Canal List
A viewset for viewing and editing Canals.
GET /api/sc/canals/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 368, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/canals/?format=api&page=8", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/canals/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Canals were dug to supply water to settlements and to redirect water to irrigate fields.§REF§Khakimov and Favereau 2017: 545, 645, 653. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QL8H3FN8§REF§" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Canals flowed into cities, such as at Nishapur, where they powered seventy mills and supplied water to the city.§REF§Bosworth 2007: 423. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HGHDXVAC §REF§" }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present throughout the Empire.§REF§(Colquhoun 1811: 228-233) Colquhoun, Patrik. 1814. Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire in Every Quarter of the World Etc. Jos. Mawman. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3SNZA6FJ§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Canals were built and maintained across France.§REF§Clapham 1955: 147-150. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2QKQJQM3.§REF§" }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present since previous polity. “Industry and trade in cities like Brünn / Brno, Pest, and Trieste / Trst also benefited from new links created by Austria’s growing transportation infrastructure, which in turn stimulated increased economic growth. New highway projects, canals, river regulation, and mountain pass systems produced a rapid increase in continental transport and trade, as well as cutting the time it took to travel between economically linked destinations, often by over 50 percent.”§REF§(Judson 2016: 114-115) Judson, Pieter M. 2016. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, USA; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BN5TQZBW§REF§" }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There is no mention of canals in the sources used." }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Canals have not been mentioned in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence of canals written in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No evidence of canals written in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The sources consulted thus far have only mentioned them in later periods." }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The existing transport infrastructure in the UK was developed throughout the Empire at great expense.§REF§( Porter 1999: 129, 254-56, 351, 529, 660, 685, 702) Porter, Andrew, ed. 1999. The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTF9V4CG§REF§" }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "No other country in the world has undertaken such an extensive program of construction of new canals and restoration of old ones, as has the Soviet Union. The Soviet waterways and the newly constructed and reconstructed canals, in particular, play both an economic and a strategic role. They not only provide additional navigable waterways and thus enlarge the transportation network, but they also now connect five seas—the Baltic, the White, the Black, the Sea of Azov, and the Caspian—on the European periphery of the Soviet Union. Thus, there exists an efficient inner waterway system, which permits the rapid transit of small naval vessels from one sea to another, since all the new and reconstructed navigable canals have a uniform depth of 3.65 meters (slightly over 12 feet). This allows 5,000-ton vessels to cruise freely and crisscross the entire European part of the country, and to sail at will to any of the five seas surrounding the area.§REF§Victor P. Petrov, “Soviet Canals,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings (1967), https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1967/july/soviet-canals.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RKX3AN4I\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: RKX3AN4I</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In the Russian Empire, significant canal construction occurred from the early 18th to the 19th century:\r\n\r\nVyshny Volodsky System (1757): Started at Tver on the Volga, it connected through Vyshny Volochok and followed the Volkhov River to the Neva, serving as the main link between Moscow and St. Petersburg.\r\n\r\nMarinskaya System (1731-1799): Linked the Volga tributary Sheksna with Lake Onega and the Neva, playing a key role in connecting Siberia with European Russia.\r\n\r\nTikhvin System (1811): Connected the Volga tributary Mologa with Lake Ladoga, primarily used for timber transport.\r\n\r\nOginski Canal (1804): Linked the Dnieper and Njemen, running from the Dnieper through the Pripet to Pinsk.\r\n\r\nBerezina Canal (1805): Connected the western Dvina and Dnieper, going through Lake Sepel into the Berezina.\r\n\r\nWürttemberg Canal (1828): Joined the Marinskaya system with the Northern Dvina, modernized during the last war.\r\n\r\nThese canals were part of a larger effort to improve transportation and trade, significantly enhancing Russia's internal connectivity and economic development during this period.§REF§Stefan T. Possony, “European Russia’s Inland Waterways - Past, Present, and Future,” U.S Naval Institute Proceedings<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VKJJBJ5B\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: VKJJBJ5B</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": 1614, "year_to": 1706, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "The development of canals in Russia transitioned significantly during the early 18th century under Peter the Great. Prior to this period, Russia primarily relied on its natural river systems for transportation and trade, with rivers interconnected by simple boat portages. Peter the Great's exposure to the canal systems in Holland inspired him to initiate the construction of engineered waterways in Russia. This marked a pivotal shift from reliance on natural waterways to the systematic building of canals, enhancing trade, transportation, and military logistics within the Russian Empire.§REF§Stefan T. Possony, “European Russia’s Inland Waterways - Past, Present, and Future,” U.S Naval Institute Proceedings, https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1947/august/european-russias-inland-waterways-past-present-and-future.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VKJJBJ5B\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: VKJJBJ5B</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe first canal was a project to link the Don with the Oka and the Volga. A system of canals was built connecting the Volga and the Neva. This so-called Vyshny Volodsky system started at the city of Tver (now Kalinin) on the Volga and opened in 1706.§REF§Н. П. ИнфоРост, “ГПИБ | Николаев А. С. Краткий Исторический Очерк Развития Водяных и Сухопутных Сообщений Торговых Портов в России : [В 3-х ч.]. - СПб., 1900.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/24FNQ62E\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 24FNQ62E</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": 1706, "year_to": 1775, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“A large number of Sasanian sites recorded on the Diyala and Nippur surveys were classified as towns (covering between four and thirty hectares), small urban centres (between thirty and a hundred hectares) and cities (more than a square km in size). Most cities have remains of fortifications and all were on either major canals or river-courses, facilitating access to transport networks as well as drinking water.”§REF§(Simpson 35) Simpson, St. John. Sasanian Cities: Archaeological Perspectives on the Urban Economy and Built Environment of an Empire In E. Sauer (ed) Sasanian Persia. Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia pp. 21-50. CUP. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/69J69WWF/library§REF§" }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "unknown", "description": "“At the time when the Grand Canal of China was completed, water-transport in Europe was still in a primitive state. Few canals had been constructed, and rivers were chiefly used as a source of power for water-mills. On many rivers each mill had its weir, to provide an adequate head of water for the mill-wheel, and these weirs were a serious obstacle to navigation. In the later Middle Ages, however, important developments took place in the Netherlands, as we shall see, while throughout the more commercially active countries of Europe improvements were made in the rivers by building stanches in the weirs and also at intervals along the river, between the mills, to reduce the gradient and increase the depth of water in the shallow places. […] The early history of stanches is obscure, but it is practically certain that they were in existence on a number of rivers in Flanders, Germany, England, France, and Italy before the end of the thirteenth century. A reference to the winch for a stanch on the Thames at Marlow occurs in 1306.”§REF§(Skempton 2017, 4-5) Skempton, A.W. 2017. Canals and river navigations before 1750. In M. Chrimes (ed) Canals and river navigations before 1750 pp. 2-34. Routledge. Seshat URLhttps://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/369SZUSX/library§REF§" }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "unknown 620-625 CE repair work was undertaken on the reventments of the Corbulo canal at the Roman castellum of Leiden-Room-burg (Matilo). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VS79CDQM\">[Lodewijckx 2004, p. 19]</a>", "description": "The following quotes suggest that there is not much evidence for the use and construction of canals in this polity at this time, with the partial exception of Charlemagne’s failed Fossa Carolina project. However, the fact that Charlemagne could conceive of such a project and attempt suggests that perhaps smaller canals existed.\r\n\r\n“Even more grandiose—if failed—the Fossa Carolina project, a canal connecting the Danube and Rhine rivers, underscores Charles’ vision of the eastwar extension of his empire (Figures 13.1 and 13.2). […] With or without canals and major bridges, the rivers of northern Europe offered comfortable travel for people and cheaper transport for bulk goods. Charlemagne and his family sailed down the Rhine, Frisian merchants were towed up it, and countless lesser streams bore boats. Such traffic stmulated the growth of small riverbank settlements, the portus.”§REF§(McCormick 2001: 399-400) McCormick, M. 2001. Origins of the European economy: communications and commerce, A.D. 300-900. Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/MCCORMICK/titleCreatorYear/items/NMB5X3WI/item-list§REF§\r\n\r\n“During the Early to High Medieval period (cf. Table S1) the entire region between Denmark and Italy was controlled by powerful elites which were extraordinarily mobile, building up itinerant kingships and huge economic networks controlled by religious institutions [5]–[8]. Freund [9] highlights the important role of Central European river valleys for the communication networks of these groups. The basic work of Eckholdt [10] features methodological problems. Here, the role of the small rivers seems to be underrepresented [11]. until now there is poor knowledge about the location of inland ports, the explicit medieval navigability of the rivers and the bridging of watersheds between these rivers and their catchment areas [12]. So far there is mainly evidence for small and simple constructed medieval inland ports and hythes [13], [14].”§REF§(Zielhofer et al. 2014: 1) Zielhofer, C. et al. 2014. Charlemagne’s Summit Canal: An Early Medieval Hydro-Engineering Project for Passing the Central European Watershed. PLOS ONE 9(9): 1-20Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W2ES4DCA/library§REF§\r\n\r\n“At the time when the Grand Canal of China was completed, water-transport in Europe was still in a primitive state. Few canals had been constructed, and rivers were chiefly used as a source of power for water-mills. On many rivers each mill had its weir, to provide an adequate head of water for the mill-wheel, and these weirs were a serious obstacle to navigation. In the later Middle Ages, however, important developments took place in the Netherlands, as we shall see, while throughout the more commercially active countries of Europe improvements were made in the rivers by building stanches in the weirs and also at intervals along the river, between the mills, to reduce the gradient and increase the depth of water in the shallow places [3]. […] The early history of stanches is obscure, but it is practically certain that they were in existence on a number of rivers in Flanders,1 Germany, England, France, and Italy before the end of the thirteenth century. A reference to the winch for a stanch on the Thames at Marlow occurs in 1306.”§REF§(Skempton 2017, 4-5) Skempton, A.W. 2017. Canals and river navigations before 1750. In M. Chrimes (ed) Canals and river navigations before 1750 pp. 2-34. Routledge. Seshat URLhttps://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/369SZUSX/library§REF§" }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "“The developed canal network was vital for Kaifeng to prosper in the 6th~12th centuries. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Five Dynasties, Bianzhou gradually became the transportation junction, and it was also called a “metropolis rejoined by water and land” [29]. […] In the Later Liang Dynasty (during the period of the Five Dynasties), in order to acquire the material support of the region in the south of the Yangtze River, Zhu Wen utilized the advantageous water transportation of Bianzhou and founded the capital in Kaifeng.”§Huang, W. et al. 2021. Rise and Fall of the Grand Canal in the Ancient Kaifeng City of China: Role of the Grand Canal and Water Supply in Urban and Regional Development. Water 13(14): 1932. REF§Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RSXWXJVJ/library§REF§" }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 778, "name": "in_east_india_co", "long_name": "British East India Company", "start_year": 1757, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "Hughli had two canals that ran the length of the city. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G88NTW2D\">[Ray_Sreemani 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "Hughli had two canals that ran the length of the city. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G88NTW2D\">[Ray_Sreemani 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 250, "name": "cn_qin_emp", "long_name": "Qin Empire", "start_year": -338, "end_year": -207 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Canal built by Zheng Guo north of the river Wei. Canal building under Lu Buwei (Chief Minister and regent 249-237 BCE).§REF§(Roberts 2003, 34)§REF§" }, { "id": 323, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "The Southern Song benefited from \"the canals that had formerly been constructed in the plains of the lower Yangtze for the provisioning of the capital and the provinces of the North\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WN3JCFXA\">[Gernet 1962, p. 76]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 423, "name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states", "long_name": "Eastern Zhou", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -256 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "reference to canal building in Wu state. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSPZPNV5\">[Hui 2005]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 506, "name": "gr_macedonian_emp", "long_name": "Macedonian Empire", "start_year": -330, "end_year": -312 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": "No evidence of Canals found for this period.", "description": null }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 793, "name": "bd_sena_dyn", "long_name": "Sena Dynasty", "start_year": 1095, "end_year": 1245 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "“The land plot donated in the Tarpandighi plate… [included] a canal (khāḍī)...” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84Q49F5X\">[Furui 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 284, "name": "hu_avar_khaganate", "long_name": "Avar Khaganate", "start_year": 586, "end_year": 822 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "no data.", "description": null }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "Irrigation canals only.", "description": null }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "Irrigation canals only.", "description": null }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 226, "name": "ib_banu_ghaniya", "long_name": "Banu Ghaniya", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Present for Western Zhou §REF§(Encyclopaedia Britannica 2011, <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114678/Zhou-dynasty#ref190321\">[1]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 249, "name": "cn_chu_k_warring_states", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period", "start_year": -488, "end_year": -223 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "reference to canal building in Wu state. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSPZPNV5\">[Hui 2005]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 307, "name": "fr_aquitaine_duc_1", "long_name": "Duchy of Aquitaine I", "start_year": 602, "end_year": 768 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 407, "name": "in_kakatiya_dyn", "long_name": "Kakatiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1175, "end_year": 1324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "\"[I]n the village of Nedhavura, where certain, Ravidatta, Nathadeva and Himgadeva were serving as local officers, a dispute arose over the right of a canal called Gonugukalva.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJ8CF927\">[Sastry 1978, p. 190]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"To support agriculture, the Kangju built dams, small canals, and reservoirs.\"§REF§(Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.§REF§ Were the small canals large enough to transport people or goods by boat?" }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 241, "name": "ao_kongo_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Congo", "start_year": 1491, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 290, "name": "ge_georgia_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia II", "start_year": 975, "end_year": 1243 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"The area under crops increased and the irrigation system was expanded. In Queen Tamar's reign two major irrigation projects, the Alazani and and Samgori canals, were dug. The progress of agriculture, in its turn, favoured the development of the...\"§REF§(Mesxia 1968, 19) Sota Mesxia. 1968. An Outline of Georgian History. Tbilisi University Press.§REF§ Could the irrigation canals be used to transport goods and people by boat?" }, { "id": 339, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 340, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 341, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": "Although canals were present, they would not have been large enough to use as transport. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MEP7MF8G\">[Flannery_Kirkby 1973]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 342, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": "Although canals were present, they would not have been large enough to use as transport. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MEP7MF8G\">[Flannery_Kirkby 1973]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 343, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 344, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 345, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": "Built dykes and encouraged agriculture. Sunni Ali tried to dig canal from Niger to Walata <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/587CAWSP\">[Cissoko_Niane 1984, p. 193]</a> Timbuktu was located 7 km away from the Niger, to which it was linked by a 17km canal. In high-water season from mid-December to mid-February, the city was accessible to bigger boats. In dry season, it was connected to Kabara, its harbour, by ground transportation. The city and its harbour on the Niger were thus always in contact, through waterways or through the routes used by caravans. \"Tombouctou était situé à 7 kilomètres du Niger auquel le reliait un canal de 17 kilomètres. A l'époque des hautes eaux de mi-décembre à mi-février, la ville est accessible aux grandes embarcations. Durant la saison sèche elle est reliée à Kabara, son port, par voie de terre. La ville et son port su le Niger étaient ainsi en communication en toute saison, soit par voie d'eau, soit par piste caravanière.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HWWEX34G\">[Niane 1975, p. 70]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 346, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "No data.", "description": null }, { "id": 347, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"When Xi Xia balked at cooperation with the Mongols, the raging horsemen returned once again. When the walls at Ningxia proved too strong, the Mongols diverted water from a canal to flood the city. This time the technique was successful and Ningxia fell. Xi Xia ceased to exist as a political entity.\"§REF§(Haskew, Joregensen, McNab, Niderost and Rice 2008, 185) 2008. Michael E Haskew. Christer Joregensen. Chris McNab. Eric Niderost. Rob S Rice. Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World 1200-1860: Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics. Amber Books.§REF§" }, { "id": 348, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 349, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 350, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Canal", "canal": "absent", "comment": "The Normans relied on navigable rivers (e.g., Thames, Severn, Humber) for transport and trade rather than building new canal systems. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>", "description": "" } ] }