El Hatillo and El Caño, but these appear to date to the Conte phase (700-900 CE) or later. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, p. 177]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 454]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 774, "name": "mw_early_maravi", "long_name": "Early Maravi", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "\"Prestate shrines were located on narrow plateaus in mountainous areas that were rather difficult to access.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A88E23E4\">[Schoeffeleers 1992]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 218, "name": "ma_idrisid_dyn", "long_name": "Idrisids", "start_year": 789, "end_year": 917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Lixus (medieval Tushummush) is one of the most important Roman-period sites in Morocco... The site was reoccupied during the Islamic period. It was mentioned—as Tushummush—in several medieval Arabic texts. Archaeological evidence for the Islamic period at the site is represented by a mosque, a house with a central courtyard, and a number of water management facilities.\"§REF§Said Ennahid. 2001. POLITICAL ECONOMY AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS OF MEDIEVAL NORTHERN MOROCCO: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL APPROACH. pg. 288§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 406, "name": "in_kalachuri_emp", "long_name": "Kalachuris of Kalyani", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1184 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "unknown", "comment": "No data.", "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 53, "name": "pa_la_mula_sarigua", "long_name": "La Mula-Sarigua", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "absent", "comment": "For the La Mula Ceramic Phase (200 BCE-250 CE in the chronology Haller uses), 'there is no evidence for any labor investment in civic-ceremonial structures or features as seen at He-4 [El Hatillo] several centuries later'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, p. 110]</a> Nor does Haller refer to evidence for ceremonial sites in his discussion of the period from 5000 to 200 BCE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, pp. 48-53]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Helms noted in 1979 that 'The significance of the bohío as a visible symbol of the chiefly estate may be all the more noteworthy since Panama gives little evidence so far of distinctly ceremonial structures, such as temples or pyramids, that would also have served this purpose, although sacred shrines in interior mountains may have existed'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZPFQPQ7K\">[Helms 1979, p. 9]</a> However, subsequent archaeological work has uncovered evidence of man-made structures, such as plazas and pavements, that probably had ceremonial purposes. 'El Caño (Figure 4.28), one of few sites in Panama with rows of sculpted and unsculpted stone columns and a cobble pavement, is considered a ceremonial center by Cooke, et al. (2000:172; 2003a:126-127, 2003b:9). Similarly, the burial mounds at He-4 [a.k.a. El Hatillo] are the only formal cemetery within the survey zone [Mikael Haller's survey zone, in the Río Parita valley]. These mounds were arranged around a plaza (Bull 1965; Ladd 1964:25), which suggests that ritual, at least which focused on mortuary activity (Espinosa 1994b:64), was centered at this first-order site.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, p. 177]</a> According to Haller, the burial mounds associated with probable ceremonial activity at El Hatillo 'date to the later phases of the Late Occupation Sequence, i.e., Macaracas, Parita, and El Hatillo': 900-1522 CE in the chronology used in his dissertation. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, p. 177]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Cemeteries with Arabic inscriptions (undated).§REF§(Insoll 2003, 69) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ At Asberi the remains of a 30 meter by 27.5 meter Mosque, stone walls 1.8m thick.§REF§(Insoll 2003, 69) Timothy Insoll. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "For the Conte phase, 700-900 CE: 'The presence of modest monumental architecture at sites in the vicinity of Sitio Conte provides further evidence for a regional ranking of communities. Located less than 2 km to the north, the site of El Caño featured lines of carved basalt columns, cobble pavements, low burial mounds, a large ceremonial structure, and recently discovered Conte phase burials with grave offerings on the same scale as Sitio Conte (Mayo et al. 2010; Mojica et al. 2007; Williams 2012). Although this monumental architecture was modest by the standards of other early chiefdoms (Drennan et al. 2010:70), El Caño was clearly the focal point of ceremonial activity for this chiefdom'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPH8TID4\">[Menzies_Haller 2012, p. 454]</a> In addition, according to Haller, burial mounds associated with probable ceremonial activity in a central plaza at El Hatillo 'date to the later phases of the Late Occupation Sequence, i.e., Macaracas, Parita, and El Hatillo': 900-1522 CE in the chronology used in his dissertation. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/555ASTE9\">[Haller 2004, p. 177]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 52, "name": "pa_monagrillo", "long_name": "Monagrillo", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "unknown", "comment": "Though her book is about Panama at the time of the Spanish conquest, one of Helms' statements seems to imply a lack of unequivocal archaeological evidence for symbolic buildings in earlier periods as well as the immediate precontact period: 'The significance of the bohío as a visible symbol of the chiefly estate may be all the more noteworthy since Panama gives little evidence so far of distinctly ceremonial structures, such as temples or pyramids, that would also have served this purpose, although sacred shrines in interior mountains may have existed'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZPFQPQ7K\">[Helms 1979, p. 9]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "absent", "comment": "Sources only describe residential sites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "absent", "comment": "Sources only describe residential sites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 775, "name": "mw_northern_maravi_k", "long_name": "Northern Maravi Kingdom", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1621 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Mosques served as primary ceremonial sites: 'Being of sayyid status, even in contemporary Yemeni society, still validates (but does not necessarily guarantee) one's access to religious learning. Men gather at the mosque for prayers and sermons on the Sabbath, which in Yemen occurs on Friday. Strict segregation of the sexes usually does not permit women to worship in public.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6KEQJQHU\">[Walters 2003]</a> 'Despite the imposition of modernity, Yemenis remain proud of their architectural and oral-poetry traditions. Houses and mosques found in different regions of the country reflect unique stylistic and functional variations. Highlanders construct multistoried buildings from smooth, layered mud, mud brick, or cut stone. Dwellings in San\\??\\a are particularly impressive with their decorative colored-glass windows. In the rural highlands, houses constructed atop terraced embankments were fortresses against enemy tribes. In cities along the coastal plain, the former elegance of houses and mosques can be seen in their elaborate doors and facades. Rural towns in the Tihama usually include a walled compound that contains mud and thatched-roof huts identical to those found in Africa, on the other side of the Red Sea. The interiors of Tihama houses may be highly ornamented. Buildings constructed of cinder blocks are routinely replacing the huts. Competitive poetry duels performed at weddings by men of tribal status are highly valued. In the past, celebrations for circumcision (required of all Muslim males) were particularly elaborate, but now government officials discourage postinfancy circumcisions, thereby undermining the importance of ceremonial specialists.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6KEQJQHU\">[Walters 2003]</a> The adherents of some of Yemen's Islamic sects also visited the tombs of saints: 'Islam is the major force that unifies Yemenis across social, sexual, and regional boundaries. Yet most adherents of the different schools of Islam reside in distinct sections of the country, and this fact has certain political implications. Zaydis, who belong to the Shia subsect of Islam, are located in the northern and eastern parts of Yemen, whereas Shafis, orthodox Sunnis, live in the southern and coastal regions. Location in the highlands apparently enables Zaydis more successfully to repel invasions than Shafis in the lower lying areas. A smaller Shia subsect, the Ismaili, and also the remnants of an ancient Jewish community, may still be found in certain parts of Yemen. As Muslims, Yemenis aspire to fulfill the five tenets of Islam: affirmation of the Islamic creed, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage. In the Shafi areas of Yemen, the tombs of certain holy men are visited by believers for their special healing and other powers.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6KEQJQHU\">[Walters 2003]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 773, "name": "mw_pre_maravi", "long_name": "Pre-Maravi", "start_year": 1151, "end_year": 1399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Herodotus describes Scythian funeral ceremonies.§REF§(Sinor 1969, 83) Denis Sinor. 1969 [1997]. Uralic and Altaic Series. Volume 96. Inner Asia. History-Civilization-Languages. RoutledgeCurzon. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "E.g. temples attached to royal mortuary complexes. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6AME4SP6\">[Malek_Shaw 2000, pp. 90-97]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Examples:<br>\r\nCanterbury Cathedral: A key site for religious ceremonies and pilgrimages.\r\nWestminster Abbey: Coronation site of Norman kings, including William the Conqueror in 1066. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Monasteries and cathedrals often doubled as religious ceremonial centers <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPWQTI9N\">[Wickham 2010]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "present", "comment": "Sultan Ahmed Mosque, is an Ottoman-era historical imperial mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. It was constructed between 1609 and 1617 during the rule of Ahmed I <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M26QR6CH\">[Finkel 2007]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "uncoded", "comment": "Previously coded as present, but given lack of references and occasional confusion regarding these variables (now clearly defined as \"sites not associated with residential areas\"), safer to \"un-code\" them. EC", "description": null }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 138, "name": "jp_jomon_1", "long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon", "start_year": -13600, "end_year": -9200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Unknown. There is almost no data on religion in the Incipient Jomon: clay figurines are rare, and burials unknown §REF§(Habu 2004, 160-161, 175)§REF§." }, { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 139, "name": "jp_jomon_2", "long_name": "Japan - Initial Jomon", "start_year": -9200, "end_year": -5300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Ceremonial_site", "ceremonial_site": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Unknown. There is almost no data on religion in the Incipient Jomon: clay figurines are rare, and burials unknown §REF§(Habu 2004, 160-161, 175)§REF§." } ] }